®Ijp  i.  1.  Hill  IGtbrarg 


Norlli  (Earalina  S>tatp  Mmtipraity 

QK151 
G7 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


BULLETINS 

OF  THE 

State  Geological  and  Natural  History 
Survey  of  Connecticut. 


1.  First  Biennial  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  State 
Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey,   1903-1904. 

2.  A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Protozoa  of  the  Fresh 
Waters  of  Connecticut ;  by  Herbert  William  Conn. 

3.  A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Hymeniales  of  Connecticut; 
by  Edward  Albert  White. 

4.  The  Clays  and  Clay  Industries  of  Connecticut;  by  Gerald 
Francis  Loughlin. 

5.  The  Ustilagineae,  or  Smuts,  of  Connecticut;  by  George 
Perkins  Clinton. 

6.  Manual  of  the  Geology  of  Connecticut ;  by  William  North 
Rice  and  Herbert  Ernest  Gregory. 

7.  Preliminary  Geological  Map  of  Connecticut;  by  Herbert 
Ernest  Gregory  and  Henry  Hollister  Robinson. 

8.  Bibliography  of  Connecticut  Geology;  by  Herbert  Ernest 
Gregory. 

9.  Second  Biennial  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  the 
State  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey,  1905-1906. 

10.  A  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Algae  of  the  Fresh  Waters 
of  Connecticut;  by  Herbert  William  Conn  and  Lucia  Washburn 
(Hazen)  Webster. 

11.  The  Bryophytes  of  Connecticut;  by  Alexander  William 
Evans  and  George  Elwood  Nichols. 

12.  Third  Biennial  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  State 
Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey,  1907-1908. 

13.  The  Lithology  of  Connecticut;  by  Joseph  Barrell  and 
Gerald  Francis  Loughlin.     [Ready  shortly.] 

14.  Catalogue  of  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  of 
Connecticut  growing  without  cultivation ;  by  a  Committee  of  the 
Connecticut  Botanical  Society. 

Bulletins  i,  9,  and  12  are  merely  administrative  reports,  con- 
taining no  scientific  matter.    The  other  bulletins  may  be  classified 


as  follows: 

Geology : 

Bulletins  4,  6,  7,  8,  13. 

Botany : 

Bulletins  3,  5,  10,  11,  14. 

Zoology : 

Bulletin  2. 

These  bulletins  are  sold  and  otherwise  distributed  by  the 
State  Librarian.  Postage,  when  bulletins  are  sent  by  mail,  is  as 
follows:  No.  I,  $0.01;  No.  2,  .07;  No.  3,  .08;  No.  4,  .06; 
No.  5,  .03;  No.  6,  .12;  No.  7,  .06;  No.  8,  .05;  No.  9,  .02; 
No.  10,  .08;  No.  II,  .07;  No.  12,  .02;  No.  14,  .15.  The  prices, 
when  the  bulletins  are  sold,  are  as  follows  (including  postage)  : 
No.  I,  $0.05;  No.  2,  .35;  No.  3,  .40;  No.  4,  .30;  No.  5,  .15; 
No.  6,  .50;  No.  7,  .60*;  No.  8,  .20;  No.  9,  .05;  No.  10,  .35; 
No.  II,  .30;  No.  12,  .05;  No.  14,  .75. 

Bulletins  1-5  have  been  collected  and  bound  as  Volume  I. 
The  price  of  this  volume  is  $1.50.  Bulletins  6-12  are  bound  as 
Volume  II.  The  price  of  this  volume  is  $2.45.  Other  volumes 
will  follow. 

It  is  intended  to  follow  a  liberal  policy  in  gratuitously  dis- 
tributing these  publications  to  public  libraries,  colleges,  and 
scientific  institutions,  and  to  scientific  men,  teachers,  and  others 
who  require  particular  bulletins  for  their  work,  especially  to 
those  who  are  citizens  of  Connecticut. 

Applications  or  inquiries  should  be  addressed  to 

George  S.  Godard, 
State  Librarian, 
Hartford,  Conn. 


'  If  map  is  mounted  as  a  wall  map,  and  sent  by  express,  $i.6o. 


CATALOGUE    SLIPS. 


Con  ti  ectic  ut.    State  geological  and  natural  history  survey. 

Bulletin  no.  14.  Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants 
and  ferns  of  Connecticut  growing  without  cultivation. 
By  C.  B,  Graves,  E.  H.  Eames,  C.  H.  Bissell,  L.  Andrews, 
E.  B.  Harger,  and  C.  A.  Weatherby,  committee  of  the 
Connecticut  botanical  society.     Hartford,  1910. 

569  pp.,  as'". 


Connecticut  botanical  society. 

Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  Con- 
necticut growing  without  cultivation.  By  C.  B.  Graves, 
E.  H.  Eames,  C.  H.  Bissell,  L.  Andrews,  E.  B.  Harger, 
and  C.  A.  Weatherby,  committee  of  the  Connecticut 
botanical  society.     Hartford,  1910. 

569  pp.,  23'=™. 

(Bulletin  no.  14,  Connecticut  geological  and  natural  history  survey.) 


CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 


Graves,  Charles  Burr,  and  others. 

Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  Con- 
necticut growing  without  cultivation.  By  C.  B.  Graves, 
E.  H.  Eames,  C.  H.  Bissell,  L.  Andrews,  E.  B.  Harger, 
and  C.  A  Weatherby,  committee  of  the  Connecticut 
botanical  society      Hartford,  1910. 

569  pp.,  2y^. 

(Bulletin  no.  14,  Connecticut  geological  and  natural  history  survey.) 


EameSf  Edwin  Hubert,  and  others. 

Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  Con- 
necticut growing  without  cultivation.  By  C.  B.  Graves, 
E.  H.  Eames,  C.  H.  Bissell,  L.  Andrews,  E.  B.  Harger, 
and  C.  A.  Weatherby,  committee  of  the  Connecticut 
botanical  society.     Hartford,  1910 

569  pp.,  23'=". 

(Bulletin  no.  14,  Connecticut  geological  and  natural  history  survey.) 


CATALOGUE   SUPS. 


JiisseUf  Charles  Humphrey^  and  others. 

Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  Con- 
necticut growing  without  cultivation.  By  C.  B.  Graves, 
E.  H.  Eames,  C.  H.  Bissell,  L.  Andrews,  E.  B.  Harger, 
and  C.  A.  Weatherby,  committee  of  the  Connecticut 
botanical  society.     Hartford,  lyiO. 

569  pp.,  23'='°. 

(Bulletin  no.  14,  Connecticut  geological  and  natural  history  survey.) 


Andrews,  Liiman,  and  others. 

Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  Con- 
necticut growing  without  cultivation.  By  C.  B.  Graves, 
E.  H.  Eames,  C.  H.  Bissell,  L.  Andrews,  E.  B.  Harger, 
and  C.  A.  Weatherby,  committee  of  the  Connecticut 
botanical  society.     Hartford,  1910. 

569  pp.,  23^™. 

(Bulletin  no.  14,  Connecticut  geological  and  natural  history  survey.) 


CATALOGUE  SUPS. 


Barger,  Edgar  Burton,  and  others. 

Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  Con- 
necticut growing  without  cultivation.  By  C.  B.  Graves, 
E.  H.  Eames,  C.  H.  Bissell,  L.  Andrews,  E.  B.  Harger, 
and  C.  A.  Weatherby,  committee  of  the  Connecticut 
botanical  society.     Hartford,  1910. 

569  pp.,  22,"'°. 

( Bulletin  no.  14,  Connecticut  geological  and  natural  history  survey.) 


Weatherby,  Charles  Alfred,  and  others. 

Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  Con- 
necticut growing  without  cultivation.  By  C.  B.  Graves, 
E.  H.  Eames,  C.  H.  Bissell,  L.  Andrews,  E.  B.  Harger, 
and  C.  A.  Weatherby,  committee  of  the  Connecticut 
botanical  society.     Hartford,  1910. 

569  pp.,  23'°'. 

( Bulletin  no.  14,  Connecticut  geological  and  natural  history  survey.) 


CATALOGUE    SLIPS. 


Botany, 

Connecticut  botanical  society.  Catalogue  of  the 
flowering  plants  and  ferns  of  Connecticut  growing  with- 
out cultivation.  By  C.  B.  Graves  and  others,  committee 
of  the  Connecticut  botanical  society.     Hartford,  1910. 

569  pp.,  23'". 

(Bulletin  no.  14,  Connecticut  geological  and  natural  history  survey.) 


^ictie   of  (SloTweciicut 

PUBLIC  DOCUMENT  No.  47 


State  Geological  and  Natural 
History  Survey 


COMMISSIONERS 
Frank  Bentley  Weeks,  Governor  of  Connecticut  (Chairman) 
ARTHUR  Twining  Hadley,  President  of  Yale  University 
William  Arnold  Shanklin,  President  of  Wesleyan  University 
Plavel  Sweeten  Luther,  President  of  Trinity  College  (Secretary) 
Charles  Lewis  Beach,  President  of  Connecticut  Agricultural  College 

SUPERINTENDENT 
William  North  Rice 


Bulletin  No.  14 


HARTFORD 

Printed  for  the  State  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey 

1910 


Press  of  The  Case,  Lock-wood  &  Brainard  Company,  Hartford,  Conn. 


CATALOGUE 

of  the 

FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND    FERNS 

of 

Connecticut 
Growing    without  Cultivation  < 


By 
CHARLES  BURR  GRAVES,  A.B.,  M.D. 
EDWIN  HUBERT  EAMES,  M.D. 
CHARLES  HUMPHREY  BISSELL 
LUMAN  ANDREWS 

EDGAR  BURTON  HARGER,  Ph.B.,  and 
CHARLES  ALFRED  WEATHERBY,  A.M. 
Committee  of  the 

CONNECTICUT    BOTANICAL    SOCIETY 


HARTFORD 

Printed  for  the  State  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey 
1910 


Preface 

The  project  of  an  accurate  and  authoritative  catalogue  of  all 
the  plants  known  to  grow  without  cultivation  in  Connecticut 
originated  among  several  enthusiastic  botanists  who  understood 
the  value  of  records  founded  upon  careful  study  of  the  flora  in 
the  field  as  well  as  in  the  herbarium.  To  arouse  the  widest 
possible  interest  in  the  undertaking  the  Connecticut  Botanical 
Society  was  organized  in  January,  1903,  for  the  chief  purpose  of 
accumulating  and  recording  this  knowledge,  and  committees 
were  appointed  to  gather  and  collate  all  available  data  bearing 
upon  this  particular  line  of  research. 

The  labor  of  this  never-ending  investigation  had  barely  begun 
when  the  State  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  was 
authorized.  Upon  the  organization  of  this  Survey  its  superin- 
tendent, Prof.  William  North  Rice,  sought  the  cooperation  of 
this  Society  to  report  upon  the  flora.  It  was  realized  then  as 
now  that  the  very  nature  of  the  subject  would  require  many  years 
of  careful  study  to  arrive  at  an  approximately  exact  knowledge 
of  the  distribution  of  our  plants,  since  parts  of  the  state  were  little 
known  botanically,  while  even  those  areas  most  carefully  worked 
over  furnished  frequent  surprises. 

That  the  present  work  is  incomplete  goes  without  saying.  A 
work  of  this  character  must  always  be  incomplete  if  for  no  other 
reasons  than  the  advent  or  naturalization,  from  time  to  time,  of 
unexpected  species,  or  the  hybridization  or  artificial  segregation 
of  some  already  known.  But  the  opportunity  to  disseminate 
existing  information  is  very  acceptable  at  this  time,  inasmuch  as 
the  many  evident  deficiencies  may  thus  be  made  apparent  to  those 
who  can  add  to  our  knowledge. 

The  present  volume,  treating  of  the  ferns,  fern-allies  and 
flowering  plants,  is  intended  to  include  only  such  species,  varieties 
and  named  forms  as  have  been  critically  examined  by  at  least 
one  of  the  compilers,  and  which  are  represented  by  authentic 


(oAV\ 


6  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Specimens  in  some  herbarium.  Great  effort  has  been  made  to 
insure  accuracy  in  the  determination  of  all  doubtful  specimens.' 
Some  localities,  however,  rest  upon  the  authority  of  collectors 
alone,  when  the  species  is  once  definitely  admitted  and  there  is 
no  reason  to  doubt  identity.  It  has  been  necessary  to  exclude  a 
number  of  species  found  in  previous  lists,  because  of  the  absence 
of  any  authentic  specimens.  Errors  of  determination  and  changes 
in  classification  account  for  a  large  proportion  of  such  excluded 
names,  while  there  remain  a  few  that  probably  really  belong  to 
our  flora  but  are  waiting  to  be  rediscovered.  A  list  of  such  ex- 
cluded plants  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  the  work.  There  also 
will  be  found  other  data  bearing  upon  the  flora  as  a  whole. 

In  the  present  unsettled  and  perplexing  state  of  nomenclature, 
it  is  believed  that  necessity  exists  for  strict  adherence  to  a  single 
standard  to  avoid  still  greater  confusion.  In  Gray's  Manual,  7th 
edition,  will  be  found  a  discriminating  application  of  the  rules  and 
usage  adopted  by  the  International  Botanical  Congress,  at  Vienna, 
in  1905.  This  usage  has  been  productive  of  the  least  change  in 
plant  names,  thereby  proving  particularly  well  adapted  to  the 
purpose  of  this  Catalogue.  Moreover,  by  accepting  this  Manual 
as  our  guide  we  are  enabled  to  eliminate  all  descriptive  matter 
by  referring  the  reader  to  that  work.  To  facilitate  general 
reference,  however,  important  synonymy  is  given  so  that  there 
need  be  little  difficulty  in  coordinating  names.* 

Common  or  English  names  have  been  given  considerable 
attention,  yet  it  is  probable  that  many  others  are  in  use,  some,  no 
doubt,  by  children  or  others  of  an  observing  nature.  It  is 
desirable  to  increase  our  knowledge  of  such  usage.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  the  folk-lore  of  our  plants  and  of  such  traditional 
knowledge  of  their  medicinal  and  other  uses  as  has  come  down 
to  us  from  earlier  generations  or  from  the  aborigines. 

The  data  relative  to  times  of  flowering  and  fruiting  have 
been  compiled  from  carefully  kept  records  supplemented  by 
herbarium  material,  and  represent  the  normal  habits  of  the  plants 
in  our  region ;  yet  the  varying  conditions  of  altitude,  exposure, 
moisture,  light,  season,  etc.,  have  great  influence  in  modifying 


♦  In  a  few  instances  we  have  used,  instead  of  the  names  given  in  the  7th  edition 
of  the  Manual,  the  names  published  by  the  editors  of  the  Manual  in  a  list  of  emenda- 
tions in  Rhodora,  vol.    11,   no.    123,  March,   1909. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  7 

plant  activities,  so  that  for  special  localities  or  seasons  the  condi- 
tions require  special  consideration.  Unless  otherwise  stated  the 
dates  given  in  the  Catalogue  indicate  the  time  when  the  plant  is 
usually  in  flower,  or,  for  the  ferns,  when  the  spores  are  mature. 

The  sign  X  preceding  the  name  of  a  species  indicates  that  it  is 
supposed  to  be  of  hybrid  origin. 

All  statements  indicating  the  comparative  frequency  of  occur- 
rence of  the  species  are  to  be  considered  in  relation  to  allied 
species  and  with  direct  reference  to  the  habitat  cited;  in  other 
situations  the  plant  may  not  occur  at  all  or  exceptionally.  A 
plant  "  common  "  in  its  habitat  should  be  sufficiently  plentiful  to 
be  within  the  observation  of  all  who  could  recognize  it,  yet  there 
is  a  vast  difference  in  the  comparative  numbers  of  most  really 
plentiful  woody  plants  and  low  herbs  of  the  same  rating.  "  Fre- 
quent, "  too,  is  relative  in  the  same  sense.  Although,  as  a  rule, 
frequent  or  common  in  the  habitat  and  area  cited,  many  such 
plants  may  be  rare  in,  or  even  absent  from,  certain  intervals 
where  the  conditions  appear  to  be  equally  favorable.  "  Occa- 
sional "  needs  no  explanation.  "  Rare  "  is  intended  to  apply  to 
those  plants  which  appear  to  occur  sparingly,  usually  in  but  few 
localities  as  named.  "  Local "  refers  especially  to  such  plants  as 
occur  at  one  or  more  isolated  or  special  areas,  but  are  there 
more  or  less  plentiful,  as  indicated  by  the  context. 

The  habitats  cited  are  those  observed  in  Connecticut,  and 
although  often  variable  are  expressive  of  local  conditions. 

In  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the  Act  incorporating  the 
Survey,  due  attention  has  been  given  to  the  economic  features  of 
the  various  species,  when  required,  in  notes  appended  to  each. 
Although  in  some  respects  desirable,  it  seems,  on  the  whole,  inad- 
visable at  this  time  to  enter  upon  a  discussion  of  the  associations 
of  native  plants  and  the  probable  causes  leading  to  such  congrega- 
tions. It  is  necessary  to  collect  much  more  complete  data  than 
are  now  available  before  such  discussion  can  be  profitably  taken 
up.  Mere  lists  of  such  plant  aggregates  are  apt  to  be  of  no  value 
to  most  readers  and  of  little  utility  to  practical  botanists. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  acknowledge  the  assistance  of  all  who  have 
contributed  items  of  information  toward  the  completeness  of 
this  Catalogue  and  whose  names  appear  throughout  the  work. 
Particular  mention  should  be  made  of  Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson  and 
Prof.  M.  L.  Fernald,  of  the  Gray  Herbarium  of  Harvard  Uni- 


8  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull 

versity,  for  their  very  great  assistance  in  determining  or  verify- 
ing many  doubtful  or  critical  forms,  and  for  granting  the  privilege 
of  utilizing  the  manuscript  of  the  new  edition  of  Gray's  Manual. 
Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock  and  Mrs.  Agnes  Chase,  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  have  also  given  aid  in  certain 
groups  of  grasses. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  publication  of  this  Catalogue  will  stimulate 
observers  and  collectors  in  all  parts  of  the  state  to  contribute 
every  item  of  information  tending  to  a  full  knowledge  of  our 
plants,  either  in  relation  to  additional  species,  distribution,  local 
names,  habitat  or  economic  value.  Communications  may  be  sent 
to  any  member  of  the  committee,  at  the  address  given,  prefer- 
ably the  one  nearest  and  most  convenient,  and  should  be  accom- 
panied by  specimens  of  sufficient  diagnostic  value  to  determine 
the  identity  of  each,  together  with  particulars  of  occurrence, 
dates,  etc.  Such  specimens,  to  be  of  the  greatest  value  for 
preservation  and  future  reference,  should  be  carefully  selected, 
and  may  be  sent  in  the  fresh  state  or,  preferably,  after  proper 
drying  under  pressure. 

C.  B.  Graves,  New  London, 
E.  H.  Eames,  Bridgeport, 
C.  H.  Bissell,  Southington, 
L.  Andrews,  Southington, 
E.  B.  Harger,  Oxford, 
C.  A.  Weatherby,  East  Hartford, 
Committee  of  the  Connecticut  Botanical  Society. 


Contents 

Page 

Introduction,           ..... 

History,             .... 

Geology  and  Physiography,  . 

CATALOGUE  OF  FLOWERING  PLANTS 

?  AN! 

)  FERNS,      .            17 

Pteridophyta,  .... 

Spermatophyta, 

34 

Gymnospermae, 

34 

Angiospermae, 

39 

Monocotyledoneae, 

39 

Dicotyledoneae, 

137 

Appendix,    ..... 

416 

Additions  and  Corrections,    . 

416 

Native  Plants  not  found  in  recent  years, 

422 

Excluded  Species, 

423 

Fugitive   Species, 

430 

Statistical    Summaries. 

435 

Botanical  Authors  cited, 

442 

Index,           ..... 

46s 

Introduction. 


Part  I.     History. 

The  history  of  botanical  exploration  in  Connecticut  may  be 
said  to  begin  near  the  end  of  the  second  decade  of  the  last  cen- 
tury. Previous  to  this  time  we  have  no  record  of  any  botanical 
activity  within  the  state,  and  if  any  of  the  older  botanists  visited 
Connecticut  it  must  have  been  cursorily. 

The  first  resident  of  Connecticut  whose  work  is  of  im- 
portance seems  to  have  been  Dr.  Eli  Ives,  who  was  born  in  1779, 
and  was  for  many  years  professor  of  botany  and  materia  medica 
in  Yale  College.  He  was  the  author  of  the  species  Gnaphalium 
decurrens,  which  was  founded  on  specimens  from  New  Haven 
and  from  "  the  margin  of  the  Housatonuck  about  30  miles  from 
Long  Island  Sound. "  He  also  described  as  a  new  species 
Asclepias  lanceolata  from  Cedar  Hill,  New  Haven,  which  is  the 
plant  now  known  as  Acer  ate  s  viridiflora  (  Raf.  )  Eaton,  var. 
lanceolata  (  Ives  )  Gray.  Beside  this  he  published  notes  on 
Limosella,  then  recently  discovered  in  America.  These  three 
articles  appeared  in  1819  in  the  first  volume  of  Silliman's  Journal, 
now  known  as  The  American  Journal  of  Science.  Twelve  years 
later  he,  in  collaboration  with  Dr.  William  Tully  and  Dr.  Melines 
C.  Leavenworth,  published  a  "  Catalogue  of  the  Phaenogamous 
Plants,  and  of  the  Ferns,  growing  without  cultivation  within 
five  miles  of  Yale  College.  "  This  is  the  earliest  record  of  the 
flora  of  this  well-explored  part  of  the  state  and  contains  the  names 
of  1 1 56  species.  It  was  not,  however,  founded  on  specimens  or 
even  on  accurate  records,  and  contains  a  few  species  which  are 
not  otherwise  reported  from  the  state.  The  foregoing  works 
seem  to  have  comprised  the  bulk  of  Dr.  Ives'  botanical  publica- 
tions and  no  specimens  of  his  have  been  seen. 

About  the  time  of  the  publication  of  Dr.  Ives'  earliest  articles 
John   Pierce   Brace   must   have   been   making  the   observations 


j,^  C.  ^^^^^  ^'"^* 


12  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

about  Litchfield  the  results  of  which  he  published  in  1822  in  Silli- 
man's  Journal  as  "  A  List  of  Plants  growing  spontaneously  in 
Litchfield  and  Vicinity.  "  This  earliest  extant  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  any  portion  of  Connecticut  enumerates  453  species,  most 
or  all  of  which  are  now  known  from  the  same  region.  Mr. 
Brace's  specimens  are  said  to  be  preserved  at  Williams  College, 
but  they  have  not  been  seen  by  any  member  of  this  Committee. 

We  are  told  that  Amos  Eaton  "  prosecuted  the  study  of  botany, 
chemistry  and  mineralogy  to  some  extent  in  New  Haven  in  1817.  " 
Although  we  know  nothing  of  the  extent  of  his  work  on  our 
flora,  the  record  is  interesting  from  the  fact  that  he  was  the 
grandfather  of  Prof.  D.  C.  Eaton  and  one  of  the  first  in  America 
to  arouse  a  general  interest  in  botany. 

The  earliest  collectors  whose  specimens  have  been  preserved 
in  any  quantity  belong  to  a  period  some  years  later.  Dr.  H.  C. 
Beardslee,  Dr.  J.  W.  Robbins  and  Charles  Wright  collected  many 
rare  species  during  the  dozen  years  following  1822,  mostly  from 
1828  to  1832,  some  of  which  have  only  recently  been  rediscovered. 
These  gentlemen,  although  natives  of  this  state,  made  most  of 
their  later  collections  outside  of  Connecticut,  and  some  specimens 
lay  for  a  long  time  undistributed ;  so  that  a  few  species  known  to 
these  collectors  are  here  first  included  in  a  formal  flora  of  the 
state. 

The  next  collector  whose  work  is  of  importance  is  Prof. 
Daniel  C.  Eaton  of  Yale,  who  will  need  no  eulogy  either  as  a 
man  or  as  a  scientist  to  those  who  were  fortunate  enough  to  know 
him.  Although  primarily  a  student  of  the  ferns  and  other 
cryptogams,  his  knowledge  of  the  higher  plants  was  extensive  and 
accurate.  He  collected  much  in  the  region  about  New  Haven 
and  always  welcomed  reports  or  specimens  of  species  new  to  or 
rare  in  Connecticut.  His  collecting,  as  shown  by  the  dates  in 
his  herbarium,  began  about  1856,  and  his  specimens  have  been 
of  the  greatest  assistance  both  in  botanical  exploration  and  in 
the  preparation  of  this  work. 

After  1 83 1  work  on  the  flora  of  Connecticut  seems  to  have 
lapsed  entirely  until  it  was  taken  up  about  1877  by  a  small  group 
of  students  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale  College. 
The  results  of  their  work  were  published  as  "  A  Catalogue  of 
the  Flowering  Plants  and  Higher  Cryptogams  growing  without 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I3 

cultivation  within  thirty  miles  of  Yale  College. "  This  was 
published  by  the  Berzelius  Society  and  is  often  referred  to  as  the 
"  Berzelius  Catalogue.  "  The  limits  adopted  included-  less  than 
one-half  of  the  state  and  a  portion  of  the  northern  part  of  Long 
Island.  The  presence  of  a  considerable  number  of  species  cred- 
ited to  Long  Island  makes  it  difficult  to  determine  the  precise 
number  of  species  recorded  from  this  state ;  but  the  species  and 
varieties  of  plants  higher  than  the  Bryophyta  which  are  credited 
to  Connecticut  number  about  1230.  The  work  was  prepared  with 
considerable  care,  but  at  least  a  few  species  were  admitted  with- 
out the  evidence  of  specimens,  which  caused  a  few  obvious  errors 
as  well  as  some  conjectural  ones.  The  idea  of  this  work 
originated  with  Dr.  George  W.  Hawes  and  Dr.  T.  M.  Prudden, 
but  several  others  assisted  in  its  preparation,  notably  Prof.  Eaton, 
who  later  published  some  additions  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey 
Botanical  Club. 

Not  long  after  this  Miss  Leonard  of  Meriden  prepared  a  list 
of  plants  growing  near  Meriden  which  was  published  after  her 
death  by  the  Meriden  Scientific  Association.  This  enumerated 
749  species,  while  41  were  added  by  others  the  next  year,  making 
a  total  of  790.  Owing  perhaps  to  the  posthumous  character  of 
the  work  it  seems  never  to  have  had  proper  revision,  and  a  num- 
ber of  species  are  included  which  are  not  otherwise  reported  from 
Connecticut,  some  of  them  of  such  southern  range  that  it  does 
not  seem  likely  that  they  can  belong  in  a  Connecticut  list.  The 
lack  of  specimens  prevents  the  inclusion  here  of  any  of  these 
species  not  reported  elsewhere. 

In  1882  George  R.  Case  and  William  A.  Setchell  published  a 
list  of  the  flora  of  Norwich  and  vicinity  containing  668  species, 
and  the  next  year  published  100  addenda.  A  manuscript  found 
among  Prof.  Eaton's  papers  gives  99  more  for  the  year  1884, 
with  some  corrections,  making  the  total  856. 

In  1885  James  N.  Bishop  of  Plainville  published  "A  Cata- 
logue of  all  the  Phaenogamous  Plants  at  present  known  to  grow 
without  cultivation  in  the  State  of  Connecticut.  "  In  1895  a 
revision  was  issued  which  included  also  the  ferns  and  fern-allies. 
Additions  and  corrections  were  published  in  1897  and  another 
new  edition  issued  in  1901.  This  first  catalogue  to  cover  the 
entire  state  contained  in  its  first  edition  1250  species  and  varieties, 


14  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

which  number  was  increased  to  1743  in  the  edition  of  1901.  Mr. 
Bishop  deserves  much  credit  for  his  efforts  to  increase  the 
knowledge  of  our  flora,  but  his  catalogue  is  rather  a  compilation 
of  all  accessible  reports  than  a  critical  treatment  of  the  flora  of 
the  state,  and  contains  many  records  the  validity  of  which  cannot 
now  be  ascertained. 

Of  late  years  a  large  mass  of  data  has  been  accumulated  by 
the  various  collectors  whose  names  appear  in  -this  work.  Some 
of  this  has  been  published  in  Luman  Andrews'  "  Flora  of  Meriden 
Mountain,"  in  Bissell  &  Andrews'  "  Flora  of  Southington,"  and 
in  Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers'  "  Flora  of  Norwich,"  as  well  as  in  scattered 
notes  and  articles  by  various  writers  dealing  with  special  localities 
or  species.  The  bulk  of  this  later  material,  however,  has  found 
its  first  publication  in  this  present  Catalogue. 

Part  II.  Geology  and  Physiography.  * 
The  State  of  Connecticut,  measuring  roughly  one  hundred 
miles  from  east  to  west  and  fifty  miles  from  north  to  south,  has  an 
area  of  4990  square  miles,  of  which  145  square  miles  are  covered 
by  water.  The  three  principal  rivers,  the  Thames,  the  Connecti- 
cut and  the  Housatonic,  with  their  tributaries,  drain  the  interior. 
As  in  all  glaciated  countries,  numerous  ponds  or  lakes  and  swamps 
are  scattered  over  the  surface,  and  constitute  an  important 
feature  both  from  an  economic  and  an  sesthetic  point  of  view. 
According  to  the  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.  Topographical  Survey  the 
state  contains  1026  lakes  or  ponds,  and  420  swamps. 

With  respect  to  elevation  there  are  three  well-marked 
divisions  running  parallel  with  one  another  across  the  state  from 
north  to  south,  namely  an  eastern  and  a  western  highland  sepa- 
rated by  a  central  lowland  area.  From  sea  level  the  land 
gradually  rises  toward  the  north  and  northwest.  The  eastern 
highland  reaches  its  greatest  altitude  of  1286  ft.  at  Bald  Hill,  in 
Union,  while  Bear  Mt.,  in  Salisbury,  with  a  height  of  2355  ft. 
marks  the  highest  point  of  the  western  highland  as  well  as  of  the 
state. 

The  central  lowland  is  in  general  a  plain,  gently  rising  toward 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  state  where  it  is  from  one  to  two 

*  For  a  very  full  and  admirable  account  with  map,  reference  is  made  to  Bulletins 
No.    6   and   No.    7   of   this    Survey. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I5 

hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is,  however,  inter- 
rupted by  many  sharp  ridges  running  chiefly  north  and  south 
which  rise  abruptly  much  above  the  general  level  of  the  plain. 
Its  upper  portion  as  far  south  as  Middletown  is  traversed  by  the 
Connecticut  River.  Its  rock  formation  is  sandstone  belonging  to 
the  Triassic  age,  while  the  sharp  ridges  referred  to  are  of  trap 
rock  and  represent  ancient  eruptions  of  lava.  The  highest  of 
these  trap  ridges  is  West  Peak  of  the  Hanging  Hills,  near  Meri- 
den,  which  reaches  an  altitude  of  1007  ft.  above  the  sea. 

The  eastern  and  western  highlands  are  rugged  and  hilly,  with 
only  comparatively  small  level  areas,  and  have  a  crystalline  rock 
formation,  being  made  up  for  the  most  part  of  various  kinds  of 
granites,  gneisses,  schists  and  limestone.  The  limestone  forma- 
tion covers  a  considerable  irregular  area  in  the  western  and  north- 
western parts  of  the  state  but  is  practically  absent  from  other 
sections. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  our  wild  plants  are  not  evenly 
distributed  over  the  surface  of  the  country.  Some  kinds  are  seen 
nearly  everywhere,  others  may  be  abundant  in  one  region  but 
entirely  absent  from  other  sections,  while  still  others  are  found 
only  rarely,  and  then  but  very  few  together.  Inquiry  into  the 
causes  of  this  unequal  distribution  reveals  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  factors  entering  in.  One  of  the  most  important  of  these  is 
the  chemical  constitution  of  the  soil.  Rock  formations  as  the 
source  of  soils  exercise  a  marked  influence  upon  plant  distribu- 
tion. Many  kinds  of  plants,  it  is  true,  are  able  to  grow  and  seem 
to  thrive  equally  well  upon  a  variety  of  soils,  but  on  the  other  hand 
there  are  many  species  that  flourish  only  upon  certain  rock  forma- 
tions and  the  soils  produced  from  them  and  are  rarely  if  ever 
found  away  from  such  formations.  One  of  our  best  examples  is 
seen  in  the  case  of  those  species  of  plants  which  grow  exclusively 
upon  hmestone  rocks  and  in  soils  rich  in  lime.  In  like  manner 
seashore  plants  which  grow  only  in  saline  soil  form  a  well- 
marked  group.  This  relation  between  plant  distribution  and  the 
chemical  constitution  of  the  soil  as  applied  to  our  Connecticut 
plants  is  understood  only  in  its  most  general  features,  and  there 
is  here  good  opportunity  for  research.  The  problem  is  much 
complicated  by  the  fact  that  Connecticut  soils  are  practically  all 
formed  from  transported  material.     Such  material,  having  been 


l6  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY. 

brought  by  glacial  or  water  agency  from  a  greater  or  less  dis- 
tance, may  be  and  often  is  entirely  different  in  chemical  compo- 
sition from  the  underlying  rock.  Hence  within  a  small  area  a 
variety  of  soils  may  be  found,  while  on  the  other  hand  soils 
essentially  similar  to  each  other  may  overlie  very  different  bed- 
rock formations. 

Other  influences  have  an  important  bearing  in  this  connec- 
tion. Topographic  features  correlated  with  the  amount  of 
moisture  in  the  soil  and  degrees  of  light  and  shade  affect  plant 
distribution  in  a  marked  degree.  Thus,  the  sand  plains,  the  cedar 
swamps,  the  trap  rock  and  other  precipices  and  the  larger  river 
valleys  have  their  characteristic  plants. 

There  is  another  small  group  of  species  chiefly  confined  to  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state  which  belongs  to  the  flora  of  the 
Atlantic  Coast  Plain  of  the  middle  and  southern  states.  In  the 
case  of  these  plants,  as  in  that  of  certain  northern  plants  found 
within  our  borders  at  isolated  stations  far  outside  their  usual 
range,  it  is  probable  that  they  represent  the  shrunken  remnants  of 
far  larger  colonies  which  grew  there  in  earlier  times  and  under 
more  favorable  climatic  conditions. 

Another  agency  profoundly  influencing  the  distribution  of 
plants  is  the  fierce  unceasing  struggle  for  existence  between  the 
various  species. 

Only  a  beginning  has  been  made  in  working  out  these 
problems  of  ecology  in  their  application  to  our  Connecticut  flora. 
They  offer  a  fresh  and  inviting  field  for  careful  research,  and  it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  many  observers  may  soon  be  interested  to 
undertake  the  task  of  supplying  the  deficiencies  of  our  knowledge 
in  this  direction. 


Catalogue  of  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns, 


PTERIDOPHYTA.    FERN  PLANTS. 

POLYPODIACEAE.        FERN  FAMILY. 

POLYPODIUM  L.         Polypody. 

Polypodium  vulgare  L.     (common). 
Polypody. 

Shaded  ledges.  Occasional  or  frequent  in  northern  dis- 
tricts, becoming  common  near  the  coast.     June  —  Aug. 

The  var.  cambricum  (L.)  Willd.  has  been  collected  at 
Stonington  (Miss  Stanton)  and  at  Cornwall  (L.  M.  Under- 
wood). 

The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

PHEGOPTERIS  (Presl)  Fee.         Beech  Fern. 
Phegopteris  polypodioides  Fee  (Polypodium-like). 
Phegopteris  Phegopteris  Under w. 
Long  Beech  Fern. 

Rich  moist  woods  and  on  shaded  banks.  Rare  or  local 
near  the  coast,  becoming  occasional  or  frequent  northward. 
July. 

Phegopteris  hexagonoptera  (Michx.)  Fee  (six-angled  fern). 
Broad  Beech  Fern. 

Rich  woods  either  moist  or  dry.  Occasional  near  the  coast, 
becoming  frequent  or  common  northward.     Aug. 

This  fern  is  so  closely  related  to  Phegopteris  polypodioides 
that  it  is  often  difficult  to  decide  to  which  species  a  given 
specimen  belongs. 

Phegopteris  Dryopteris  (L.)  Fee  (oak-fern). 
Oak  Fern. 

Rocky  woods  in  rich  moist  soil.    Rare  or  local  over  most 

2 


l8  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY,  [Bull. 

of  the  state:  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Colchester 
(Graves),  Mansfield  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  East  Haddam  (Dr. 
E.  J.  Thompson),  Durham  and  Monroe  (Harger),  Meriden 
(D.  C.  Eaton),  Southington  (Andrews),  Granby  (I.  Hol- 
comb),  Bridgeport  (I.  Holden).  Occasional  or  frequent  in 
Litchfield  County.     Late  June  —  early  July. 

ADIANTUM   L.         Maidenhair. 
Adiantum  pedatum  L.     (like  a  bird's  foot ;  referring  to  the 
method  of  division  in  the  fronds). 
Maidenhair. 

Rich  woods.  Rare  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  coast ; 
occasional  or  frequent  elsewhere.    July. 

Thrives  well  in  cultivation  if  placed  in  a  moist,  shaded  and 
sheltered  location.    The  plant  is  medicinal. 

PTERIS    L.         Brake.     Bracken. 
Pteris  aquilina  L.  (of  an  eagle ;  referring  to  the  w^ing-shaped 
fronds). 
Pteridium  aquilimim  Kuhn. 
Common  Brake.    Bracken.    Brake. 

Common.    Usually  in  open  ground  and  poor  soils.    Aug. 
The  young  shoots  are  sometimes  gathered  and  eaten  in 
the  manner  of  Asparagus. 

CHEILANTHES  Sw. 
Cheilanthes  lanosa  (Michx.)  Watt  (woolly). 
Cheilanthes  vestita  Sw. 
Hairy  Lip  Fern. 

Very  rare.  New  Haven,  precipitous-  face  of  West  Rock 
about  half  way  up  the  cliff  (G.  Van  Ingen  1892).  July. 

This  is  the  only  known  station  for  this  species  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  it  is  supposed  to  be  the  northern  limit  of  its  growth. 

PELLAEA  Link.         Cliff  Brake. 
Pellaea  atrcpurpurea  (L.)  Link  (dark  purple). 
Purple  Cliff  Brake. 

Dry  exposed  ledges,  preferring  limestone  but  occurring 
also  on  trap  and  rarely  on  gneiss.  Bolton,  on  gneiss  (A.  V. 
Osmun)  ;  Guilford,  on  trap  (G.  H.  Bartlett)  ;  becoming  rare 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I9 

or  local  westward  and  frequent  in  the  limestone  district  of 
northwestern  Connecticut.    July. 

The  fronds  vary  greatly  in  form  even  on  the  same  plant. 
The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

CRYPTOGRAMMA  R.  Br.         Rock  Brake. 
Cryptogramma  Stelleri  (Gmel.)  Prantl. 
Pcllaea  gracilis  Hook. 
Bellaea  Stelleri  Watt. 
Slender  Rock  Brake. 

Very  rare.  New  Haven,  on  trap  ledges  at  West  Rock  (G. 
Van  Ingen)  ;  Kent,  moist  shaded  ledges  of  calcareous  rock 
(Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin),  and  Brookfield,  in  similar  situations 
(Eames)  ;  SaHsbury,  on  limestone  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  July. 

WOODWARDIA  Smith.         Chain  Fern. 
Woodwardia  virginica  (L.)  Smith. 
Virginia  Chain  Fern. 

Wet  open  swamps,  often  in  Sphagnum.     Rare  or  local  in 
northern  districts:  South  Windsor  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Granby 
(I.  Holcomb).    Becoming  occasional  southward  and  frequent 
near  the  coast.    July. 
Woodwardia  areolata  (L.)  Moore  (marked  with  little  areas). 
Woodzmrdia  angustifolia  Smith. 
Net-veined  Chain  Fern. 

Wet  or  swampy  woods.  Rare  inland :  East  Hartford  (J. 
F.  Smith),  Oxford  and  Middlebury  (Harger).  Occasional 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast.    Sept. 

ASPLENIUM  L.         Spleenwort. 
Asplenium  pinnatifidum  Nutt.    (feather-cleft). 
Pinnatifid  Spleenwort. 

Very  rare.  Southington,  on  ledges  of  shale  (H.  C.  Bige- 
low)  ;  Sharon,  on  ledges  of  limestone    (E.  L  Huntington). 

Juiy.^ 

Not  known  from  any  other  New  England  state. 
XAsplenium  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scott  (like  the  Ebony  Spleen- 
wort). 
Scott's  Spleenwort. 

Two  plants  of  this  rare  species,  or  more  properly  hybrid^ 


20  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

have  been  found  in  the  state.  The  first  was  discovered  in 
Canaan  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Adam  in  Sept.,  1876.  Mr.  Adam  states 
that  the  plant  flourished  there  until  1891,  then  disappeared. 
A  second  plant  was  found  in  the  same  town,  but  at  a  different 
station,  by  Mr.  C.  K.  Averill,  in  Aug.,  1902.  Both  plants  were 
growing  on  shaded  limestone  ledges  and  with  or  near  the 
two  supposed  parent  species,  Asplenimn  platynetiron  and 
Camptosorus  rhi.zophylhts. 

Asplenium  Trichomanes  L.     (ancient  name  for  some  fern). 
Maidenhair  Spleenwort. 

Shaded  ledges.     Rather  rare  along  the  coast,  becoming 
occasional  or  frequent  northward.    July. 
Asplenium  platyneuron  (L.)  Oakes  (broad-nerved). 

Asplenium  ebeneum  Ait. 
,       Ebony  Spleenwort. 

Frequent.  Dry  rocky  ground,  more  often  in  half-shade. 
Aug. 

The  van  serratum   (E.  S.  Miller)   BSP.   (toothed)   has 
been  found  at  Middletown  (Bissell),  Milford  (Eames  &  C.  C. 
Godfrey),  and  Huntington  (Eames). 
Asplenium  montanum  Willd.  (of  mountains). 
Mountain  Spleenwort. 

Rare.  Crevices  of  dry,  usually  overhanging  ledges :  Scot- 
land (G.  Waldo),  North  Stonington  (Fuller  &  W.  E.  Set- 
chell,  Graves),  Franklin  and  East  Haddam  (Graves),  Beacon 
Falls  (A.  W.  Evans),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    July. 

The  last  named  station  represents  the  northern  limit  of  its 
range  as  now  known. 
Asplenium  Ruta-muraria  L.  (wall-rue). 
Rue  Spleenwort. 

Shaded  ledges.  Berlin  (T.  S.  Brandegee),  Southington 
(Andrews),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Sherman  and  New  Mil- 
ford  (E.  H.  Austin)  ;  and  occasional  in  the  Hmestone  district 
of  northwestern  Connecticut.  Not  known  from  eastern  dis- 
tricts or  near  the  coast.  July. 
Asplenium  angustifolium  Michx.  (narrow-leaved). 
Narrow-leaved  Spleenwort. 

Rare.     Moist  rich  woods:  Guilford   (W.  W.  Denslow), 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  21 

Meriden  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Southington  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Berlin 
(H.  W.  Cowles),  Avon  (I.  Holcomb),  Salisbury  (F.  Rundle). 
Aug. 

Asplenium  acrostichoides  Sw.  (like  Acrostichum,  a  genus  of 
tropical  ferns). 
Asplenium  thelypteroides  Michx. 
Silvery  Spleenwort. 

Woods  and  ravines  in  moist  rich  soil.  Occasional  near  the 
coast,  becoming  frequent  northward.    Aug. 

Asplenium  Filix-femina  (L.)  Bernh.  (female  fern). 
Lady  Fern. 

Common.  Woods,  thickets  and  fence-rows.  Late  July  — 
early  Aug. 

A  very  variable  species  with  many  described  forms,  some  of 
which  seem  to  be  caused  by  differences  in  the  soil,  exposure 
or  habitat.  The  rootstock  is  medicinal,  and  is  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  that  of  the  Male  Fern. 

CAMPTOSORUS  Link.        Walking  Leaf. 
Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  (L.)  Link  (with  rooting  leaves). 
Walking  Leaf.    Walking  Fern. 

Shaded  ledges,  preferring  limestone,  but  growing  also  on 
granite,  sandstone  or  trap.  Found  throughout,  but  rare  or 
local  over  most  of  the  state,  becoming  frequent  in  the  limestone 
district  of  northwestern  Connecticut.     July  —  Aug. 

Plants  having  the  lower  auricles  of  the  fronds  elongated 
like  the  tip  have  been  found  at  Southington  (H.  C.  Bigelow), 
Hamden,  at  Mt.  Carmel  (D,  C.  Eaton),  and  Salisbury  (Mrs. 
C.  S.  Phelps). 

POLYSTICHUM  Roth. 
Polystichum    acrostichoides    (Michx.)    Schott    (like    Acrosti- 
chum, a  genus  of  tropical  ferns). 
Aspidium  acrostichoides  Sw. 
Dryopteris  acrostichoides  Kuntze. 
Christmas  Fern. 

Common.    Woods  and  shaded  banks  or  ledges.    July. 
The  var.  incisum  Gray   (cut  or  notched),  var.  Schivei- 
nitzii  Small,  Aspidium  acrostichoides  Sw.,  var.  incisum  Gray, 


22  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Dryopteris  acrostichoides  Kuntze,  var.  Schzveinitsii  Underw., 
occurs  occasionally.  It  is  found  more  often  late  in  the  season 
and  frequently  where  the  woods  have  recently  been  felled.  A 
form  with  crested  fronds  occurs  at  East  Haddam  (Weath- 
erby). 

ASPIDIUM  Sw.         Wood  Fern.     Shield  Fern. 
Aspidium  Thelypteris  (L.)  Sw.  (female  fern). 
Dryopteris  Thelypteris  Gray. 
Marsh  Fern. 

Common.    Swamps  and  wet  ground.    Aug. 
Often  very  plentiful  and  sometimes  cut  and  dried  as  bed- 
ding for  stock. 
Aspidium  simulatum  Davenp.   (imitating;  referring  to  its  re- 
semblance to  the  Marsh  Fern). 
Dryopteris  simulata  Davenp. 
Massachusetts  Fern. 

Wet  woods  and  cedar  swamps.  Rare  over  most  of  the 
state:  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  Oxford  (Harger), 
Southington  (Bissell),  Cromwell  (H.  C.  Bigelow).  Local 
in  New  London  County  (Graves).    Aug. 

Aspidiumnoveboracense  (L.)  Sw%  (New  York). 
Dryopteris  noveboracensis  Gray. 
New  York  Fern. 

Frequent.    Woods,  more  often  in  moist  ground.    Aug. 

Aspidium  marginale  (L.)  Sw.  (on  the  edge;  referring  to  the 

position  of  the  fruit  dots). 
Dryopteris  marginalis  Gray. 
Marginal  Shield  Fern. 

Frequent.    Dry  rocky  woods.    July. 

The  rhizome  is  officinal  and  with  that  of  the  Male  Fern 
furnishes  the  drug  Aspidium  or  Filix-mas.  All  species  of  the 
genus  possess  the  same  property  in  some  degree. 

Aspidium  Goldianum  Hook. 
Dryopteris  Goldiana  Gray. 
Goldie's  Fern. 

Rare.  Rich  moist  woods:  North  Branford  (O.  Harger), 
Bloomfield    (Miss   A.    Lorenz),   Farmington    (L   Holcomb), 


No.    "14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  23 

Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Cheshire  (D.  C.  Eaton), 
New  Haven  (Harger).    July. 

Aspidium  Boottii  Tuckerm. 
Dryopteris  Boottii  Underw. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Wet  woods  and  shaded  swamps,  usu- 
ally growing  with  Aspidium  cristatinn.     July. 

Intermediate  in  form  and  formerly  considered  a  hybrid 
between  Aspidium  cristatum  and  Aspidium  spinulosiim,  var. 
iiitermcdimii. 

Aspidium  cristatum  (L.)  Sw.  (crested). 
■Dryopteris  cristata  Gray. 
Crested  Shield  Fern. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Wet  woods  and  shaded  swamps, 
more  often  in  sandy  soil.    July. 

A  hybrid  between  this  species  and  Aspidium  marginale 
occurs  at  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon  &  Graves),  Water- 
ford  (Graves),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  and  SaHsbury  (Mrs. 
C.  S.  Phelps). 
Aspidium  cristatum  (L.)  Sw.,  var.  Clintonianum  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Dryopteris  cristata  Gray,  var.  Clintoniana  Underw. 
Clinton's  Shield  Fern. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Wet  woods  and  shaded  swamps. 
July. 

This  variety  appears  to  hybridize  with  Aspidium  marginale 
and  also  with  the  typical  form  of  the  species. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  (O.  F.  Miiller)  Sw.  (with  small  spines). 
Dryopteris  spinulosa  Kuntze. 
Spinulose  Shield  Fern. 

Moist  or  wet  woods.  Usually  rare  or  local  but  occurring 
throughout  the  state.    Late  June  —  early  July. 

This  species  and  its  varieties  are  desirable  for  cultivation 
in  shaded  places  and  also  grow  well  indoors  in  the  fernery. 
Aspidium  spinulosum  (O.  F.  Miiller)   Sw.,  var.  intermedium 

(Muhl.)  D.  C.  Eaton  (intermediate). 
Dryopteris  spinulosa  Kuntze,  var.  intermedia  Underw. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Moist  woods  and  on  shaded  rocks. 
Late  June  —  early  July. 


24  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Aspidium    spinulosum    (O.    F.    Miiller)    Sw.,    var.    dilatatum 
(Hoffm.)  Gray  (dilated). 
Dryopteris  spinnlosa  Kuntze,  var,  dilatata  Underw. 
Broad  Shield  Fern. 

This  variety  is  not  known  in  its  typical  state  in  Connecti- 
cut. The  forma  anadenium  Robinson  (without  glands)  ap- 
parently occurs  at  East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Granby  and 
Barkhamsted  (I.  Holcomb),  and  Southington  (Andrews,  Bis- 
sell).  It  is  found  growing  with  the  species  or  with  the  var. 
intermedium  and  none  of  the  Connecticut  specimens  are  as 
characteristic  as  those  from  mountainous  districts  farther 
north.    July. 

CYSTOPTERIS  Bernh.         Bladder  Fern. 
Cystopteris  bulbifera  (L.)  Bernh.  (bulb-bearing). 
Filix  bulbifera  Underw. 
Bladder  Fern. 

Moist  rocky  woods,  wet  ledges,  meadows  and  banks  of 
streams.  Not  reported  on  the  coast  or  from  the  eastern  and 
southwestern  parts  of  the  state.  Rare  or  local  in  central  dis- 
tricts:  Guilford,  at  North  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Windsor 
(H.  S.  Clark),  Simsbury  (I  Holcomb),  Oxford  (Harger). 
Becoming  frequent  or  common  in  northwestern  Connecticut. 

July- 

Cystopteris  fragilis   (L.)   Bernh.   (brittle). 
Filix  fragilis  Underw. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Rich  woods,  usually  in  leaf-mold 
among  rocks,  sometimes  found  in  old  wells.    June. 

One  of  the  earliest  of  our  ferns  to  appear  in  the  spring. 

WOODSIA  R.  Br. 
Woodsia  ilvensis  (L.)  R.  Br.  (pertaining  to  the  island  Elba). 
Rusty  or  Rock  Woodsia. 

Dry  exposed  ledges  of  various  rock  formations.  Rare  or 
local  but  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  state.    July. 

Woodsia  obtusa  (Spreng.)  Torr.  (blunt). 
Blunt  Woodsia. 

Occasional.  Woods  or  half-shade,  usually  in  rocky,  rather 
dry  places.    July. 

fWPERTY  LIBRARY 


Xc.    14]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  2$ 

DICKSONIA  L'Her. 

Dicksonia  punctilobula    (Michx.)    Gray    (with    small,    dotted 

lobes). 
Dicksonia  pilosiuscula  Willd. 
Demist aedtia  punctilobula  Moore. 
Hay-scented  Fern. 

Common.  Rich  woods,  fence-rows  and  hilly  pastures,  in 
both  moist  and  dry  ground,  often  forming  large  colonies. 
Aug. 

The  forma  cristata  (Maxon)  Clute  (crested),  and  the 
forma  schizophylla  Clute  (cut-leaved)  are  both  reported 
to  occur  rarely  with  the  species. 

Sometimes  a  pest  to  farmers  in  rocky  pastures,  as  stock 
will  not  eat  it  and  the  plant  is  difficult  to  eradicate.  It  grows 
well  in  cultivation.     Forking  fronds  are  not  unusual. 

ONOCLEA  L. 

Onoclea  sensibilis  L.  (sensitive). 
Sensitive  Fern, 

Common.  Low  fields,  swamps  and  along  streams.  Sterile 
June ;    fertile  Sept. 

The  var.  obtusilobata  (Schkuhr)  Torr.  (with  blunt 
lobes)  sometimes  occurs.  It  is  apparently  an  abnormal  form 
caused  by  cutting  or  some  injury  to  the  earlier  growth  of  the 
plant. 

The  sterile  fronds  are  very  susceptible  to  early  frost, 
whence  the  name. 

Onoclea  Struthiopteris  (L.)  Hoffm.  (ostrich  fern). 
Matteuccia  Struthiopteris  Todaro. 
Ostrich  Fern. 

Rich  alluvial  soil.  Rare  in  most  districts,  but  frequent 
along  the  Connecticut  and  Housatonic  Rivers  and  their  larger 
tributaries.     Sterile  June  ;  fertile  Aug. —  Sept. 

Our  largest  fern,  the  fronds  occasionally  reaching  six  feet 
in  height.  It  thrives  in  cultivation  if  given  rich  soil,  and  is 
often  grown  for  ornament. 


26  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

SCHIZAEACEAE.         CURLY  GRASS  FAMILY. 
LYGODIUM  Sw.         Climbing  Fern. 

Lygodium  palmatum   (Bernh.)    Sw.    (branching  like  the  out- 
spread fingers  of  a  hand). 
Creeping  Fern.    Hartford  Fern.    Climbing  Fern. 

Rich  woods  and  thickets,  in  moist,  usually  sandy  soil.  Not 
reported  from  western  Connecticut ;  rare  in  eastern  districts : 
Griswold  (Harger  &  Graves),  Lyme  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson). 
Local  at  many  stations  in  the  central  part  of  the  state.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

The  following  Act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  and 
became  a  law  on  July  8,  1869:  'Any  person  who  shall  wil- 
fully and  maliciously  sever  or  take  from  the  land  of  another 
any  of  the  species  of  plant  known  as  Lygodium  palmatum  or 
Creeping  Fern  growing  and  being  thereon,  shall  be  punished 
by  a  fine  not  exceeding  Seven  Dollars  or  imprisonment  in 
county  jail  not  exceeding  thirty  days  or  by  such  fine  and  im- 
prisonment both  at  the  discretion  of  the  court."  The  penalty 
for  this  offense  was  later  increased.  Prior  to  1869  this  fern 
was  extensively  collected  and  pressed  for  decorative  purposes. 

OSMUNDACEAE.         FLOWERING  FERN 
FAMILY. 

OSMUNDA  L.         Flowering  Fern. 

Osmunda  regalis  L.  (royal). 
Royal  Fern.     Flowering  Fern. 

Frequent  or  common.  Low  thickets,  wet  meadows  and 
pastures  and  along  streams.    June. 

The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

Osmunda  Claytoniana  L. 

Interrupted  Fern. 

Frequent  or  common.  Old  pastures,  along  fence-rows  and 
in  open  wood-lands.     Fertile  May;   sterile  June. 

The  var.  dubia  A.  J.  Grout  (doubtful)  occurs  occasionally. 
It  is  apparently  a  form  caused  by  some  injury  to  the  plant. 

All  our  species  of  Osmunda  thrive  in  cultivation. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  27 

Osmunda  cinnamomea  L.  (cinnamon-colored). 
Cinnamon  Fern. 

Common.  Wet  woods,  swamps  and  boggy  ground.  Fer- 
tile May;   sterile  June. 

Both  the  var.  frondosa  Gray  (leafy)  and  the  var.  incisa 
J.  W.  Huntington  (notched)  sometimes  occur. 

The  abundant  tomentum  found  on  this  species  is  used  in 
nest  building  by  certain  birds. 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.         ADDER'S  TONGUE 
FAMILY. 
OPHIOGLOSSUM  L.        Adder's  Tongue. 
Ophioglossum  vulgatum  L.   (common). 
Adder's  Tongue. 

Moist  meadows,  woods  and  low  pastures.  Rare  or  local 
though  perhaps  more  plentiful  than  usually  supposed  as  the 
plant  is  very  inconspicuous.     July, 

BOTRYCHIUM    Sw.        Moonwort.     Grape   Fern. 
Botrychium  simplex  E.  Hitchc.  (simple). 
Botrychium  tenehrosum  A.  A.  Eaton. 

Rare.  Rich  woods  either  dry  or  moist:  Granby  (I.  Hol- 
comb),  Oxford  (J.  &  O.  Harger),  Goshen  (L.  M.  Under- 
wood), New  Milford  (J.  Pettibone).    June. 

Botanists  disagree  as  to  the  proper  treatment  of  this 
species  and  our  plants  need  further  study. 

Botrychium  lanceolatum  (Gmel.)  Angstr.  (lance-shaped),  var. 
angutisegmentum  Pease  &  Moore   (with  narrow  seg- 
ments). 
Botrychium  lanceolatum  of  Manuals. 

Rare.  Moist  rich  woods,  usually  in  leaf-mold:  Norwich 
(W.  A.  Setchell),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Windsor 
(Weatherby),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  New  Haven  and  Ox- 
ford (Harger),  Orange  (O.  Harger),  Naugatuck  and  Strat- 
ford (Fames),  Winchester  (Bissell),  Goshen  (L.  M.  Under- 
wood), Easton  (L.  N.  Johnson),  SaHsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps).     Late  June  —  early  July. 

This  species  seems  to  mature  its  spores  two  or  three  weeks 
later  than  Botrychium  ramositin  when  the  two  grow  together. 


28  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Botrychium     ramosum      (Roth)      Aschers.      (having     many- 
branches). 
Botrychium  matricariaefolium  Braun. 
Botrychium  neglectum  Wood. 

Rich  woods.     Rare  or  local,  but  found  throughout  the 
state.    June. 

Small  forms  of  this  are  difficult  to  separate  from  Botry- 
chium simplex. 
Botrychium  obliquum  Muhl.  (oblique). 

Botrychium  ternatuiii  S\v.,  forma  obliquum  Milde. 
Grape  Fern. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Meadows,  woods  and  old  pas- 
tures in  either  dry  or  moist  ground.     Sept. 

The    var.    elongatum    Gilbert    &    Haberer    (elongated), 
and    the    var.    dissectum     (Spreng.)     Clute     (finely    cut), 
Botrychium  dissectum  Spreng.,  are  occasional,  growing  with 
the  typical  form. 
Botrychium  ternatum    (Thunb.)    Sw.   (three-parted),  var.  in- 
termedium D.  C.  Eaton  (intermediate). 
Botrychium  obliquum  Muhl.,  var.  intermedium  Underw. 
Botrychium  ternatum  Sw.,  var.  australe  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Rare.  Rich  woods:  Union  and  Southington  (Bissell), 
West  Hartford  (Harger),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Meriden 
(Andrews),  New  Milford  (C.  K.  Averill  &  E.  H.  Austin), 
North  Canaan  (M.  B.  Tobey).  Sept.  A  small  form  of  this 
approaching  in  appearance  Botrychium  obliquum,  var.  onei- 
dense  occurs  at  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Plainville  (Andrews), 
and  Plymouth  (Bissell). 
Botrychium  virginianum  (L.)  Sw. 
Rattlesnake  Fern. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Moist  rich  woods.     June. 
The  fruiting  fronds  are  occasionally  forked,  and  bear  two, 
three  or  four  fertile  panicles. 

MARSILEACEAE. 
MARSILEA  L. 
Marsilea  quadrifolia  L.  (four-leaved). 

Local.      Plentiful    in    Bantam    Lake,    Litchfield,    its    only 
known  native  habitat  in  North  America.     It  has  been  intro- 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  29 

duced  and  thrives  in  a  pond  at  Cromwell  (C.  C.  Hanmer), 
and  in  Lake  Whitney,  Hamden.    Aug. 

EQUISETACEAE.         HORSETAIL  FAMILY. 
EQUISETUM    L.         Horsetail.     Scouring   Rush. 
Equisetum  arvense  L.   (of  cultivated  ground). 
Common  Horsetail. 

Common.  Sandy  soil  either  dry  or  moist.  Varies  greatly 
according  to  season  or  habitat  and  several  forms  have  been 
described.    Fertile  May  ;  sterile  June. 

The  plant  is  medicinal.  It  is  said  to  be  dangerously  poison- 
ous to  horses  when  cut  with  hay. 

Equisetum  pratense  Ehrh.  (of  meadows). 

Rare.  Moist  sandy  alluvium  on  the  banks  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  River:  Oxford  (Fames  &  Harger),  Newtown  (Harger). 
Fertile  May ;  sterile  June  — July. 

This  resembles  the  preceding  species  and  may  have  been 
overlooked  by  other  collectors. 

Equisetum  sylvaticum  L.   (growing  in  woods). 

Occasional  or  local.  Moist  places  and  in  wet  ground  about 
springs.    Fertile  May ;  sterile  June  — July. 

Equisetum  palustre  L.  (of  marshes). 

Rare.  Wet  meadows  along  the  Connecticut  River  or  on 
its  banks:  Lyme  (Graves),  East  Windsor  (Bissell).    June. 

Equisetum  fluviatile  L.  (of  a  river). 
Equisetum  limosum  L. 
Pipes. 

Shallow  water  and  wet  meadows  along  streams.  Frequent 
along  our  rivers  and  larger  streams  but  rare  or  local  else- 
where.    Fertile  May;  sterile  June  —  Aug. 

Equisetum  hyemale  L.   (lasting  over  the  winter),  var.  inter- 
medium A.  A.  Eaton  (intermediate). 
Scouring  Rush. 

Rare.  Growing  on  railroad  embankments:  Hartford  (H. 
S.  Clark),  Norfolk  (Bissell  &  H.  S.  Clark).     May —June. 


30  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Equisetum  hyemale   L.,  var.  affine    (Engelm.)   A.   A.   Eaton 

(allied). 
Equisetum  hyemale  of  Manuals,  mainly. 
Scouring  Rush.     Shave  Grass. 

Frequent.  Sandy  soil,  usually  in  moist  but  sometimes  in 
dry  places.    May. 

The  siliceous  stems  were  formerly  much  used  for  scour- 
ing and  polishing.    The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.  (variegated),  var.  Jesupi  A. 

A.  Eaton. 
Equisetum  variegatum  of  Manuals  in  part. 

Rare.  Alluvial  soil  along  the  Housatonic  River :  Canaan 
(J.  W.  Robbins),  Salisbury  (A.  W.  Evans,  Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps), 
Cornwall  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).    May —June. 

Equisetum  scirpoides  Michx,  (like  Scirpus,  the  Bulrush). 

Rare  or  local.  Rich  woods,  usually  on  moist  hillsides : 
Norfolk  (J.  W.  Robbins),  Canaan  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell), 
Sharon  and  Cornwall  (A.  V.  Osmun).    May — June. 

LYCOPODIACEAE.         CLUB  MOSS  FAMILY. 
LYCOPODIUM  L.         Club  Moss. 

Lycopodium  Selago  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 

Rare.  In  a  cool  shaded  ravine  near  New  Haven  (J.  A. 
Allen,  1879).    Sept. 

Has  been  found  at  Mt.  Holyoke,  Mass.,  and  should  be 
looked  for  at  intermediate  localities  among  our  trap  hills. 

Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.  (slightly  shining). 

Occasional.  Damp  mossy  woods,  usually  in  deep  shade. 
Sept. 

Lycopodium  inundatum  L.   (subject  to  flooding). 

Rare  or  local.  Open  bogs,  usually  in  sandy  soil.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

The  var.  Bigelgvii  Tuckerm.,  Lycopodium  adpressum 
Lloyd  &  Underwood  in  part,  occurs  at  Voluntown  (Harger), 
Groton  (Graves),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon  &  Graves), 
New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Milford  (Eames). 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  3I 

Lycopodium  annotinum  L.  (of  a  year). 

Rare  or  local.  Base  of  trap  dyke,  in  moist  soil,  North 
Branford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  and  in  similar  situations,  Durham 
(Harger).  Wet  cold  woods:  Cromwell  (F.  K.  Hallock), 
Winchester  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour), 
Redding  (L.  N.  Johnson),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
July  —  Aug. 
Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  (club-shaped). 
Running  Pine.    Common  Club  Moss. 

Occasional.  Dry  woods  or  sometimes  in  moist  ground. 
Sept. 

The  var.  monostachyon  Grev.  &  Hook,  (single-spiked) 
is  rare  or  local:  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Franklin  (R. 
W.  Woodward),  Stafford  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson  &  Weath- 
erby),  Simsbury  (I.  Holcomb,  B.  B.  Bristol  &  Bissell), 
Southington  (Andrews),  Wolcott  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Nor- 
folk (J.  H.  Barbour),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 

The  spores  of  this  and  other  species  are  medicinal  and 
are  ofificinal.    They  also  possess  peculiar  mechanical  properties. 
Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  (obscure). 
Tree  Club  Moss. 

Woods  and  old  pastures,  both  dry  and  moist.     Frequent 
near  the  coast,  becoming  rare  northward.     Sept. 
Lycopodium  obscurum  L.,  var.  dendroideum  (Michx.)  D.  C. 

Eaton  (tree-like). 
Tree  Club  Moss. 

Woods  and  pastures.  Frequent  northward,  becoming  rare 
near  the  coast.    Sept. 
Lycopodium  complanatum   L.    (flattened),   var.   flabelliforme 

Fernald  (fan-form). 
Lycopodium  complanatum  of  American  authors  in  part. 
Ground  Pine.     Christmas  Green. 

Common.  Woods  and  pastures,  more  often  in  sandy  soil. 
Sept. 

Well  known  and  much  used  for  Christmas  decorations. 

Lycopodium  tristachyum  Pursh    (three-spiked). 

Lycopodium  complanatum  L.,  var.  Chamaecyparissus  Milde. 
Occasional.     Sandy  woods,  either  dry  or  moist.     July  — 
Aug. 


^2  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

SELAGINELLACEAE. 
•  SELAGINELLA   Beauv. 
Selaginella  rupestris  (L.)  Spring  (growing  on  rocks). 

Occasional.  Dry  exposed  ledges,  or  sometimes  on  barren 
soil.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Selaginella  apus  (L.)  Spring  (footless;  i.  e.,  without  a  stalk). 
Frequent.     Moist  open  or  half-shaded  ground,  usually  in 
meadows  and  pastures  or  about  springs.    July  —  Aug. 

ISOETACEAE.         QUILLWORT  FAMILY. 

ISOETES    L.         Quillwort. 
Isoetes  Tuckermani  A.  Br. 

Rare  or  local.  Growing  submerged  on  gravelly  shores  of 
ponds:  Ledyard,  North  Stonington  and  East  Lyme  (Graves), 
Lyme  (Graves  &  Bissell).    July  —  Aug. 

Isoetes  foveolata  A.  A.  Eaton  (minutely  pitted). 

Rare.  Meriden,  edge  of  small  pond  near  West  Peak  (F. 
W.  Hall,  1873).    Aug. 

Isoetes  saccharata  Engelm.  (sugary),  var.  Amesii  A.  A.  Eaton. 
Rare.      Shallow    water    of   ponds    and    rivers :    Griswold 
(Harger),   North   Stonington    (Graves   &  Bissell),   Ledyard 
and  Lyme  (Graves).     July  —  Aug. 

Isoetes  echinospora  Dur.  (prickly-spored),  var.  Braunii  (Dur.) 
Engelm. 

Occasional.     Shallow  water  or  muddy  borders  of  ponds 
and  streams,    July  —  Sept. 
Isoetes    echinospora    Dur.,    var.    muricata     (Dur.)     Engelm. 
(beset  with  short,  hard  points). 

Rare.    Groton,  in  Great  Brook  (Graves).    July  —  Sept. 
Forms  approaching  this  have  been  found  at  Union  (Bis- 
sell), and  at  Lyme  (Graves  &  Bissell). 

Isoetes  Gravesii  A.  A.  Eaton. 

Local.  Muddy  border  of  ponds  and  streams :  Lyme 
(Graves),  Windsor  (Bissell),  East  Haven  (W.  A.  Setchell), 
Bristol   (J.  N.  Bishop),  Plymouth   (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell), 


No.    I4.J  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  33 

Oxford    and    Huntington     (Harger),     Stratford     (Eames), 
Goshen  (L.  M.  Underwood).    Aug. —  Sept. 

Isoetes  Dodgei  A.  A.  Eaton, 

Isoetes  canadensis  A.  A.  Eaton. 

Isoetes  riparia  Engelm.,  var.  canadensis  Engelm. 

Rare  or  local.  Windsor,  muddy  river  bank  (Bissell), 
Fairfield,  in  Mill  River,  and  Westport,  in  Saugatuck  River 
( Eames ) .    July  —  Sept. 

Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Br. 

Occasional.  Muddy  border  of  ponds  and  streams,  grow- 
ing where  it  would  be  submerged  during  high  water.  July  — 
Sept. 

The  var.  gracilis  Engelm.  (slender)  has  been  found  at 
Groton  (Graves),  Southington  (Bissell),  Bridgeport  and 
Westport  (Eames). 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  SEED  PLANTS. 
GYMNOSPERMAE. 

TAXACEAE.         YEW  FAMILY. 

TAXUS  L.         Yew. 

Taxus  canadensis  Marsh. 
Taxus  minor  Britton. 
Ground  Hemlock.    American  Yew. 

Rocky  woods,  often  under  other  evergreens.  Rare  or  want- 
ing along  the  coast,  reaching  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
Guilford,  at  North  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Orange  (D.  C. 
Eaton),  Danbury  (Eames)  ;  becoming  occasional  or  frequent 
northward.    April — May  ;  fruit  July — Aug. 

The  pulp  of  the  fruit  is  edible,  but  all  other  parts  of  the 
plant  are  poisonous.  Drinking  a  decoction  of  the  leaves  has 
caused  death  to  man,  and  birds  are  said  to  be  sometimes 
poisoned  by  eating  the  seeds. 

PINACEAE.         PINE  FAMILY. 
PINUS   L.         Pine. 
Pinus  Strobus  L.  (classical  name  for  some  pine  tree). 
White  Pine. 

Woodlands,  in  various  soils  and  exposures.  Occasional 
near  the  coast,  becoming  frequent  northward  and  common  in 
northeastern  Connecticut.     May — June. 

A  well  known  and  valuable  timber  tree ;  often  planted  for 
ornament  and  for  wind-breaks.     The  bark  is  medicinal. 

Pinus  rigida  Mill,  (stiff). 
Pitch  Pine.     Yellow  Pine. 

Poor,  sterile  or  sandy  soils.  Rare  or  local  in  Litchfield 
County,  frequent  elsewhere.     May — June. 

Usually  a  small  tree,  but  sometimes  growing  larger,  then 
yielding  a  hard  resinous  lumber. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  35 

Pinus  sylvestris  L.  (of  woods). 
Scotch  Pine.    Scotch  Fir. 

Rare  or  local.  Fields,  roadsides  and  woods  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation:  New  London  (Graves),  Lyme  (Harger  & 
Graves),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Bridgeport 
(Fames).     May.     Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

One  of  the  valuable  timber  trees  of  Europe.  It  thrives 
in  our  climate  and  was  formerly  often  planted.  It  is  of  little 
value  as  an  ornamental  tree,  but  if  grown  in  sufficient  quan- 
tity might  be  valuable  for  timber. 

Pinus  resinosa  Ait.  (resinous). 
Red  Pine. 

Rare  or  local.  Rocky  woods  :  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Salis- 
bury (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    May— June. 

The  most  beautiful  of  our  native  pines  and  a  valuable 
ornamental  tree.  One  of  the  timber  trees  of  northern  New 
England. 

LARIX  Mill.         Larch. 

Larix  laricina  (DuRoi)  Koch  (larch-like). 
Larix  americana  Michx. 
Tamarack.    Hackmatack.    American  or  Black  Larch. 

Swamps  and  bogs.  Absent  near  the  coast.  Rare  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state:  Union  (Bissell),  Tolland  (Graves). 
Becoming  occasional  westward  and  frequent  in  Litchfield 
County.     May. 

The  wood  is  hard,  strong,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
valuable  for  posts  and  railroad  ties.     The  bark  is  medicinal. 

Larix  decidua  Mill,  (falling  in  season). 
Larix  europaea  DC. 
European  Larch. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  fields  and 
waste  ground:  Thompson  and  Union  (Bissell),  Griswold 
(Graves),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Bridgeport 
(Fames).    April  —  May.    Native  of  northern  Europe. 

Hardy  in  almost  any  location  and  also  producing  a  valu- 
able timber.    A  good  tree  to  plant  for  wind-breaks. 


36  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

PICEA  Link.         Spruce. 

Picea  canadensis  (Alill.)  BSP. 
Picea  alba  Link. 
Cat  Spruce.     Skunk  Spruce.    White  Spruce. 

Rare.  Waterford,  a  few  trees  in  a  pasture  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation  (Graves).  May.  Native  in  northern  New 
England  and  farther  north. 

A  good  tree  for  ornamental  planting. 

Picea  rubra  (DuRoi)  Dietr.  (red). 

Picea  nigra  Link,  var.  rubra  Engelm. 
Red  Spruce. 

Rare.  Cool  woods  and  bogs:  Litchfield  (N.  L.  Britton), 
Canaan  (J.  H.  Putnam),  SaHsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
May. 

Picea  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP. 
Picea  nigra  Link. 
Picea  brevifolia  Peck. 
Black  Spruce.     Bog  Spruce. 

Swamps  and  sphagnum  bogs.  Rare  or  local  over  most 
of  the  state  but  absent  near  the  coast.  Usually  a  small  stunted 
tree  5  to  15  ft.  high  but  growing  much  larger  in  the  cool 
swamps  of  Litchfield  County.  In  open  bogs  the  trees  often 
produce  cones  when  not  more  than  5  ft.  high,  and  the  cones 
persist  on  the  tree  for  many  years.    May. 

Northward  the  lumber  is  much  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  wood  pulp.  It  is  the  principal  source  of  spruce  gimi. 
Medicinal. 

Picea  Abies  (L.)  Karst.  (like  Abies,  the  Fir). 
Picea  excelsa  Link. 
Norway  Spruce. 

Rare  or  local.  Roadsides,  fields  and  woods  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews),  Oxford  (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames), 
Norwalk  and  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter).  May.  Native 
of  northern  Europe. 

Extensively  planted  for  ornament  and  also  for  wind- 
breaks. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.      ^  37 

ABIES  Hill.         Fir. 
Abies  balsamea  (L.)  Mill,  (producing  balsam). 
Balsam  Fir.    Balm-of-Gilead  Fir. 

Rare.  Cold  swamps  and  woods:  Middlebiiry  (Harger), 
Goshen  (J.  H.  Putnam  &  Bissell),  Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brew- 
ster), Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  Also  occurs  as  an 
escape  from  cultivation  at  Woodstock  (Weatherby),  Andover 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  and  Farmington  (Miss  A.  Lorenz). 
May. 

The  wood  is  soft  and  weak,  of  little  value  as  timber.  Its 
habit  of  early  losing  its  lower  branches  makes  it  less  desirable 
for  ornamental  planting  than  some  other  species  of  ever- 
greens.   Canada  balsam  is  derived  from  the  resin  of  its  trunk. 

TSUGA  (Endl.)  Carr.         Hemlock. 
Tsuga  canadensis  (L.)  Carr. 
Hemlock. 

Usually  frequent  but  rather  local  in  its  distribution.  Rocky 
woods  and  on  hillsides  in  both  dry  and  wet  situations.  May. 
The  timber  is  coarse-grained  and  brittle,  but  is  used  for 
rough  lumber.  The  bark  is  much  used  in  tanning.  A  valu- 
able tree  in  cultivation  for  hedges  and  wind-breaks,  and  when 
standing  alone  a  desirable  ornamental  tree.    Medicinal. 

CHAMAECYPARIS  Spach.         Cypress.     White  Cedar. 
Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (L.)  BSP.  (like  Thya,  classical  name 

for  some  fragrant  tree). 
Chamaecyparis  sphaeroidea  Spach. 
White  Cedar. 

In  swamps.  Rare  in  western  and  central  districts :  Dan- 
bury  and  New  Fairfield  (P.  M.  Augur  et  al.),  Wolcott  (A. 
M.  Johnson).  Becoming  occasional  or  frequent  eastward. 
April. 

A  slender  tree  with  light  and  durable  wood  very  valuable 
for  fence  posts.  It  usually  grows  in  dense  colonies,  choking 
out  other  vegetation  and  forming  cedar  swamps. 

THUJA  L.         Arbor  Vitae. 
Thuja  occidentalis  L.  (western). 

Arbor  Vitae.    White  Cedar.  i 


38  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY. 

Rare.  Canaan,  on  a  limestone  ridge  and  in  a  near-by 
swamp  (C.  K.  Averill),  Salisbury,  rocky  hillside  and  at 
another  locality  in  a  deep  swamp  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps)  ;  ap- 
^  parently  native  at  these  three  localities.  Escaped  from  culti- 
vation to  fields  and  roadsides  at  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
East  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Killingly  and  Windsor  (Bis- 
sell).     April  —  May. 

Often  planted  for  hedges  or  as  an  ornamental  tree.  A 
valuable  timber  tree  in  northern  New  England.  Medicinal, 
the  fresh  tops  officinal. 

JUNIPERUS  L.         Juniper. 
Juniperus  communis  L.   (growing  in  colonies). 
Common  Juniper. 

Rare.      Norwich,   near    Spaulding's    Pond    (Mrs.    E.    E. 
Rogers).     May. 
Juniperus  communis  L.,  var.  depressa  Pursh   (sunk  down,  as 

if  flattened  from  above). 
Juniperus  nana  of  Britton's  Manual  in  part. 
Juniperus  communis  L.,  var.  canadensis  Loud. 
Juniperus  communis  L.,  var.  alpina  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in 

part. 
Common  Juniper. 

Frequent.  '  Dry  rocky  pastures  and  sterile  hills.     May. 

The  fruit  often  does  not  ripen  until  the  second  summer. 
The  oil  of  juniper,  distilled  from  the  fruit,  is  officinal.  This 
is  medicinal,  as  are  the  tops  or  young  branches,  and  is  also 
an  essential  constituent  of  Holland  gin. 

Juniperus  virginiana  L. 
Red  Cedar.     Savin. 

Common.  Dry  or  sterile  soils,  April  —  May, 
The  wood  is  light,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
and  much  used  for  fencing.  It  is  also  used  for  boat  building 
and  cabinet  work.  The  so  called  "  cedar-apples  "  found  on 
its  branches  are  sometimes  used  medicinally,  and  are  causa- 
tive of  rust  on  apple  trees. 


ANGIOSPERMAE. 

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE. 

TYPHACEAE.         CAT-TAIL  FAMILY. 
TYPHA  L.         Cat-tail  Flag. 
Typha  latifolia  L.  (broad-leaved). 
Common  Cat-tail. 

Frequent.  Wet  swamps,  margins  of  streams  and  ponds, 
often  in  large  colonies.  June  — July ;  fruit  Oct.,  persisting 
through  the  winter. 

The  heads  are  often  used  for  decorative  purposes  and 
also  make  a  fluffy  stuffing  for  pillows,  etc.  The  roots  are 
sometimes  used  medicinally. 

Typha  angustifolia  L.   (narrow-leaved). 
Cat-tail. 

Occasional  in  fresh-water  marshes  near  the  coast,  also 
found  inland  at  Oxford  (Harger),  and  SaHsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps)  ;  common  along  the  coast  in  salt  or  brackish  marshes. 
June ;  fruit  Oct.,  persisting  through  the  winter. 

SPARGANIACEAE.         BUR-REED  FAMILY. 

SPARGANIUM   L.         Bur-reed. 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  (broad-fruited). 

Borders  of  ponds  and  streams.  Rare  or  local  over  most 
of  the  state:  Groton  and  Lyme  (Graves),  East  Hartford  (A. 
W.  Driggs),  Oxford  (Harger),  Windsor  and  Sharon  (Bis- 
sell).  Becoming  occasional  along  the  coast  in  New  Haven 
and  Fairfield  Counties  (Fames).    July   — Aug. 

Sparganium  americanum  Nutt. 

Sparganium  simplex  Huds.,  var.  Nnttallii  Engelm. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Shallow  water  and  borders  of  ponds 
and  streams:  Voluntown  and  East  Lyme  (Graves),  Union 
(Bissell),  Hampton  (Weatherby).     July  —  Aug. 


40  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Sparganium  americanum  Nutt.,  var.  androcladum  (Engelm.) 
Fernald  &  A.  J.  Eames  (having  the  staminate  inflores- 
cence branched). 

Sparganium  androcladum  Morong. 

Sparganium  simplex  Huds.,  var.  androcladum  Engelm. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     INIarshes,  about  ponds  and  along 

streams.    July  —  Aug. 

Sparganium  lucidum  Fernald  &  A.  J.  Eames  (shining). 

Rare.     Shallow  water  of  pool,  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  & 
Weatherby) .    Late  Aug. —  Sept. 

Sparganium  diversifclium  Graebner   (various-leaved). 
Sparganium  simplex  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  great  part. 

Occasional.    Borders  of  ponds  and  streams.    July  —  Aug. 

Sparganium    diversifclium    Graebner,    var.    acaule     (Beeby) 
Fernald  &  A.  J.  Eames  (stemless). 
Rare.    Wet  places  with  the  typical  form.    July  —  Aug. 

Sparganium  angustifolium  Michx.  (narrow-leaved). 
Sparganium  simplex  Huds.,  var.  angustifolium  Engelm. 

Rare.     Floating  in  deep  water:  Canaan  (J.  W.  Robbins, 
1828).    July  — Aug. 
Sparganium   fluctuans    (Morong)    Robinson    (undulating). 
Sparganium  androcladum  Morong,  var.  iiuctuans  Morong,  at 

least  in  part. 
Sparganium  simplex  Huds.,  var.  Uuitans  Engelm. 

Rare.  Deep  water  of  cold  ponds:  Norfolk  (J.  W.  Rob- 
bins).    July  —  Aug. 

Sparganium  minimum  Fries  (least;    smallest). 

Rare.  Shallow  water  and  mud  of  Twin  Lakes,  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps,  A.  V.  Osmun  &  Bissell).    July  — Aug. 

NAJADACEAE.         PONDWEED  FAMILY. 
POTAMOGETON  L.         Pondweed. 
Potamogeton  natans  L.   (floating). 

In  ponds  and  slow  streams.  Rare  or  local  over  most  of 
the  state:  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Oxford  (Har- 
ger),  Sahsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps,  A.  V.  Osmun  &  Bissell). 
Frequent  in  New  London  County  (Graves).     July  —  Aug. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  4I 

Potamogeton  Oakesianus  Robbins. 

Rare.     In  ponds:  Stafford   (E.  L.  Morris),  Middlebiiry 
(Harger).    Aug. 

Potamogeton  epihydrus  Raf.   (living  on  the  water). 
Potamogeton  Nuttallii  C.  &  S. 
Potamogeton  pennsylvanicus  Willd. 

Common.      Ponds   and    slow   or   swift   running   streams. 
June  —  Aug. 
Potamogeton    epihydrus    Raf.,    var.    cayugensis     (AViegand) 
Benn. 
Potamogeton  Nuttallii  C.  &  S.,  var.  cayugensis  Wiegand. 

Rare.    Lyme,  in  Selden's  Cove  (Graves  &  Bissell),  Ham- 
den,  in  Lake  Whitney  (Eames).     July  —  Aug. 

Potamogeton  alpinus  Balbis  (alpine). 
Potamogeton  rufescens  Schrad. 

Rare.    Plainville,  in  cold  spring  water  near  Hamlin's  Pond 
(Andrews  &  Bissell).    July  —  Aug. 

Potamogeton  americanus  C.  &  S. 

Potamogeton  lonchites  Tuckerm. 

Potamogeton  Huitans  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  Roth. 

Local.    In  the  Connecticut  River  and  adjoining  coves  and 
creeks  at  Lyme  (Graves)  ;  also  at  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton), 
Hartford  (J.  W.  Robbins,  A.  W.  Driggs),  Westport,  in  the 
Saugatuck  River ;  also  in  the  Housatonic  River  near  its  mouth 
and  at  New   Milford    (Eames),   and   at  Oxford    (Harger). 
July  —  Sept. 
Potamogeton    americanus     C.     &     S.,    var.     novaeboracensis 
(Morong)   Benn. 
Potamogeton  lonchites  Tuckerm.,  var.  novaeboracensis  Mor- 
ong. 

Rare.     Lyme,  in  deep  water  at  Selden's  Cove  (Graves  & 
Bissell).    July  — Aug. 

Potamogeton  pulcher  Tuckerm.    (beautiful;    handsome). 

Rare.     In    ponds:    East    Lyme,    Old    Lyme    and    Lyme 
(Graves),  Bridgeport  (Eames).     June — July. 

Potamogeton  amplifolius  Tuckerm.    (large-leaved). 

Occasional.    Ponds  and  sluggish  streams.    July  —  Aug. 


42  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  (various-leaved). 

Occasional  or  local.  Ponds  and  either  slow  or  swift  flow- 
ing streams.     July  —  Aug. 

The  forma  graminifolius  (Fries)  Morong  (grassy- 
leaved)  occurs  at  Lake  Saltonstall  (O.  D.  Allen).  The  forma 
LONGiPEDUNCULATUS  (Merat)  Morong  (long-stalked)  has 
been  found  at  Selden's  Cove,  Lyme  (Graves).  The  forma 
MYRiOPHYLLUS  (Robbins)  Morong  (myriad-leaved)  occurs 
at  Lake  Saltonstall  (O.  D.  Allen),  and  Twin  Lakes,  Salisbury 
(Bissell).  The  forma  maximus  Morong  (greatest)  has  been 
found  in  the  Connecticut  River  at  East  Windsor  (Bissell), 
and  in  Lake  Whitney,  Hamden  (O.  D.  Allen).  The  forma 
TERRESTRis  Sclilccht.  (terrestrial)  is  often  found  along  borders 
of  ponds  and  streams  in  dry  seasons. 

Potamogeton  angustifolius  Berchtold  &  Presl  (narrow- 
leaved). 

Rare.  Oxford,  in  the  Housatonic  River  (Harger).  July 
—  Aug. 

The  var.  connecticutensis  (Robbins)  Benn.,  Potamoge- 
ton Incens  L.,  var.  connecticutensis  Robbins,  occurs  rarely  in 
ponds,  lakes  and  rivers:  Lake  Saltonstall  (J.  W.  Robbins); 
in  the  Housatonic  River  at  New  Milford  (E.  H.  Austin  & 
Eames)  and  Kent  (C.  K.  Averill)  ;  also  in  Twin  Lakes,  Salis- 
bury (Bissell). 

Potamogeton  lucens  L.  (shining). 

Rare.  Ponds  and  slow  streams :  Lyme,  at  Selden's  Cove 
(Graves),  Meriden  (Harger),  Salisbury  (Bissell).  July  — 
Aug. 

Potamogeton  praelongus  Wulf.  (very  long). 

Local.  Deep  water  of  ponds  and  streams :  North  Bran- 
ford  and  Wallingford  (Harger),  Lake  Saltonstall  (J.  A. 
Allen),  Westport  and  Kent  (Eames),  Litchfield  (Dr.  T. 
Morong),  Canaan  (J.  W.  Robbins).    June — July. 

Potamogeton  Richardsonii    (Benn.)    Rydb. 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus  L.,  var.  lanceolatus  Robbins. 
Potamogeton  perfoliatus  L.,  var.  Richardsonii  Benn. 
Common.     Ponds  and  streams.     June  — July. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  43 

Potamogeton    bupleuroides    Fernald     (like    Bupleurum,    the 

Thorough-wax) . 
Potamogeton  perfoliatus  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part,  not  L. 

In  ponds,  streams  and  brackish  waters.  Occasional  near 
the  coast,  extending  inland  as  far  as  East  Windsor  (Bissell). 
July  —  Aug. 

X Potamogeton  nitens  Weber  (shining). 

Rare.  Old  Saybrook,  small  pond  near  the  Connecticut 
River  (Harger).  This  is  apparently  a  hybrid  between  Potam- 
ogeton heterophyllus  and  some  other  species,  and  is  not  known 
to  produce  fruit. 

Potamogeton  zosterifolius  Schum.  (having  leaves  like  Zostera, 
the  Eel  Grass). 
Rare  or  occasional.     Ponds  and  streams.    July  —  Aug. 

Potamogeton  Hillii  Morong. 

Rare.     Salisbury,  in  Twin  Lakes  (Bissell).    July  —  Aug. 

Potamogeton  obtusifolius  ]\Iert.  &  Koch  (blunt-leaved). 

Rare.  Newtown,  in  shallow  water  of  a  mill  pond  (Eames). 
July  —  Aug. 

Potamogeton  Friesii  Ruprecht. 

Potamogeton     mucronatus     Gray's      Manual     ed.     6,     not 
Schrad.  (?). 
Rare.    Southington,  in  pools  (Andrews).    July  —  Aug. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  L.   (very  small). 

Frequent.    Ponds  and  slow  streams.    July  —  Sept. 
Potamogeton  pusillus  L.,  var  Sturrockii  Benn. 

Rare.  In  ponds:  Waterford  (Graves),  Lake  Saltonstall 
(O.D.Allen).    July— Sept. 

Potamogeton  lateralis  Morong  (lateral). 

Rare.  Collected  at  Salisbury  many  years  ago  by  Dr.  J. 
W.  Robbins ;  not  reported  by  any  recent  collector.  July  — 
Aug. 

Potamogeton  Vaseyi  Robbins. 

Rare.  Ponds  and  lakes:  Lake  Saltonstall  (O.  D.  Allen, 
J.  A.  Allen,  Eames),  Milford  (Eames),  Plymouth  (J.  K. 
Goodrich) .    July  —  Aug. 


44  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Potamogeton  gemmiparus  Robbins  (producing  buds). 

Rare.  Union,  shallow  water  of  Mashapaug  Pond  (Bis- 
sell).     July  —  Aug. 

Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf.  (leafy). 
Potamogeton  pauciiiorus  Pursh. 

Rare  or  local.  Ponds  and  slow  streams  :  Voluntown  (Har- 
ger),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Newtown  (Eames), 
New  Milford  (C.  K.  Averill),  Sharon  and  Salisbury  (Bis- 
sell).   July  —  Aug. 

Potamogeton  hybridus  ]\Iichx.   (mongrel). 
Potamogeton  diversifolius  Raf. 

Occasional.     In  ponds.     July  —  Aug. 

The  var.  aiulti-denticulatus  (Morong)  Asch.  &  Graeb- 
ner  (with  many  fine  teeth)  has  been  found  at  Groton  (T. 
Morong),  Griswold  (Harger),  Milford  and  Stratford 
(Eames). 

Potamogeton  dimorphus  Raf.  (of  two  forms). 
Potatnogetoii  Spirillus  Tuckerm. 

Frequent.    Ponds  and  streams.    June  —  Aug. 
Floating  leaves  often  wanting. 

Potamogeton  pectinatus  L.   (comb-like). 

Rare  or  local.  Ponds,  streams  and  ditches:  Hartford  (D. 
C.  Eaton),  East  Windsor  and  Salisbury  (Bissell),  Oxford 
(Harger),  Stratford,  New  Milford  and  Kent  (Eames).  July 
—  Sept. 

Potamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakes. 

Occasional  or  local.  Ponds,  ditches  and  slow  streams. 
July  —  Aug. 

This  species  very  rarely  forms  fruit. 

RUPPIA  L.         Ditch  Grass. 
Ruppia  maritima  L.  (of  the  sea-coast). 
Ditch  Grass. 

Frequent   in   shallov/  water  of  pools,  creeks   and   ditches 
about  salt  or  brackish  marshes  along  the  coast.    July  —  Oct. 
ZANNICHELLIA  L.         Horned  Pondweed. 
Zannichellia  palustris  L.  (of  marshes). 
Horned  Pondweed. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  45 

Occasional  in  salt  or  brackish  water  along  the  coast,  and 
in  the  Housatonic  River  northward  as  far  as  New  Milford 
(C  K.  Averill).    July  — Sept. 

ZOSTERA  L.         Grass  Wrack.     Eel  Grass. 

Zostera  marina  L.  (of  the  sea). 
Eel  Grass. 

Common  along  the  coast  in  bays,  salt  rivers  and  creeks, 
growing  on  muddy  or  sandy  bottoms.    July  —  Sept. 

Extensively  used  by  farmers  as  a  fertilizer. 

NAJAS  L.         Naiad. 

Najas  flexilis   (Willd.)   Rostk.  &  Schmidt  (flexible). 
Frequent.    Ponds  and  slow  streams.    July  —  Sept. 

Najas  gracillima  (A.  Br.)   Magnus  (very  slender). 
Najas  indica  Cham.,  var.  gracillima  A.  Br. 

Rare  or  local.  In  ponds:  East  Lyme  and  Lyme  (Graves), 
Stafford  (Bissell),  Milford,  Bridgeport  and  Newtown 
(Eames),  Danbury  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).    July  —  Sept. 

JUNCAGINACEAE.         ARROW  GRASS  FAMILY. 

SCHEUCHZERIA  L. 

Scheuchzeria  palustris  L.  (of  marshes). 

Rare.  Cool  sphagnum  bogs:  South  Windsor  (Weath- 
erby),  Burlington  (J.  N.  Bishop),  East  Granby  (M.  Hitch- 
cock), Bethany  and  Woodbury  (Harger),  Litchfield  (A.  L. 
Train),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell).    June— July. 

TRIGLOCHIN   L.         Arrow  Grass. 

Triglochin  maritima  L.  (of  the  sea). 

Frequent  in  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.    June  —  Aug. 

ALISMACEAE.         WATER  PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

SAGITTARIA  L.         Arrow-head. 

Sagittaria  longirostra  (M.  Micheli)  J.  G.  Smith  (long-beaked). 
Rare.    Groton,  swampy  border  of  pond  (Harger) .    July  — 
Sept. 


46  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull 

Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.   (broad-leaved). 
Sagittaria  variabilis  Engelm. 

Frequent  or  common.  Marshes  and  shallow  water  of 
ponds  and  streams.    Aug. —  Sept. 

The  forma  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Robinson  (blunt),  Sagittaria 
obtusa  Muhl.,  is  occasional;  the  forma  hastata  (Pursh) 
Robinson  (halberd-shaped),  Sagittaria  hastata  Pursh,  and 
the  forma  gracilis  (Pursh)  Robinson  (slender),  Sagittaria 
gracilis  Pursh,  are  frequent.  The  forma  diversifolia 
(Engelm.)  Robinson  (various-leaved),  Sagittaria  variabilis 
Engelm.,  var.  diversifolia  Engelm.,  is  rare. 

Sagittaria  Engelmanniana  J.  G.  Smith. 

Sagittaria  variabilis  Engelm.,  var.  gracilis  Engelm. 

Rare.  Bogs  and  wet  meadows :  Waterford,  Voluntown 
and  East  Lyme  (Graves),  Lyme  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson). 
Aug. —  Sept. 

Sagittaria  arifolia  Nutt.   (arum-leaved). 
Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheldon. 

Rare.     Wet  alluvial  soil  on  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut 

River:  Windsor  and  Hartford   (Bissell).  June — July. 

Sagittaria  heterophylla  Pursh   (various-leaved). 

Rare  or  local.  Muddy  river  shores:  Norwich  (W.  A. 
Setchell),  Lyme  (Graves),  Wethersfield  (C.  Wright),  East 
Windsor  (Bissell),  Windsor  (H.  S.  Clark),  Hartford  (H.  S. 
Clark  &  Bissell),  Bloomfield  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Seymour  and 
Derby   (Harger).     June — July. 

The  var  rigida  (Pursh)  Engelm.  (stiff),  Sagittaria  rigida 
Pursh,  and  the  var.  elliptica  Engelm.  (oval)  sometimes 
occur  with  the  species. 

Sagittaria  graminea  Michx.   (grass-like). 
Sagittaria  Eatoni  J.  G.  Smith. 
Sagittaria  cristata  Engelm. 

Occasional  or  local.  Muddy  shores  of  ponds  and  streams. 
June  —  Aug. 

Sagittaria  subulata   (L.)   Buchenau   (awl-shaped). 
Sagittaria  pusilla  Nutt. 
Sagittaria  natans  Michx.,  var.  lorata  Chapm. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  47 

Rare  or  local.    Lyme,  muddy  shore  of  Selden's  Cove  (Dr. 

E,  J.  Thompson)  ;  mud  of  lower  Housatonic  River  and  smaller 

streams  along  the  coast  in  Fairfield  County  (Eames).    July  — 

Sept. 

Sagittaria  subulata  (L.)  Buchenau,  var.  (?)  gracillima  (Wats.) 

J.  G.  Smith  (very  slender). 
Sagittaria  natans  Michx.,  var.  ( ?)  gracillima  Wats. 

Rare.  East  Windsor  and  Windsor,  rock  ledges  in  the  bed 
of  the  Connecticut  River,  in  3-6  ft.  of  water  (Bissell).    July. 

LOPHOTOCARPUS  Th.  Durand. 

Lophotocarpus  spongiosus   (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Smith   (spongy). 
Sagittaria  calycina  Engelm.,  var.  spongiosa  Engelm. 

Muddy  tidal  shores  and  meadows.  Rare  at  Old  Lyme 
(Graves)  and  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton,  Harger)  ;  occa- 
sional, Milford  and  westward  (Eames).    June  —  Sept. 

ALISMA    L.         Water    Plantain. 

Alisma  Plantago-aquatica  L.   (water-plantain). 
Water  Plantain. 

Common.    Muddy  places  and  shallow  water.    July  —  Aug. 

HYDROCHARITACEAE.         FROG'S  BIT  FAMILY. 
ELODEA  Michx.         Water-weed. 

Elodea  canadensis  Michx. 
Philotria  canadensis  Britton. 
Ditch  Moss. 

Frequent.     Ponds  and  slow  streams.    July  —  Sept. 

Sometimes  so  plentiful  as  to  be  a  nuisance  in  reservoirs. 

VALLISNERIA  L.         Tape  Grass.     Eel  Grass. 

Vallisneria  spiralis  L.  (coiled). 
Eel  Grass.    Wild  Celery. 

Common  in  the  waters  of  the  Connecticut  and  Housatonic 
Rivers  and  their  larger  tributaries.  It  also  grows  in  Hatch 
Pond,  Kent  (Eames),  and  in  the  Thames  River  at  Norwich 
(W.  A.  Setchell,  Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers).    July  —  Sept. 


48  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

GRAMINEAE.       GRASS  FAMILY. 
ZEA  L.         Corn. 

Zea  Mays  L.  (Indian  name  for  this  species). 
Corn.     Indian  Corn.     Maize. 

Rare.  A  fugitive  in  waste  grounds  and  on  dumps  or  banks 
of  streams.  July  —  Aug.  Nativity  unknown  but  supposed  to 
be  from  Mexico. 

One  of  the  most  important  cereals  of  the  United  States. 

TRIPSACUM  L.         Gama  Grass.     Sesame  Grass. 

Tripsacum  dactyloides  L.   (finger-like). 
Gama  Grass.     Sesame  Grass. 

Moist  or  dry  open  ground  bordering  salt  or  brackish 
marshes  and  creeks.  Groton  (Graves)  and  occasional  along 
the  coast  westward.    July  —  Aug. 

A  large  corn-Hke  grass,  sometimes  used  for  fodder  in  the 
South. 

ANDROPOGON  L.         Beard  Grass. 

Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.    (broom-like). 

Broom  Beard  Grass.    Wire  Grass.    Bunch  Grass.    Blue-stem. 

Common.  Open  sterile  ground,  often  covering  large  areas 
on  the  sand  plains.  Aug. —  Sept.  A  glaucous  form  is  fre- 
quent. 

A  dry  wiry  grass  of  little  agricultural  value  in  Connecti- 
cut, but  notable  for  its  beautiful  color  in  autumn  and  winter. 
In  the  South  and  West  it  is  considered  of  some  value  for 
pasturage. 
Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.,  var.  littoralis   (Nash)   Hitchc. 

(of  the  sea-shore). 
Andropogon  littoralis  Nash. 

Rare.,  Fairfield,  sparingly  on  Fairfield  Beach  (Fames). 
Aug. —  Sept. 

Andropogon  virginicus  L. 

Dry  or  moist  open  ground.  Rare  or  local  inland,  becom- 
ing occasional  near  the  coast.     Late  Aug. —  Sept. 

Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.  (forked). 

Forked  Beard  Grass.     Big  Blue-stem.     Turkey-foot. 


.>.    14-]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  49 

Frequent.  Open  ground,  g-enerally  in  dry  soil.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

A  tall  and  striking  grass,  growing  in  large  clumps.  It 
is  of  value  for  hay  and  pasturage  in  some  localities  in  the 
United  States. 

SORGHASTRUM  Nash. 
Sorghastrum  nutans  (L.)  Nash  (nodding). 
Sorghastrum  avenaceum  Nash. 
Chrysopogon  nutans  Benth. 
Chrysopogon  avenaceus  Benth. 
Indian  Grass.     Wood  Grass. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Open,  usually  dry  ground.  Aug. 
—  Sept. 

A  tall  grass,  growing  in  clumps  and  with  beautiful  golden 
brown  flower-panicles. 

SORGHUM   Pers.         Broom   Corn.     Sorghum. 
Sorghum  halepense  (L.)  Pers. 
Johnson  Grass. 

Rare.  Waterbury,  in  waste  ground  (A.  E.  Blewitt). 
Aug. —  Sept.  Fugitive  from  the  Old  World.  A  cultivated 
form  of  this  called  Kaffir  Corn  has  been  found  in  waste  ground 
at  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark). 

This  species  is  supposed  to  be  the  original  of  the  several 
forms  of  Sorghum  which  are  cultivated  for  sugar-making, 
for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  brooms,  for  forage  and  for  their 
seeds. 

DIGITARIA  Scop.         Finger  Grass. 
Digitaria  filiformis  (L.)  Koeler  (thread-shaped). 
Panicum  iiliforme  L. 
Syntherisma  filiformis  Nash. 
Frequent.    Dry  sterile  open  ground.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Digitaria  humifusa  Pers.  (spread  over  the  ground;  prostrate). 
Panicum  glabrum  Gaudin. 
Syntherisma  linearis  Nash. 
Small  Crab  Grass. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Dry  or  moist  fields,   roadsides 
and  waste  places.    Aug. —  Sept.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 
4 


50  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT,   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Dighana  sanguinalis  (L.)  Scop,   (blood-red). 
Panicum  sanguinale  L. 
Syntherisma  sanguinalis  Dulac. 
Syntherisma  Hmhriata  Nash. 
Crab  Grass.     Large  Crab  Grass.     Finger  Grass.     Crowfoot 

Grass. 

Common.  Waste  places  and  cultivated  ground.  July  — 
Oct.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  troublesome  weed  in  gardens  and  lawns.  It  makes  good 
hay  if  properly  dried,  and  in  the  South  is  often  harvested.  In 
Bohemia  the  seeds  are  used  by  man  as  a  food. 

LEPTOLOMA  Chase. 

Leptoloma  cognatum  (Schultes)  Chase  (related). 
Panicum  autumnale  Bosc. 
Fall  Witch  Grass. 

Rare.  New  Haven,  in  dry  ground  and  in  gravelly  soil 
(R.  W.  Woodward).     July. 

PASPALUM  L. 

Paspalum  setaceum  Michx.  (bristle-like). 

Fields  and  pastures,  mostly  in  dry  ground.  Rare  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  occasional  near  the  coast. 
A  form  with  glabrous  spikelets  sometimes  occurs.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Paspalum  Muhlenbergii  Nash. 

Frequent  or  common.     Dry  open  ground.    Aug. — Sept. 
Paspalum  psammophilum  Nash    (sand-loving). 
Paspalum  prostratum  Nash,  not  Scribn.  &  Merr. 

Rare.  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil:  Sprague  (Graves), 
Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward),  Old  Saybrook  (Bissell  & 
Graves ) .    Aug. —  Sept. 

Paspalum  plenipilum  Nash  (having  many  hairs). 

Rare.    Orange,  in  meadows  (R.  W.  Woodward).    Sept. 

Paspalum  circulare  Nash  (round). 

Rare.  Groton,  moist  grassland  (Bissell  &  Graves),  Frank- 
lin (R.  W.  Woodward).     Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  5I 

PANICUM   L.         Panic   Grass. 

A  large  genus,  made  up  for  the  most  part  of  lowly  grasses 
of  little  or  no  agricultural  value,  but  of  much  scientific  interest. 

Panicum  verrucosum  Muhl.  (warty). 

Rare.  New  Haven,  in  damp  shaded  ground  (Harger). 
Sept.—  Oct. 

Panicum  capillare  L.  (hair-like). 

Old-witch  Grass.     Tumble-weed.     Tickle  Grass. 

Common.  Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places.  July  — 
Sept. 

Panicum  philadelphicum  Bernh. 

Panicum  tiiinus  Nash,  according  to  description. 
Panicum  minimum  Scribn.  &  Merr. 

Dry  woods  and  thickets  and  on  sandy  shores  of  ponds  and 
rivers.  Rare  in  New  London  County  (Graves)  ;  occasional 
in  southwestern  Connecticut  (Eames)  ;  extending  up  the 
Connecticut  River  as  far  as  East  Windsor  (Eissell).  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Panicum  miliaceum  L.  (millet). 

Common,  True,  European  or  Broom  Corn  Millet. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Roadsides  and  waste  places  in  and 
about  towns  and  cities.  Aug. —  Sept.  Fugitive  or  adventive 
from  Europe. 

The  seeds  are  highly  nutritious  and  are  used  in  some  coun- 
tries as  human  food ;  also  in  domestic  medicine.  The  grain 
is  excellent  for  feeding  poultry.  In  the  Old  World  it  has 
been  cultivated  from  prehistoric  times. 

Panicum   dichotomiflorum    Michx.    (having   its   flower-stalks 
forked  in  pairs). 
Panicum  proliferum^oi  American  authors,  not  Lam. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Chiefly  in  moist  ground,  espe- 
cially on  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Panicum  amaroides  Scribn.  &  Merr.  (like  Panicum  amarum). 
Panicum  amarum  Ell.,  var.  minor  Vasey  &  Scribn. 

Sea  beaches  and  sand  dunes.  Rare  or  local  on  the  coast 
eastward:  Old  Lyme  (Graves),  Guilford  (Dr.  Barratt).  Be- 
coming occasional  along  the  Sound  westward.    Aug. —  Oct. 


52  CON^^ECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Panicum  virgatum  L.   (wand-like). 
Switch  Grass.    Tall  Panic  Grass. 

In  either  moist  or  dry  ground.  Common  along  the  coast 
and  the  larger  rivers,  rare  or  occasional  elsewhere.  July  — 
Sept. 

A  handsome  grass  forming  large,  dense  clumps  and  with 
ample  flower  panicles  sometimes  30  inches  long.  If  cut  early 
it  makes  a  fair  quality  of  hay  and  it  is  also  of  some  value  as  a 
forage  plant. 

Panicum  longifolium  Terr,  (long-leaved). 

Rare  or  local.  Open  moist  ground  near  the  coast :  Groton 
and  Montville  (Graves),  Fairfield  (Eames).    Aug. —  Sept. 

Panicum  agrostoides  Spreng.  (like  Agrostis,  the  Red  Top). 

Common.     Low  meadows  and  wet  open  grounds.    July  — 
Sept. 
Panicum  stipitatum  Nash  (stalked). 

Rare.     Lyme,  wet  meadow  at  Selden's  Cove   (Graves  & 
Bissell).    Aug. 
Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl.  (impoverished). 

Frequent.    Dry  sterile  or  sandy  ground.  June  —  early  July. 
Panicum  linearifolium  Scribn.   (narrow-leaved). 
Panicum  Enslini  of  Britton's  Manual. 

Common.    Dry  fields  and  in  sandy  or  sterile  places.    June 
—  early  July. 
Panicum  Werneri  Scribn. 

Rare  or  local.  Chiefly  in  open,  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly 
soil^  sometimes  in  thickets  or  open  sandy  woods :  Voluntown, 
Ledyard  and  Waterford  (Graves),  Franklin  (R.  W.  Wood- 
ward &  Graves).     June — July. 

Panicum  Bicknellii  Nash. 

Panicum  nemo  pant  hum  Ashe. 
Panicum  Busliii  Nash. 

Rare.    Rocky  woodlands:  Norwich  (Graves),  New  Haven 
(R.  W.  Woodward).    June. 
Panicum  dichotomum  L.  (forked  in  pairs). 

Frequent  or  common.  Dry  woods  and  thickets.  June  — 
July. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  53 

Panicum  barbulatum  Michx.  (having  a  little  beard). 

Occasional.  Rocky  woods  and  thickets  usually  in  dry  soil. 
June  — July. 

Panicum  microcarpon  Muhl.  in  Ell.  (small-fruited). 

Panicum  barbulatum  of  American  authors,  not  Michx. 

Frequent.  Low  moist  or  wet  thickets  and  open  places. 
June  — July. 

Panicum  boreale  Nash  (northern). 

Open  bogs,  wet  meadows  and  moist  sandy  thickets.  Ap- 
parently rare  in  southern  Connecticut :  Griswold  and  Water- 
ford  (Graves),  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward  &  Graves), 
Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Oxford  and  Monroe  (Har- 
ger).  Probably  occasional  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 
June  — July. 

Panicum  spretum  Schult.  (despised). 

Panicum  nitidum  of  recent  American  authors,  not  Lam. 
Panicum  Eatoni  Nash. 

Rare.  Low  meadows  and  sandy  shores  of  ponds :  Groton 
and  East  Lyme  (Graves),  Columbia  (Weatherby  &  Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps) .    June  — July. 

Panicum  Lindheimeri  Nash. 

Panicum  nitidum  Scribn.  &  Merr.  in  part. 

Dry  sterile  open  ground.  Occasional  or  frequent  in  south- 
eastern and  southwestern  Connecticut,  apparently  rare  else- 
where: East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Southington  (Andrews). 
June  — July. 

Panicum  huachucae  Ashe. 

Panicum  unciphyllum  of  recent  American  authors,  not  Trin. 

Panicum  pubescens  of  Britton's  Manual. 

Common.     Fields,  woods  and  thickets  usually  in  dry  or 

sandy  places.    June  — July. 
Panicum  huachucae  Ashe,  var.  silvicola  Hitchc.  &  Chase  (liv- 
ing in  woods). 

Panicum  lanuginosum  of  recent  American  authors  in  part. 
Occasional  or  frequent.     Woods  and  shaded  ground  in 

either  dry  or  wet  soil.     June  — July, " 


54  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY,  [Bull. 

Panicum  implicatum  Scribn.  (entangled). 

Panicum  unciphyllum  Trin.,  var.  implicatum  Scribn.  &  Merr. 
Swamps  and  in  wet  sandy  places.     Rare  in  most  parts  of 
the  state,  but  occasional  in  southwestern  Connecticut.     June  — 
July. 

Panicum  meridionale  Ashe  (southern). 
Panicum  Uliculme  Ashe,  not  Hack. 

Panicum  unciphyllum  Trin.,  var.  meridionale  Scribn.  &  Merr. 
Rare  or  occasional.    Dry  or  sterile  soil  in  woods  or  in  open 
ground.    June  — July. 

Panicum  oricola  Hitchc.  &  Chase  (an  inhabitant  of  the  shore.) 
Rare.     Barren  sands  along  the  shore  of  the  Sound:  Gro- 
ton    (Bissell).      Probably   occuring   at   other   points   on   the 
coast.    June  —  Aug. 
Panicum  subvillosum  Ashe   (somewhat  hairy). 

Rare.    Dry  sandy  ground :  Tolland  and  Southington  (Bis- 
sell), East  Hartford   (Weatherby).     June — July. 

Panicum  tennesseense  Ashe. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Woods  and  shaded  ground  more 
often  in  moist  soil.     June — July. 

Panicum  albemarlense  Ashe. 

Panicum  auhurne  Gray's  Manual  ed.  7  in  part. 

Rare.      Dry    sandy    woods :     Waterford,    at    Fog    Plain 
(  Graves ) .     June  — July. 

Panicum  scoparioides  Ashe  (like  Panicum  scoparium). 

Rare.    Woods  or  half  shade  in  dry  gravelly  soil :  Southing- 
ton  (Bissell).    June — July. 

Panicum  pseudopubescens  Nash  (simulating  Panicum  pubes- 

cens). 
Panicum  ovale  Gray's  Manual  ed.  7  in  part. 

Rare.     Southbury,  alluvial  ground  on  banks  of  the  Pom- 
peraug  River  (Harger).    June — July. 

Panicum  villosissimum  Nash  (very  hairy). 
Panicum  atlanticum  Nash. 
Panicum  xanthospermum  Scribn.  &  Mohr. 
Panicum  haemacarpon  Ashe. 

Rare.     Dry  rocky  woods  and  hillsides  or  in  meadows: 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND  -FERNS.  55 

Franklin  (Graves,  R.  W.  Woodward),  Old  Lyme  (Graves), 
East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Southington  (Andrews),  South- 
bury  (Harger).    June — July. 

Panicum  Commonsianum  Ashe. 

Rare.  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil:  East  Lyme  (Graves), 
South  Windsor  (Weatherby).    June. 

Panicum  Addisonii  Nash. 

Rare.  Sandy  plains:  East  Lyme  (Graves),  East  Hart- 
ford (Weatherby).     June. 

Panicum  tsugetorum  Nash  (of  hemlocks). 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  fields  and  woods.  June  — 
July. 

Panicum  columbianum  Scribn. 
Panicum  psammophilum  Nash, 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  sandy  fields  and  thickets. 
June  — July. 

Panicum  sphaerocarpon  Ell.  (round-fruited). 

Frequent  to  common.  Fields,  pastures  and  roadsides  in 
dry  ground.     June  —  Aug. 

Panicum  Ashei  Pearson. 

Panicum  commutatum  Scribn.  &  Merr,,  not  R,  &  S, 

Rare  or  occasional.    Dry,  often  rocky  woods.    June  — July. 

Panicum  Scribnerianum  Nash. 

Panicum  scoparium  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  Lam. 
Common.     Dry  open  sterile  ground.    June  — July. 

Panicum  xanthophysum  Gray   (having  yellow  bladders;  re- 
ferring to  the  yellowish  fruit). 

Rare.  Dry  open  woods  or  sandy  places :  Stafford 
(Graves),  South  Windsor  (H.  J.  Koehler  &  A.  W.  Driggs). 
July  —  Aug. 

Panicum  clandestinum  L.  (concealed). 
Corn  Grass.    Deer-tongue  Grass. 

Common.  Moist  or  dry  soil  in  open  or  partly  shaded 
places.    June  — July, 


56  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Panicum  Boscii  Poir. 

Panicuni  Porteriamim  Nash. 

Panicum  latifoliimi  of  American  authors,  not  L. 

Rare  or  occasional.     Dry  rocky  woodlands.     June  — July. 
Panicum  Boscii  Poir.,  var.  molle   (Vasey)   Hitchc.   &  Chase 
(soft). 
Panicum  latifolinm  L.,  var.  inoUe  Vasey. 
Panicum  pnhifolium  Nash. 

Dry  woods  and  thickets,  usually  in  rocky  ground.  Occa- 
sional or  local  near  the  coast,  becoming  rare  inland,  ^wnt  — 
July. 

Panicum  latifolium  L.   (broad-leaved). 
Panicum  macrocarpon  Le  Conte. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Woods  and  thickets,  mostly  in  dry 
ground.    June  —  Aug. 

ECHINOCHLOA  Beauv. 

Echinochloa  crusgalli   (L.)   Beauv.  (cock-spur). 
Panicum  crusgalli  L. 
Barnyard  Grass.    Corn  Grass.    Cockspur  or  Cocksfoot  Grass. 

Common.  Cultivated  ground,  mostly  in  manured  soil, 
waste  places  and  banks  of  streams.  July  —  Sept.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Sometimes  troublesome  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  ground, 
but  useful  as  a  forage  plant  and  for  the  silo. 

Echinochloa  frumentacea  (Roxb.)  Link  (producing  grain). 
Japanese  Barnyard  Millet  or  Grass.    Billion-Dollar  Grass. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  fields  and  roadsides : 
Southington  (Andrews),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  July 
—  Sept.    Fugitive  from  the  Old  World. 

In  cultivation  as  a  forage  plant.  In  India  it  is  grown  under 
the  name  of  Sowna  Millet  for  its  grain  which  is  there  used 
as  human  food. 

Echinochloa  Walter!  (Pursh)  Nash. 

Panicum  crusgalli  L.,  var.  hispidiim  Torr. 
Panicum  Walteri  Pursh. 

Ditches,  marshes  and  river  banks.    Occasional  or  frequent 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  57 

along  the  coast  and  the  larger  streams  ;  rare  elsewhere.  July  — 
Sept. 

SETARIA  Beauv.         Bristly  Foxtail  Grass. 
Setaria  imberbis   R.   &  S.    (beardless),  van  perennis    (Hall) 
Hitchc.    (perennial). 
Chaetochloa  versicolor  Bicknell. 
Perennial  Foxtail  Grass. 

Occasional   or  frequent  on  the  coast  on  borders  of  salt 
marshes.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Setaria  glauca  (L.)  Beauv.  (glaucous). 
Chaetochloa  glauca  Scribn. 
Ixophorus  glaucus  Nash. 
Foxtail.    Pigeon  Grass.    Twitch  Grass. 

Common.     Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places.     July  — 
Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Often  a  troublesome  weed  in  gardens. 

Setaria  verticillata  (L.)   Beauv.  (whorled). 
Chaetochloa  verticillata  Scribn. 
Ixophorus  verticiUatus  Nash. 
Rough  Foxtail  Grass. 

Rare  or  local.     Roadsides  and  waste  places  in  towns  and 
cities.    July  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Setaria  viridis  (L.)  Beauv.  (green). 
Chaetochloa  viridis  Scribn. 
Ixophorus  viridis  Nash. 
Green  Foxtail.     Bottle  Grass. 

Frequent    to    common.      Cultivated    ground    and    waste 
places.    June  —  Aug.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 
A  weed  in  gardens  and  cultivated  fields. 

Setaria  italica  (L.)  Beauv. 
Chaetochloa  italica  Scribn. 
Ixophorus  italicus  Nash. 
Common,  Italian  or  German  Millet.     Hungarian  Grass. 

Rare  or  occasional.     Escaped  from  cultivation  to  road- 
sides and  waste  places.    Aug. —  Sept.  Adventive  from  Europe. 

The    var.    germanica    (Mill.)    Richter,    Golden-Wonder 
Millet,  occurs  rarely. 


58  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Often  grown  for  fodder.  In  the  Old  World  from  ancient 
times  grown  for  human  food. 

CENCHRUS  L.         Sandbur. 
Cenchrus  carolinianus  Walt. 

Cenchrus  trihuloides  of  American  authors,  not  L. 
Sandbur.     Hedgehog  or  Bur  Grass. 

Local,  frequent  or  common.     Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  fields 
and  waste  ground.    July  —  Aug. ;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 
Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed. 

ZIZANIA  L.         Water  or  Indian  Rice. 
Zizania  palustris  L.  (of  marshes). 
Zizania  aquatica  of  Manuals,  not  L. 
Wild  Rice.    Water  Oats. 

Local  or  frequent.  Shallow  water  of  tidal  rivers  and  large 
streams,  especially  near  the  coast ;  sometimes  in  ponds  as  at 
Hatch  Pond,  Kent  (Eames).    July  —  Aug. ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

A  highly  ornamental  grass.  The  seeds  are  very  nutritious, 
and  are  said  to  be  superior  to  the  Oriental  rice.  They  are 
greedily  eaten  by  ducks  and  other  birds ;  also  extensively 
gathered  for  food  by  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest  and  sold 
by  them  in  the  markets. 

LEERSIA  Sw.         White  Grass.     Cut  Grass.      • 
Leersia  virginica  Willd. 

Homalo cenchrus  virginicus  Britton. 
Cut  Grass.     Scratch  Grass. 

Frequent.     Wet  woods,  swamps  and  moist  places.     Aug. 

Leersia  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw.  (like  Oryza,  the  Rice). 
Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  Poll. 
Rice  Cut  Grass.    Scratch  Grass.    False  Rice. 

Frequent.  Swamps,  along  streams  and  in  ditches.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

It  makes  a  fair  quality  of  hay. 

PHALARIS  L.         Canary  Grass. 
Phalaris  canariensis  L. 
Canary  Grass. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Roadsides  and  waste  places.  June  — 
Oct.    Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  59 

The  seeds  are  used  as  food  for  cage  birds,  and  mixed  with 
wheat  or  rye  are  also  used  in  some  countries  for  bread  making. 
Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  (reed-like). 

Reed  Canary  Grass.     Sword  Grass.     Spires  Grass. 

In  swamps  and  along  streams.  Rare  or  occasional  in  the 
western  part  of  the  state ;  becoming  frequent  eastward.  June 
-July. 

The  var.  picta  L.  (painted),  Ribbon  Grass,  is  a  horti- 
cultural form  often  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  it  sometimes 
escapes  to  roadsides  and  waste  places.  The  variety  is  intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

A  striking  grass  adapted  for  planting  in  wet  ground. 

ANTHOXANTHUM  L.         Sweet  Vernal  Grass. 
Anthoxanthum  odoratum  L.  (fragrant). 
Sweet  Vernal  Grass. 

Common.     Roadsides,  fields,  meadows,  borders  of  woods 
and  in  waste  places.     May  — June.     Native  of  Europe. 
Very  fragrant  in  drying.     Used  in  basket  making. 

HIEROCHLOE  R.  Br.         Holy  Grass. 
Hierochloe  odorata  (L.)  Wahlenb.  (fragrant). 
Hierochloe  horealis  R.  &  S. 
Savastana  odorata  Scribn. 
Savastana  Nashii  Bicknell. 
Vanilla  or  Seneca  Grass. 

Rare  or  occasional  inland:  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward), 
Southington  (Andrews),  Southbury  (Eames  &  Harger), 
Sherman  (Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps).  Becoming  frequent  about  the  borders  of  salt  and 
brackish  marshes  along  the  coast.     May — June. 

A  very  fragrant  grass,  used  by  the  Indians  in  basket  mak- 
ing. In  northern  Europe  this  and  other  sweet-scented  grasses 
are  strewn  before  the  church  doors  on  Saints'  days. 

ORYZOPSIS   Michx.         Mountain  Rice. 
Oryzopsis  pungens   (Torr.)   Hitchc.   (sharp-pointed). 
Oryzopsis  canadensis  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
Oryzopsis  juncea  BSP. 

Rare.     Dry  woodlands:  Voluntown  (R.  W.  Woodward), 


6o  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Preston  (Graves),  Thompson  (Harger),  Stafford  (Weather- 
by  &  Bissell).     ^lay. 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia  IMichx.  (rough-leaved). 

Rocky  woods.  Rare  near  the  coast  and  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state  ;  occasional  or  frequent  in  central 
and  northern  Connecticut.     May — June. 

Oryzopsis  racemosa  (Sm.)  Ricker  (racemose). 
Oryzopsis  mdanocarpa  Muhl. 

Rocky  woods.  Rare  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state, 
frequent  in  southwestern  Connecticut,  occasional  elsewhere. 
July  — Aug. 

STIPA  L.         Feather  Grass. 
Stipa  avenacea  L.  (oat-like). 

Black  Oat  Grass.    Needle  Grass.     Porcupine  Grass. 

Reported  only  near  the  coast,  in  dry  and  rocky  woods  or 
openings  and  dry,  sandy  soils.  Occasional  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  state,  rare  or  local  near  New  Haven,  becoming 
more  frequent  in  southwestern  Connecticut.     June. 

The  seeds  of  this  grass  are  injurious  to  sheep  by  clinging 
to  the  wool  and  then  penetrating  the  flesh. 

ARISTIDA  L.         Triple-awned  Grass. 
Aristida  dichotoma  Michx.  (forked). 
Poverty  Grass. 

Common.     Open,  dry,  sterile  or  sandy  soil.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Aristida  gracilis  Ell.  (slender). 

Aristida  gracilis  Ell.,  var.  depauperata  Gray. 

Dry,  sandy  soil.  Occasional  or  local  near  the  coast,  be- 
coming rare  northward.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Aristida  tuberculosa  Nutt.  (pimply). 

Rare  or  local.  Sea  beaches  from  Orange  westward.  Aug. 
—  Sept. 

Aristida  purpurascens  Poir.  (purplish). 

Dry,  sterile  fields  and  pastures.  Occasional  or  frequent 
except  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  rare 
or  local.    Aug. —  Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  61 

MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb.         Drop-seed  Grass. 

Muhlenbergia  sobolifere  (Muhl.)  Trin.  (producing  offshoots). 
Dry  rocky  woods.     Generally  rare,  but  frequent  in  south- 
western Connecticut.    Aug. —  Sept, 

Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora  (Willd.)  BSP.  (slender-flowered). 
Muhlenbergia  Willdenowii  Trin. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Rich  or  rocky  woods.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  Torr.  (of  woods). 

Rocky  woods,  either  moist  or  dry.  Rare  or  occasional 
over  most  of  the  state,  becoming  frequent  in  southwestern 
Connecticut.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Muhlenbergia  foliosa  Trin.  (closely  clothed  with  leaves), 
Muhlenbergia  ambigua  Torr, 

Moist  woods,  Southington  (Bissell),  and  probably  else- 
where, as  the  species  has  been  confused  with  Muhlenbergia 
mexicana.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana  (L.)  Trin. 
Crab  Grass.    Knot-root  Grass, 

Frequent  or  common.  Moist  or  rich  soil  in  cultivated 
ground,  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places  of  towns  and 
cities ;  also  occasional  in  bogs  and  swamps  and  near  streams, 
Aug, —  Sept, 

Sometimes  troublesome  as  a  weed  in  gardens  and  lawns. 
A  cultivated  form  with  striped  leaves  has  escaped,  and  is 
established  in  a  yard  at  Southington  (Bissell). 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP.  (racemose). 
Muhlenbergia  glomerata  Trin. 

Bogs  and  swamps  or  sometimes  in  dry,  rocky  ground. 
Frequent  in  Litchfield  County,  becoming  occasional  or  rare 
eastward  and  southward;  reaching  Union  and  Willington 
(Bissell),  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward),  Meriden  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  New  Haven  (Eaton  Herb.),  Monroe  (Fames). 
Aug, —  Sept. 


62  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Muhlenbergia  Schreberi  J.  F.  Gmel. 
Muhlenhergia  diffusa  Schreb. 
Drop-seed.    Nimble  Will. 

Frequent  along  roadsides,  in  yards  and  waste  places  near 
dwellings  ;  rare  elsewhere.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Muhlenbergia  capillaris  (Lam.)  Trin.  (hair-like). 
Hair  Grass. 

Rare.  Rocky  cliffs:  Hamden  (O.  Harger),  New  Haven 
(O.  Harger,  R.  W.  Woodward  &  Harger).    Sept. 

BRACHYELYTRUM  Beauv. 

Brachyelytrum  erectum   (Schreb.)   Beauv.   (erect). 
Brachyelytrum  aristatum  Beauv. 

Rich  moist  or  rocky  woods.  Frequent  except  along  the 
coast  eastward  where  it  is  rare.    July  —  Aug. 

PHLEUM   L.         Timothy.     Herd's   Grass. 
Phleum  pratense  L.  (of  meadows). 

Timothy.     Herd's  Grass,     Cat-tail  Grass. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides  and  pastures.  June  —  Aug. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Extensively  grown  and  very  valuable  for  hay.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  introduced  into  Maryland  in  1720  by  Timothy 
Hanson,  hence  the  name  "  Timothy." 

ALOPECURUS    L.         Foxtail    Grass, 

Alopecurus  pratensis  L.  (of  meadows). 
Meadow  Foxtail. 

Rare.    Moist  fields  and  roadsides:  New  London  (Graves),   f 
Middlebury  (Harger),  Southington,  Litchfield  and  Cornwall 
(Bissell).     May — June.    Adventive  from  Europe, 
A  desirable  grass  for  moist  pastures. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  L.   (abruptly  bent). 
Marsh,  Water  or  Floating  Foxtail. 

Rare  or  local.  Wet  meadows  and  along  brooks :  Hartford 
(A.  W.  Driggs),  Wethersfield  (C.  Wright),  Southington 
(Andrews  &  Bissell).     May — June. 

A  good  grazing  grass  for  wet  grounds. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  63 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  L.,  var.  aristulatus  Torr.  (with  small 
awns  or  bristles). 

Rare.  Shallow  water  of  ditches  :  Meriden  (Harger  &  Mrs. 
C  S.  Phelps),  Salisbury  (Weatherby  &  Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
May  — June. 

SPOROBOLUS  R.  Br.        Drop-seed.     Rush  Grass. 

Sporcbclus  clandestinus  (Spreng.)  Hitchc.  (concealed). 
Sporoholus  asper  of  Manuals. 

Rare.  Open,  rocky  ground:  New  Haven  (R.  W.  Wood- 
ward).    Sept. 

Sporobolus  asper  (Michx.)  Kunth  (rough). 
Sporoholus  longifolius  Wood. 

Dry,  sandy  soils.  In  northern  districts  rare  or  occasional : 
Sahsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  New  Milford  (Eames),  Ox- 
ford (Harger),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Hartford 
(C.  Wright).  Becoming  frequent  near  the  coast  and  common 
about  New  Haven.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Sporobolus  vaginiflorus  (Torr.)  Wood  (having  the  flowers  in 
sheaths). 

Frequent  to  common.  Dry,  sterile  fields  and  sandy  road- 
sides.   Aug. —  Sept. 

Sporobolus  neglectus  Nash   (neglected). 

Rare.    Dry  ground :  Oxford  (Weatherby).     Sept. 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  Gray  (with  hidden  stamens). 
Occasional  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  in  sandy 
soil  along  the  coast  (Eames).    July  —  Aug. 

Sporobolus  heterolepis  Gray  (various-scaled). 

Rare.  Dry,  rocky  summits:  New  Haven  (Dr.  Monson, 
O.  D.  Allen,  Harger  &  R.  W.  Woodward).    Sept. 

Sporobolus  uniflorus  (Muhl.)  Scribn.  &  Merr.  (one-flowered). 
Sporoholus  serotinus  Gray. 

Peat  bogs  and  open  swamps.  Frequent  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  state,  becoming  rare  or  local  westward :  East  Haven 
(A.  H.  Young  &  Harger),  Southington  (Andrews),  Wolcott 


64  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

(Andrews  &  Bissell),  Waterbury   (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Middle- 
bury  (Harg-er),  Norfolk  (Bissell).    Aug. —  Sept. 
A  very  delicate  grass. 

AGROSTIS  L.         Bent  Grass. 

Agrostis  alba  L.  (white). 

Fiorin.  White  Bent  Grass.   Red  Top.   Fine  Bent.   Dew  Grass. 

Local  or  occasional.  Open,  generally  moist  ground.  July 
—  Aug.    In  part  naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  van  vulgaris  (With.)  Thurb.  (common),  Agrostis 
vulgaris  With.,  cultivated  under  the  name  of  Red  Top,  is 
common  in  fields  and  open  ground  and  is  a  valuable  grass  for 
hay  and  pasturage.  This  variety  is  usually  introduced  from 
Europe  but  is  perhaps  also  native. 
Agrostis  alba  L.,  var.  aristata  Gray  (awned). 

Rare.     Franklin,  moist  peaty  soil  in  shade  (R.  W.  Wood- 
ward).   July. 
Agrostis  alba  L.,  var.  maritima   (Lam.)   G.  F.  W,  Mey.   (of 

the  sea-coast). 
Agrostis  coarctata  Ehrh. 

Frequent  along  the  coast  in  salt  and  brackish  marshes; 
rare  inland  as  at  Southington  (Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger). 
July  —  Sept. 

Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)   BSP.   (wintering). 
Agrostis  scahra  Willd. 

Agrostis  scabra  Willd.,  var.  montana  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
Hair  or  Rough  Hair  Grass.    Rough  Bent.     Fly-away  or  Silk 
Grass. 

Frequent  or  common.  Dry  or  moist  open  ground,  often 
in  sandy  soil.    June  —  Sept. 

Agrostis  perennans   (Walt.)   Tuckerm.    (perennial). 
Agrostis  intermedia  Scribn. 
Thin  Grass. 

Frequent.  Rich  woodlands  either  dry  or  moist.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Agrostis  canina  L.  (of  a  dog). 

Brown  Bent  Grass.    Rhode  Island  Bent. 

Local.    Meadows,  East  Hartford  (Weatherby)  ;  dry,  ster- 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  65 

lie  field  on  bank  of  the  Housatonic  River,  Milford  (Eames)  ; 
field,  Westport  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).  July.  Adventive 
from  Europe. 

POLYPOGON  Desf.         Beard   Grass. 
Polypogon  monspeliensis  (L.)  Desf. 
Beard  Grass. 

Rare.     Waste  places:  Manchester  (A.  W.  Driggs).    July 

—  Sept.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.         Reed  Bent  Grass. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis   (Michx.)   Beauv. 

Blue-joint  Grass.    Blue-stem.    Reed  Bent  Grass. 

Frequent.     Wet  meadows  and  borders  of  swamps.     July. 

A  valuable  grass  for  wet  grounds,  making  good  hay  if  cut 
early. 

Calamagrostis  cinnoides  (Muhl.)  Barton  (like  Cinna,  the  Reed 
Grass). 
Calamagrostis  Nuttalliana  Steud. 

Occasional.     Bogs  and  open  swamps.     Aug. —  Sept. 

AMMOPHILA  Host. 
Ammophila  arenaria  (L.)  Link  (of  sand). 
Ammophila  arundinacca  Host. 
Beach  Grass.    Sea  Sand  Reed.    Psamma.    Marram. 

Common  along  the  coast  on  sand  dunes  and  beaches.    Aug. 

—  Sept. 

Most  valuable  as  a  sand  binder,  its  long  underground 
stems  holding  the  sand  together  and  preventing  it  from  being 
blown  by  the  wind. 

CINNA  L.        Wood  Reed  Grass. 
Cinna  arundinacea  L.  (reed-like). 

Frequent.    Wet  woods  and  shaded  swamps.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.  (broad-leaved). 
Cinna  pendula  Trin. 

Rare.  Moist  shaded  rocks:  Barkhamsted  (A.  E.  Blewitt), 
Hartland  and  Colebrook  (Bissell),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps) .    Aug.—  Sept. 


66  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

HOLCUS  L. 

Holcus  lanatus  L.  (woolly). 
Velvet  Grass. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Moist  fields  and  roadsides.  June 
— July.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

SPHENOPHOLIS  Scribn. 
Sphenopholis  obtusata  (Michx.)  Scribn.  (blunt). 
Eatonia  obtusata  Gray. 

Rare  or  local.  Borders  of  salt  marshes :  New  Haven  (R. 
W.  Woodward),  Fairfield   (Eames).     June  —  early  July. 

The  var.  pubescens  (Scribn.  &  Merr.)  Scribn.  (downy) 
occurs  at  Stratford  and  Fairfield  (Eames). 

Sphenopholis  nitida  (Spreng.)  Scribn.  (shining). 

Eatonia  nitida  Nash. 
Eatonia  Dtidleyi  Vasey. 

Dry,  usually  rocky  woods.  Generally  frequent,  but  re- 
ported rare  in  the  central  part  of  the  state.     May — June. 

Sphenopholis  pallens   (Spreng.)   Scribn.   (pale). 
Eatonia  pennsylvanica  Gray. 

Moist  or  dry  woods  and  in  open,  wet  meadows.  Occasional 
along  the  coast,  becoming  frequent  northward.  June  —  early 
July. 

The  var.  major  (Torr.)  Scribn.  (larger),  Eatonia  penn- 
sylvanica Gray,  var.  major  Torr.,  occurs  at  Southington  and 
Salisbury   (Bissell). 

Sphenopholis  palustris  (Michx.)   Scribn.   (of  marshes). 
Trisetum  palustre  Trin. 
Trisetum  pennsylvanicum  Britton  &  Brown's  111.  Flora. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Wet  meadows  and  open  swamps. 
June. 

TRISETUM  Pers. 
Trisetum  spicatum  (L.)  Richter  (spiked). 
Trisetum  subspicatum  Beauv. 
Trisetum  subspicatum  Beauv.,  var.  molle  Gray. 

Rare.  Limestone  ledges:  Salisbury  (J.  R.  Churchill). 
May  — June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  67 

DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv. 
Deschampsia  flexuosa   (L.)  Trin.   (zigzag). 
Common  Hair  Grass. 

Dry  woods  and  rocky  hillsides.  Frequent  to  common  along 
the  coast  and  on  banks  of  tidal  rivers ;  occurring  rarely  inland, 
as  at  Salisbury  (Bissell).    June — July. 

Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.  (tufted). 
Tufted  Hair  Grass. 

Frequent  on  shores  of  tidal  rivers  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  state,  rare  or  local  elsewhere :  New  Haven  (A.  L.  Win- 
ton),  Southington,  introduced  and  established  in  one  field 
(Bissell).    June — July. 

AVENA  L.        Oat. 
Avena  sativa  L.  (sown). 
Common  Oat. 

Occasional.  Roadsides  and  waste  places.  June  — July. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

It  is  extensively  grown  as  food  for  man  and  beast  and  is 
also  reputed  to  have  medicinal  value. 

ARRHENATHERUM  Beauv.         Oat  Grass. 

Arrhenatherum  elatius  (L.)  Beauv.  (rather  tall). 
Arrhenatherum  avenaceum  Beauv. 
Tall  Oat  Grass. 

Fields  and  roadsides.  Occasional  in  most  parts  of  the 
state ;  frequent  in  the  southwestern  portion.  June.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe. 

DANTHONIA  DC.         Wild  Oat  Grass. 
Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  (spiked). 

Common.    Dry,  sterile  soils.    June — July. 
Often  covering  large  areas  of  dry  meadow  or  pasture  land, 
but  of  little  value  either  for  hay  or  pasturage. 

Danthonia  compressa  Aust.  (flattened). 

Dry  woods  or  sometimes  on  exposed,  ledgy  places.  Occa- 
sional in  southeastern  and  southwestern  Connecticut,  appar- 
ently rare  in  other  parts  of  the  state :  Union  and  Windham 


68  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

(Bissell),  Southingtou  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Cheshire  (A.  E. 
Blewitt),  Naugatuck  (Eames).     June — July. 

SPARTINA  Schreb.         Cord  or  Marsh  Grass. 
Spartina  Michauxiana  Hitchc. 

Spartina  cynosuroides  of  American  authors,  not  Roth. 
Slough,  Cord,  Bull  or  Thatch  Grass.    Tall  Marsh  Grass. 

Marshes  and  shallow  water  both  fresh  and  salt.  Frequent 
to  common  along  the  coast  and  near  tidal  rivers ;  rare  inland 
as  at  Glastonbury  (Andrews),  Oxford  (Harger).  July  — 
Sept. 

Spartina  cynosuroides  (L.)  Roth  (like  Cynosurus,  the  Dog's- 
tail  Grass). 
Spartina  polystachya  Willd. 
Salt  Reed  Grass. 

Borders  of  salt  marshes  and  creeks.  Rare  in  eastern  Con- 
necticut: Old  Lyme  (Graves),  Old  Saybrook  (Bissell).  Be- 
coming occasional  from  New  Haven  westward.    July  —  Sept. 

Spartina  glabra  Muhl.  (smooth). 

Spartina  stricta  Roth,  var.  glabra  Gray. 
Salt  Marsh  Grass. 

In  its  typical  form  not  known  in  Connecticut.  The  var. 
PILOSA  Merr.  (hairy)  is  common  on  borders  of  salt  marshes 
and  tidal  rivers.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Forms  an  important  part  of  the  hay  cut  on  the  salt  marshes. 
Spartina  glabra  Muhl.,  var.  alterniflora  (Loisel.)  Merr.  (alter- 
nate-flowered). 
Spartina  stricta  Roth.,  var.  alterniflora  Gray. 
Salt  Marsh  Grass. 

Occasional.     Borders  of  salt  marshes  and  tidal  streams. 
Aug. —  Sept. 
Spartina  patens  (Ait.)  Muhl.  (spreading)  var.  juncea  (Michx.) 

Hitchc.    (rush-like). 
Spartina  juncea  Willd. 
Trachynotia  juncea  Michx. 
Salt  Meadow  Grass. 

Common  on  salt  meadows  along  the  coast.     July  —  Sept. 

Furnishes  much  of  the  hay  cut  on  the  salt  meadows. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  69 

Spartina  patens   (Ait.)  Muhl.,  var.  caespitosa  (A.  A.  Eaton) 
Hitchc.    (growing  in  tufts). 
Rare.     Salt  marshes:  Groton  (Graves).     July — Aug. 

CYNODON  Richard.         Bermuda  or  Scutch  Grass. 

Cynodon  Dactylon  (L.)  Pers.  (finger). 
Capriola  Dactylon  Kuntze. 
Bermuda  or  Scutch  Grass. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  New  Haven  (O.  Harger).  July  — 
Aug.  Fugitive  from  Europe  where  it  is  native,  or  from  the 
South  where  it  has  been  introduced  and  is  often  cultivated 
as  a  pasture  grass. 

BOUTELOUA  Lag.         Mesquite  Grass. 

Bouteloua  curtipendula  (Michx.)  Torr.  (short-hanging). 
Bouteloua  racemosa  Lag. 
Atheropogon  curtipendxilus  Fourn. 
Mesquite  Grass. 

Rare.  Dry,  open  sandy  soil:  Oxford  (H.  C.  Beardslee, 
Harger),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    Aug. —  Sept. 

ELEUSINE  Gaertn.         Goose  Grass.     Yard  Grass. 

Eleusine  indica  Gaertn. 

Crab,  Yard,  or  Wire  Grass. 

Occasional  to  common,  chiefly  near  dwellings  and  in  waste 
places  of  towns  and  cities,  but  sometimes  in  country  districts, 
especially  those  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  River.  Aug, 
—  Sept.     Naturalized  from  India. 

LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv. 

Leptochloa  fascicularis   (Lam.)   Gray   (clustered). 
Diplachne  fascicularis  Beauv. 

Rare.  Borders  of  salt  or  brackish  marshes :  Stonington 
(Graves),  Groton  (Bissell  &  Graves),  New  Haven  (W.  A. 
Setchell,  Harger),  Stratford  (Fames  &  Harger).  Aug. — 
Sept. 


70  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

PHRAGMITES   Trin.         Reed. 

Phragmites  communis  Trin.  (growing  in  colonies). 
Phragmites  vulgaris  BSP. 
Phragmites  Phragmites  Karst. 
Wild  Broom  Corn. 

Borders  of  marshes,  either  salt  or  fresh.  Apparently  rare 
inland:  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  Occasional  along  the 
coast,  becoming  more  frequent  in  the  southwestern  corner  of 
the  state.     Late  Aug. —  Sept. 

A  tall,  striking  grass  with  broad  leaves,  the  largest  of  our 
native  grasses. 

TRIDENS  R.  &  S. 

Tridens  flavus  (L.)  Hitchc.  (yellow). 
Triodia  cuprea  Jacq. 
Sieglingia  seslerioides  Scribn. 
Tricuspis  seslerioides  Torr. 
Tall  Red  Top. 

Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  generally  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil. 
Rare  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state :  East  Lyme  and  the  val- 
ley of  the  Thames  River  (Graves).  Becoming  occasional 
westward  along  the  coast  and  in  the  river  valleys  and  frequent 
in  southwestern  Connecticut.  In  the  Housatonic  Valley  it  is 
found  as  far  north  as  Kent  (Eames).    Aug. 

TRIPLASIS  Beauv. 

Triplasis  purpurea  (Walt.)   Chapm.   (purple). 
Triodia  purpurea  Hack. 
Sieglingia  purpurea  Kuntze. 
Sand  Grass. 

Dry,  open  sandy  places.  Occasional  to  frequent  along  the 
shore;  rare  inland  as  at  Lisbon  (Harger).     July  —  Sept. 

MOLINIA  Schrank. 

Molinia  coerulea  (L.)  Moench  (sky-blue). 

Rare.  Well  established  along  roadsides :  New  Haven  (R. 
W.  Woodward).     July  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  7I 

ERAGROSTIS  Beauv. 
Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  BSP.  (like  Hypnum,  a  kind  of 
creeping  Moss). 
Eragrostis  reptans  Nees. 

Sandy  shores  of  rivers  and  sometimes  ponds.  Frequent 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Connecticut  and  Housatonic  Rivers ;  rare 
elsewhere.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Eragrostis  capillaris  (L.)  Nees  (hair-like). 
Hair  Grass. 

Dry  fields  or  thin  woods  in  sandy  ground.  Occasional, 
becoming  frequent  or  locally  common  in  some  parts  of  south- 
western and  central  Connecticut.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Eragrostis  Frankii  (Fisch.,  Mey.  &  Lall.)  Steud. 

Rare  or  local.  River  shores  and  roadsides  in  sandy  soil: 
Lyme  (Graves  &  Bissell),  Middletown  (A.  W.  Driggs),  East 
Windsor,  Windsor  and  Hartford  (Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger), 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    Aug.— Sept. 

Eragrostis  pilosa  (L.)  Beauv.  (hairy). 
Eragrostis  Purshii  Schrad. 

Frequent.  Dry  soils,  along  roadsides  and  railways,  on 
river  shores  and  in  waste  places.     July  —  Sept. 

Eragrostis  megastachya  (Koeler)  Link  (large-spiked). 
Eragrostis  major  Host. 
Stink  Grass.     Snake  Grass. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Waste  places,  roadsides,  and  as  a 
weed  in  cultivated  ground.  July  —  Sept.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

The  fresh  plant  emits  a  strong,  unpleasant  odor. 

Eragrostis  minor  Host  (smaller). 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Bridgeport  (Eames).  Aug.  Ad- 
ventive  from  Europe. 

Eragrostis  pectinacea   (Michx.)   Steud.   (comb-like). 
Purple  Eragrostis. 

Frequent  or  common.     Dry,  open  ground.     Aug. —  Sept. 

A  beautiful  native  grass,  one  of  the  "  purple  grasses  "  dis- 
tinguished by  Thoreau  in  his  essay  "  Autumnal  Tints." 


72  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  fBull. 

MELICA  L.         Melic  Grass. 
Melica  striata  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  (streaked). 
Avena  striata  Michx. 
Purple  Oat. 

Local.  Rocky  woods:  Oxford  (Harger).  Limestone 
ledges:    Salisbury  and  Sharon  (Bissell).     May — June. 

DISTICHLIS  Raf.         Spike  Grass.     Alkali  Grass. 
Distichlis  spicata  (L.)  Greene  (spiked). 
Distichlis  maritima  Raf. 
Alkali  Grass. 

Frequent  or  common  in  salt  meadows  along  the  coast. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

It  is  of 'considerable  value  as  a  sand  binder. 

BRIZA  L.         Quaking  Grass. 
Briza  media  L.  (intermediate). 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  places:  Mansfield  (R.  W.  Wood- 
ward), Salisbury  (Mrs.  C,  S.  Phelps).  June — July.  Adven- 
tive  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament. 

DACTYLIS  L.         Orchard  Grass. 
Dactylis  glomerata  L.  (densely  clustered). 
Orchard  Grass. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places.  June  — 
July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

In  cultivation  a  valuable  grass  for  shaded  ground. 

CYNOSURUS  L. 
Cynosurus  cristatus  L.  (crested). 
Dog's-tail  Grass. 

Rare.  New  London,  well  established  in  one  lawn  (Graves). 
June.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

PGA   L.         Meadow  Grass.     Spear   Grass, 
Poa  annua  L.  (annual). 

Low  Spear  Grass.    Goose  Grass. 

Common.  Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places.  Apr. — 
Nov.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  73 

Poa  compressa  L.  (flattened). 

Creeping  Spear  Grass.    Wire  Grass.    Flat-stemmed  or  Canada 
Blue  Grass. 

Common.     Fields,  waste  places  and  woods,  mostly  in  dry 
ground.     May  —  Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Said  to  be  a  valuable  grass  for  dry  and  poor  soils. 

Poa  triflora  Gilib.  (three-flowered). 
Poa  serotina  Ehrh. 

Poa  iiava  of  American  authors,  not  L. 
False  Red  Top.     Fowl  Meadow  Grass.     Swamp  Wire  Grass. 

Duck  Grass. 

Frequent  or  occasional.     Moist  meadows.    July  —  Aug. 

A  desirable  grass  for  hay  in  wet  ground. 

Poa  pratensis  L.  (of  meadows). 

June  Grass.     Kentucky  Blue  Grass.     Spear  Grass.     Smooth 

Meadow  Grass. 

Common.  Meadows,  fields  and  pastures.  May  — June. 
In  Connecticut  naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  valuable  grass  for  pastures  and  lawns,  and  in  some  parts 
of  the  country  much  cultivated.  The  stems  of  this  grass  are 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  finer  grades  of  Leghorn  hats. 

Poa  trivialis  L.  (common). 
Rough-stalked  Meadow  Grass. 

Occasional.  Moist  meadows,  borders  of  streams  and  about 
springs.     June  — July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Poa  debilis  Torr.  (weak). 

Rare  or  local.  Rocky  woods  or  fields,  either  dry  or  moist : 
Union,  Ashford  and  Stafford  (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Oxford 
(Harger),  New  Haven  (R.  W.  Woodward),  SaHsbury  (C.  S. 
Phelps  &  Bissell).     May— July. 

Poa  alsodes  Gray  (of  groves). 

Rocky  woods  or  along  woodland  brooks.  Rare  or  local  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  state  and  along  the  coast  westward, 
becoming  occasional  in  northwestern  Connecticut.  May  — 
June. 


74  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  .[Bull. 

GLYCERIA  R.  Br.         Manna  Grass. 

Glyceria  Torreyana  (Spreng.)  Hitchc. 
Glyceria  elongata  Trin. 
Panicularia  elongata  Kuntze. 

Wet  woods  and  along  wooded  brooks  and  borders  of 
swamps.  Rare  in  southeastern  Connecticut  and  along  the 
coast,  becoming  occasional  or  frequent  northward.  June  — 
July. 

Glyceria  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Trin.  (blunt). 
Panicularm  obtusa  Kuntze. 

Swamps  and  boggy  meadows.  Frequent  or  occasional  in 
the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  and  westward  along  the 
coast ;  rare  inland.     Mid  July  —  Sept. 

Glyceria  canadensis  (Michx.)  Trin. 
Panicularia  canadensis  Kuntze. 

Pearl  Grass.    Rattlesnake  Grass.    Tall  Quaking  Grass.    Tus- 
carora  Rice. 
Frequent.     Bogs,  open  swamps  and  ditches.    June  — July, 

Glyceria  nervata  (Willd.)  Trin.  (nerved). 
Panicularia  nervata  Kuntze. 
Fowl  Meadow  Grass.     Manna  Grass.     Meadow  Spear  Grass. 

Common.  Open  swamps,  boggy  meadows,  along  streams 
and  about  ponds.     June  — July. 

A  good  forage  grass  for  wet  grounds.  The  seeds  furnish 
much  food  for  water-fowl. 

Glyceria  grandis  Wats,  (large). 
Panicularia  americana  MacMill. 
Tall  Manna  Grass.    Reed  Meadow  Grass. 

Moist  or  wet  open  ground.  Rare  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  state  and  on  the  coast:  Lyme  (Graves),  New  Haven  (Har- 
ger),  Norwalk  (Bissell).    Elsewhere  occasional.    June — July. 

Glyceria  pallida  (Torn)  Trin.  (pale). 
Panicularia  pallida  Kuntze. 
Pale  Manna  Grass. 

Occasional.  Shallow  water,  wet  bogs  and  swamps.  June 
-July. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  75 

Glyceria  septentrionalis  Hitchc.  (northern). 

Glyceria  flidtans  of  American  authors,  not  R.  Br. 
Panicularia  Huitans  of  Britton's  Manual. 
Floating  Manna  Grass. 

Rare.  Wet  meadows:  Stonington  (Graves),  Thompson 
and  Woodstock  (Harger),  Cheshire  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Bridge- 
port and  Westport  (Eames),  Salisbury  (Bissell).  Tune  — 
July. 

Glyceria  borealis  (Nash)  Batchelder  (northern). 
Panicularia  borealis  Nash. 

Rare.  Swampy  ground  along  brooks  and  in  ditches : 
Woodstock  (Weatherby),  Farmington  (Andrews  &  Bissell), 
Norfolk  (Bissell).    June — July. 

Glyceria  acutiflora  Torr.  (with  pointed  flowers). 
Panicularia  acutiflora  Kuntze. 

Open  swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Occasional  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state,  becoming  frequent  or  common  else- 
where.   June. 

PUCCINELLIA  Pari. 

Puccinellia  angustata  (R.  Br.)  Rand  &  Redfield  (narrow). 
Puccinellia  niaritima  Pari.,  var.(  ?)  minor  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
Goose  Grass.    Sea  Spear  Grass. 

Rare.  Old  Lyme,  shore  of  Blackball  River  (Graves). 
June. 

Puccinellia  distans  (L.)  Pari,  (standing  apart). 
Goose  Grass. 

Wet  tidal  sands  and  borders  of  salt  marshes.  Rare  in 
southeastern  Connecticut,  becoming  occasional  or  frequent 
westward.    June  — July. 

Puccinellia  Borreri  (Bab.)  Hitchc. 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  sandy  shore  of  Cedar  Creek  (Eames). 
June  — July. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 


y6  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

FESTUCA  L.         Fescue  Grass. 
Festuca  octoflora  Walt,  (eight-flowered). 
Festuca  tenella  Willd. 
Slender  Fescue. 

Dry  sandy  soil  or  thin  soil  on  ledges.  Occasional  over  the 
greater  part  of  the  state,  becoming  frequent  in  the  south- 
western portion.    June  — July. 

Festuca  rubra  L.  (red). 

Swamps  and  marshes  or  sometimes  in  fields  or  on  ledges. 
Frequent  or  common  along  and  near  the  coast ;  occasional 
inland.     June  — July. 

Festuca  ovina  L.  (of  sheep). 
Sheep's  Fescue. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Dry  fields  or  in  sterile  soils.  June  — 
July. 

The  var.  capillata  (Lam.)  Hack,  (hair-like),  Festuca 
capillata  Lam.,  is  occasional  in  similar  situations.  The  species 
is  native  northward,  but  in  Connecticut  both  that  and  the 
variety  are  naturalized  from  Europe. 

Valuable  as  a  forage  grass,  especially  for  sheep ;  also  a 
good  grass  for  lawns. 

Festuca  elatior  L.  (taller). 

Festuca  elatior  L.,  var.  pratensis  Gray. 
Taller  or  Meadow  Fescue. 

Common.  Meadows,  fields  and  waste  places.  June  — July. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  grass  of  much  value  both  for  pasturage  and  hay. 

Festuca  nutans  Spreng.  (nodding). 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Rocky  woodlands.     June — July. 

BROMUS  L.         Brome  Grass. 
Bromus  secalinus  L.  (rye-like). 
Cheat.    Chess. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Grassland,  roadsides  and  often 
in  grain  fields.     June  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

A  pernicious  weed  in  grain  fields.  In  some  countries  the 
seeds  are  mixed  with  rye  or  wheat  for  use  as  food. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  yj 

Bromus  hordeaceus  L.  (like  Hordeum,  the  Barley). 
Bromus  mollis  L. 
Soft  Chess. 

Rare.  Waste  places:  New  London  (Graves),  Hartford 
(Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews).  June.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Bromus  squarrosus  L.  (with  spreading  scales). 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (A.  E.  Blewitt).  June. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Bromus  racemosus  L.  (racemed). 

Waste  places  and  roadsides.  Occasional  in  southwestern 
Connecticut  (Eames).  Rare  elsewhere:  Nev;  London 
(Graves),  Norwich  (Miss  Hakes),  New  Haven  (O.  D. 
Allen).    June.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Bromus  commutatus  Schrad.  (variable). 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground :  Cromwell  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  Middletown  and  Southington  (Bissell).  June  — 
July.      Adventive  from   Europe. 

Bromus  brizaeformis  Fisch.  &  Mey.  (like  Briza,  the  Quaking 
Grass). 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  New  Haven  (R.  W.  Woodward). 
July  —  Aug.     Adventive,  probably  from  Europe. 

Bromus  tectorum  L.  (of  dwellings). 

Sandy  or  sterile  waste  places.  Frequent  or  common  in  or 
near  cities  and  along  railroads,  rare  elsewhere.  May — July. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Bromus  ciliatus  L.  (fringed). 

Wood  Chess.    Hairy  Brome  Grass. 

Dry  soil  of  rocky  woods  or  railroad  banks.  Rare  near 
the  coast,  becoming  occasional  northward.     July  —  Aug. 

Bromus  purgans  L.  (purging). 

Bromus  ciliatus  L.,  var.  purgans  Gray. 

Frequent.     Rocky  woods  and  copses.     July  —  Aug. 

Bromus  altissimus  Pursh  (tallest). 

Rocky  woods  and  shaded  alluvial  ground.  Occasional  or 
local  throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  extending 


/S  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBull. 

southward  to  Lyme  (Bissell),  and  Derby  (Harger),  its  exact 
distribution  unknown.     July  —  Aug. 

Bromus  Kalmii  Gray. 
Wild  Chess. 

Dry  hillsides  and  rocky  woods,  or  sometimes  in  moist 
meadows.  Absent  or  rare  near  the  coast,  becoming  occasional 
or  frequent  northward.     June  — July. 

Bromus  erectus  Huds.  (erect). 

Rare.  Introduced  in  one  field,  Southington  (Bissell). 
May — June.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Bromus  inermis  Leyss.  (unarmed ;  referring  to  the  absence  of 

awns). 
Hungarian  Brome  Grass. 

Rare.  Fields  and  roadsides  :  East  Windsor  (G.  S.  Phelps), 
Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
July.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

In  Europe  considered  one  of  the  best  forage  plants  for 
dry  soils.  Introduced  and  cultivated  for  hay  in  many  parts 
of  the  United  States. 

LOLIUM  L.         Darnel. 
Lolium  perenne  L.  (perennial). 

Perennial  Ray  Grass  or  Rye  Grass.     Nonesuch.     Common 
Darnel. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Fields,  waste  places  or  cultivated 
ground.    July  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Lolium  multiflorum  Lam.  (many-flowered). 
Lolium  italicum  R.  Br. 
Italian  Rye  or  Ray  Grass. 

Rare.  Waste  grounds  and  roadsides:  Bridgeport  (Fames). 
July  —  Sept. 

Adventive  from  Europe,  where  it  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
best  grasses  for  hay. 

Lolium  temulentum   L.    (drunken;  referring  to  the  narcotic 
properties  of  the  seeds). 
Bearded  Darnel. 

Rare  or  local.  Waste  grounds :  Bridgeport,  in  several 
places  and  usually  associated  with  Phalaris  canariensis,  with 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  79 

which  it  appears  to  have  been  introduced    (Eames).     July. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

AGROPYRON  Gaertn. 

Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Beauv.  (creeping). 

Couch,  Quack,  Quitch,  Durfee,  Scutch,  Shear,  Dog,  or  Knot 

Grass. 

Common.  Fields,  cultivated  ground  and  waste  places. 
June  —  Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  bad  weed,  very  troublesome  in  cultivated  ground.  The 
rootstocks  are  of  medicinal  value  and  are  officinal. 

Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey  (delicate). 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (A.  E.  Blewitt).  July 
—  Aug.     Fugitive  from  the  western  United  States. 

Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  Beauv.  (of  a  dog). 

Awned  Wheat  Grass.    Dog's  Wheat  or  Couch  Grass. 

Occasional  or  local.  Dry  or  moist  thickets,  fields  and 
woods:  Killingly  (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Union,  East  Had- 
dam,  Southington,  Norfolk  and  Salisbury  (Bissell),  Oxford 
(Harger).     July  —  Aug.     In  part  naturalized  from  Europe. 

SECALE  L.         Rye. 

Secale  cereale  L.  (cereal). 
Rye. 

Occasional.  Roadsides  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation.    June.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

The  grain  furnishes  a  valuable  cereal  and  is  largely  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  distilled  liquors. 

TRITICUM  L.        Wheat. 

Triticum  sativum  Lam.  (sown). 
Triticum  vulgare  Vill. 
Wheat. 

Local.  Old  fields  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation.   June.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Easily  leads  all  other  food  plants  in  value  and  importance. 


8o  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

HORDEUM  L.         Barley. 
Hordeum  jubatum  L.  (maned). 
Squirrel-tail  Grass. 

Rare  or  local.  Salt  marshes  where  it  is  apparently  native : 
Branford  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  New  Haven  and  Milford 
(Harger),  Fairfield  (Eames).  Introduced  in  waste  grounds: 
Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Berlin  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Hart- 
ford (Bissell),  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Waterbury  and  Nauga- 
tuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  June — 
Sept. 

This  grass  is  very  injurious  in  hay,  the  beards  of  the  heads 
sticking  in  the  nose  and  mouth  of  stock,  even  penetrating  the 
flesh  and  causing  death. 

Hordeum  vulgare  L.  (common). 
Common  Barley. 

Frequent  as  a  weed  in  oat  fields,  rarely  escaping  to  road- 
sides and  waste  places,  as  at  Southington  (Andrews),  Oxford 
(Harger).    July.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

The  grain  is  one  of  the  important  cereals,  especially  in 
northern  countries.     Malt  is  made  very  largely  from  barley. 

ELYMUS  L.         Lyme  Grass.     Wild  Rye. 
Elymus  virginicus  L. 

Wild  Rye.    Terrell  Grass. 

Frequent  along  the  coast,  and  in  low  grounds,  mostly  near 
streams,  inland  ;  rare  elsewhere.     July  —  Aug. 

The  var,  hirsutiglumis  (Scribn.)  Hitchc.  (with  hairy 
scales),  Elymus  hirsutiglumis  Scribn.,  occurs  at  East  Haven 
(Harger),  New  Haven  (Bissell),  Stratford  (Eames),  Bridge- 
port (C.  K.  Averill),  and  is  occasional  in  the  valleys  of  the 
larger  rivers. 

Elymus  australis  Scribn.  &  Ball  (southern). 

Rare.  Dry  rocky  hills  near  New  Haven  (O.  D.  Allen). 
Aug. 

Elymus  canadensis  L. 

Lyme  Grass,     Wild  Rye.     Nodding  Wild  Rye. 

Occasional,  local  or  frequent.  Moist  thickets  and  banks 
of  streams.     July  —  Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  81 

The  var.  glaucifolius  (Muhl.)  Gray  (glaucous-leaved) 
is  rare  or  occasional,  mostly  near  streams  and  rivers  :  Sprague 
(Graves),  East  Windsor  and  New  Hartford  (Bissell),  Water- 
bury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Oxford  (Harger),  Sherman  and  New 
Milford  (Eames),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 

Elymus  striatus  Willd.  (grooved). 
Slender  Wild  Rye. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Woods,  thickets  and  near  streams, 
mostly  in  dry  ground.    July  —  Aug. 

HYSTRIX  Moench.         Bottle-brush  Grass. 

Hystrix  patula  Moench  (spreading). 
Hystrix  Hystrix  Millsp. 
Asprella  Hystrix  Willd. 
Bottle-brush  Grass. 

Occasional  to  frequent.     Dry,  rocky  woods.     June  — July. 

CYPERACEAE.         SEDGE  FAMILY. 

A  large  family,  composed  mostly  of  grass-like  plants  that  are 
found  in  various  situations,  but  are  specially  abundant  in  low 
grounds  and  often  form  nearly  the  entire  vegetation  in  wet  mead- 
ows and  open  bogs.  While  they  are  often  cut  for  coarse  hay  and 
bedding  for  stock,  they  are  of  little  economic  value,  and  should 
be  rooted  out  and  replaced  where  possible  by  species  of  true 
grasses  that  will  thrive  in  such  locations.  The  dates  given  in 
this  family  are  for  the  time  of  fruiting,  not  of  flowering,  as  speci- 
mens should  be  collected  when  in  fruit,  it  being  impossible 
otherwise  in  some  groups  to  determine  the  exact  species. 

CYPERUS  L.         Galingale. 

Cyperus  diandrus  Torr.  (two-stamened). 

Frequent.  Moist,  grassy  places  and  about  swamps.  Aug. 
—  Sept. 

Cyperus  rivularis  Kunth  (of  streams). 

Cyperus  diandrus  Torr.,  var.  castaneus  Torr. 

Frequent.  Wet,  sandy  shores,  along  streams  and  about 
ponds.     Aug. —  Sept. 


82  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Cyperus  Nuttallii  Eddy. 

Frequent  along  the  coast  on  wet,  sandy  shores  and  edges 
of  salt  marshes.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Cyperus  aristatus  Rottb.  (awned). 
Cyperus  inflexus  Muhl. 

Occasional.  Moist,  sandy  soil  on  river  banks,  beside  ponds 
and  along  roadsides.    Aug. —  Oct. 

The  dried  plants  are  pleasantly  sweet-scented. 

Cyperus  fuscus  L.  (dusky). 

Rare.  Sandy  shore  of  the  Connecticut  River  near  Had- 
lyme  Ferry,  Lyme  (Graves).  Aug. —  Sept.  Fugitive  from 
Europe. 

Cyperus  dentatus  Torr.  (toothed). 

Occasional  or  local.  Sandy  shores  of  ponds  and  streams. 
Aug. —  Oct. 

Cyperus  esculentus  L.  (eatable). 

Frequent.  Moist  fields,  waste  ground  and  along  rivers. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  leptostachyus  Boeckl.  (thin-spiked),  var.  an- 
gustispicatus  Britton,  is  sometimes  seen. 

A  weed,  often  a  pest  in  cultivated  ground  and  difficult  to 
exterminate. 

Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.   (red-rooted). 

Local.  Plentiful  along  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  River 
at  East  Windsor  and  Glastonbury  (Bissell),  Hartford  (C. 
Wright),  Lyme  (Graves).  Also  found  along  the  Pequonnock 
River,  Bridgeport   (Fames).     Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  pumilus  Engelm.  (low^  occurs  with  the  species 
at  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Weatherby). 

Cyperus  ferax  Richard  (fruitful). 
Cyperus  speciosus  Vahl. 

Sandy  beaches  and  about  brackish  marshes  near  the  coast. 
Rare  at  Old  Lyme  (Graves)  ;  becoming  occasional  or  frequent 
westward.     Sept. —  Oct. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  83 

Cyperus  strigosus  L.  (bristly). 

Common.  Meadows,  fields  and  along  streams,  usually  in 
moist,  but  sometimes  in  dry  soil. 

The  var.  capitatus  Boeckl.  (densely  clustered)  is  reported 
to  occur.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Often  a  troublesome  weed  in  cultivated  ground. 
Cyperus  strigosus  L.,  var.  robustior  Kunth  (stouter). 

Rare  or  occasional.  Fields  and  meadows,  growing  with 
the  typical  form.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Cyperus  Grayii  Torr. 

Occasional  along  the  coast  on  the  higher  portions  of  the 
beaches  and  among  sand  dunes.     Aug. —  Oct. 

Cyperus  filiculmis  Vahl  (thread-stemmed). 

Rare  or  occasional.     Dry  or  sandy  fields.     July  —  Aug. 
Cyperus  filiculmis  Vahl,  var.  macilentus  Fernald  (lean). 

Common.     Dry,  sandy  or  sterile  soil.     July  —  Aug. 

DULICHIUM  Pers. 

Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)   Britton   (reed-like). 
Dnlichiiim  spafhaccum  Pers. 

Common.  Wet  places  about  ponds  and  in  shallow  water. 
July  —  Sept. 

ELEOCHARIS  R.  Br.         Spike  Rush. 

Eleocharis  quadrangulata   (Michx.)   R.  &  S.   (four-cornered). 
Eleocharis  mutata  Britton,  not  R.  &  S. 

Rare.  Shallow  water  of  pond:  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett). 
Aug. —  Sept. 

Eleocharis  Robbinsii  Oakes. 

Rare.  In  ponds:  Voluntown,  Groton,  Ledyard  and  East 
Lyme  (Graves),  Griswold  (Harger),  Monroe  (Eames),  Sahs- 
bury  (Bissell).     Sept. 

Eleocharis  olivacea  Torr.  (olive-colored). 

Open  bogs  and  muddy  borders  of  ponds.  Rare  inland: 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  Windsor  (Bissell).  Occa- 
sional southwestward  and  along  the  coast.     Aug. —  Sept. 


84  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  IBull.     : 

Eleocharis  diandra  C.  Wright  (two-stamened). 

Rare.  Banks  and  high  sand  bars  of  the  Connecticut  River : 
Lyme  (Graves),  Wethersfield  (C.  Wright),  East  Windsor 
(Bissell).     Sept.— Oct. 

Eleocharis  ovata  (Roth)  R.  &  S.  (egg-shaped). 

Rare.  Sand  flats,  bed  of  the  Connecticut  River,  East 
Windsor  (Bissell).     Sept. —  Oct. 

Eleocharis  obtusa  (Willd.)  Schultes  (blunt). 
Eleocharis  ovata  of  recent  Manuals. 

Common.  Banks  of  streams,  about  ponds  and  in  muddy 
places.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Eleocharis  Engelmanni  Steud. 

Rare.  Gravelly  or  sandy  border  of  ponds  or  streams : 
Wethersfield  (C.  Wright),  West  Hartford  (Bissell).  Aug.— 
Sept. 

Many  reports  of  this  species  should  be  referred  to  Eleo- 
charis obtusa. 

Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.  (of  marshes). 

Sphagnum  bogs,  marshy  ground  or  shallow  water  on  bor- 
ders of  ponds.  The  typical  form  is  rare  over  most  of  the  state  : 
East  Lyme  (Graves),  East  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Kent 
(Eames).     Frequent  in  Fairfield  County  (Fames). 

The  var.  glaucescens  (Willd.)  Gray  (somewhat  glau- 
cous)  is  frequent  throughout. 

The  var.  major  Sonder  (greater),  var.  vigens  Bailey,  is 
rare:   East  Lyme  (Graves).    July  —  Aug. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  (needle-shaped). 

Common.  Borders  of  ponds  and  in  shallow  water.  July  — 
Sept. 

Eleocharis  tuberculosa   (Michx.)  R.  &  S.  (pimply). 

Swamps,  boggy  meadows  and  wet  margins  of  ponds  and 
streams.  Frequent  near  the  coast  in  New  London  County, 
becoming  rare  or  local  northward  and  westward,  reaching 
Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward),  Thompson  (Weatherby  &  Bis- 
sell), New  Haven  and  East  Haven  (Harger),  Orange  (An- 
drews), Milford  (Eames).    July  —  Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  85 

Eleocharis  Torreyana  Boeckl. 

Eleocharis  microcarpa  of  authors,  not  Torr. 

Rare.  Moist  sandy  soil :  Voluntown,  at  Beach  Pond  (R. 
W.  Woodward  &  Graves).     Aug. 

Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes  (slender). 

Common.     Swamps  and  wet  places.     June  —  Aug. 

Eleocharis  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Schultes  (intermediate). 

Rare.  Muddy  borders  of  ponds  and  on  river  banks :  East 
Windsor  and  Salisbury  (Bissell).     Sept. —  Oct. 

Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.  (small-beaked). 

Marshes  and  wet  meadows  along  the  coast.  Rare  or  local 
in  New  Haven  County:  Milford  (Eames),  Orange  (An- 
drews), New  Haven  (Harger).  Becoming  occasional  east- 
ward.   Aug. 

STENOPHYLLUS  Raf. 

Stenophyllus  capillaris  (L.)  Britton  (hair-like). 
Fimbristylis  capillaris  Gray. 

Common.     Dry  or  moist  sterile  soil.     Aug. —  Sept. 

FIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl. 

Fimbristylis  Frankii  Steud. 

Fimbristylis  autumnalis  of  American  authors  in  part,  not  R. 
&  S. 

Frequent.  A¥et  places  on  banks  of  ponds  and  streams,  or 
in  low  meadows.    Aug. —  Sept. 

SCIRPUS  L.         Bulrush.     Club  Rush. 

Scirpus  nanus  Spreng.  (dwarf). 
Eleocharis  pygmaea  Torr. 

Salt  marshes  and  tidal  banks  along  the  coast.    Rare  east-  f 
ward:    Groton  and  Montville  (Graves).     Becoming  frequent 
west  of  New  Haven  (Eames).     July  —  Sept. 

Scirpus  planifolius  Muhl.  (fiat-leaved). 

Dry  woodlands.  Rare  in  New  London  County:  Mont- 
ville, Ledyard  and  East  Lyme  (Graves).  Occasional  or  fre- 
quent elsewhere.    June. 


86  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBuU. 

Scirpus  hudsonianus  (Michx.)  Fernald. 

Eriophoruni  alpinum  L.,  not  Scirpus  alpiniis  Schleich. 

Rare  or  local.  Open  bogs  and  wet  meadows :  Union,  Ash- 
ford  and  Stafford  (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Willington  (H.  C. 
Beardslee),  Mansfield  (A.  F.  Blakeslee),  Goshen  (Mr.  Hop- 
pin).     May  —  early  June. 

Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr.  (a  little  below  the  end). 

Rare  or  local.  Shallow  water  of  ponds :  Ledyard  (W.  A. 
Setchell),  Voluntown,  Groton,  East  Lyme  and  Lyme  (Graves), 
Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Salisbury  (Bissell).    Aug. 

Scirpus  debilis  Pursh  (weak). 

Frequent.  Muddy  borders  of  ponds  and  streams.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Scirpus  Smithii  Gray. 

Rare  or  local.  Muddy  shores:  Lyme  (Graves),  Monroe 
(H.  C.  Beardslee),  Newtown   (Fames).     Aug. —  Sept. 

Scirpus  americanus  Pers. 
Scirpus  pungens  Vahl. 
Three-square  or  Chair-maker's  Rush. 

Marshes  and  wet  places.  Occasional  or  local  over  most  of 
the  state,  but  common  along  and  near  the  coast.    July  —  Aug. 

Scirpus  Torreyi  Olney. 

Local.  Lyme,  marshy  banks  and  shallow  water  of  the 
Connecticut  River  (Graves).     Aug. 

Scirpus  Olneyi  Gray. 

Salt  or  brackish  marshes.  Occasional  or  local  along  the 
coast,  also  extending  up  the  rivers  as  far  as  salt  water  influ- 
ences.   July  —  Aug. 

The  var.  contortus  Fames  (twisted  or  bent)  is  plentiful 
in  a  brackish  marsh  at  Milford  (Fames). 

Scirpus  validus  Vahl  (stout). 

Scirpus  laciistris  mostly  of  American  authors,  not  L. 
Great  Bulrush. 

Frequent.     Shallow  water  and  in  swamps.     July  — Aug. 


Xo.    14- ]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  8/ 

Scirpus  fluviatilis  Torr.  &  Gray  (of  a  river) . 
River  Bulrush. 

Rare  or  local.  Lyme  and  Old  Lyme,  in  fresh  and  salt 
creeks  and  marshes  (Graves)  ;  East  Windsor  and  Glaston- 
bury, banks  of  the  Connecticut  River  (Bissell).    July  —  Sept. 

Scirpus  robustus  Pursh  (stout). 

Scirpus  maritinms  of  American  authors  in  part. 

Occasional  in  salt  or  brackish  marshes  on  or  near  the  coast. 
July  —  Aug. 

Scirpus  campestris  Britton  (of  fields). 
Scirpus  maritirmis  in  part,  of  authors. 

In  its  typical  form  not  known  in  Connecticut. 

The  var.  paludosus  (A.  Nelson)  Fernald  (of  marshes), 
Scirpus  paludosus  A.  Nelson,  is  frequent  in  marshes  along 
the  coast. 

The  var.  novae-angliae  (Britton)  Fernald,  Scirpus 
novae-angliae  Britton,  is  rare  or  local  in  fresh  and  brackish 
marshes  on  the  coast  from  Milford  westward  (Eames).  July 
—  Aug. 

Scirpus  rubrotinctus  Fernald  (red-dyed). 

Scirpus  sylvaticus  L.,  var.  digynus  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not 

Boecki. 

Rare  or  local.  Swamps  and  marshy  meadows :  Lyme 
(Graves),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Waterbury 
(Harger),  Union,  Glastonbury,  East  Windsor,  Somers,  Litch- 
field and  Norfolk  (Bissell).     Late  June  —  early  July. 

Scirpus  sylvaticus  L.  (of  woods). 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Swamps,  along  streams  and  about 
ponds.    Late  July  —  Aug. 
Scirpus  sylvaticus  L.,  var.  Bissellii  Fernald. 

Rare.  Open  swamps:  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell), 
Ansonia  (Harger).    July. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl.  (dark  green). 

Rare.  Moist  ground :  Orange,  Huntington  and  Southbury 
(Harger),  Milford  (Eames).    Aug. 


88  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBull. 

Scirpus  georgianus  Harper. 

Scirpus  atroz'irens  of  Manuals  in  part. 

Frequent.  Moist  meadows  and  wet  open  ground.  July  — 
early  Aug. 

Scirpus  polyphyllus  Vahl  (many-leaved). 

Wet  meadows  and  shaded  swamps.  Rare  through  most 
of  the  state:  Lyme  (Graves),  Southington  and  Berlin  (An- 
drews &  Bissell),  Cheshire,  Derby  and  Oxford  (Harger), 
New  Haven  and  Milford  (Eames),  Colebrook  (Bissell).  Be- 
coming frequent  in  Fairfield  County  (Eames).     July. 

The  var.  macrostachys  Boeckl.  (long-spiked)  has  been 
found  at  Berlin  (Andrews  &  Bissell). 

Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.  (marked  with  lines). 
Eriophormn  lineatum  Benth.  &  Hook. 

Rare  or  local.    Wet  meadows  :  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton), 
New  Milford  and   Sharon    (Bissell),   Salisbury    (Mrs.   C.   S. 
Phelps).    July. 
Scirpus  cyperinus  (L.)   Kunth   (rush-like). 
Eriophormn  cyperinuni  L. 
Wool  Grass. 

Common.     Sw^amps  and  wet  places.     Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  Andrewsii  Fernald  has  been  found  at  Killingly 
(Weatherby  &  Bissell),  East  Hartford  (Bissell),  Southington 
(Andrews). 
Scirpus  cyperinus   (L.)   Kunth,  var.  pelius  Fernald   (black  or 

livid). 

Rare.  Swamps:  Lyme  (Graves  &  Bissell),  Hartford  and 
Granby  (Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger).    Aug. 

The  var.  condensatus  Fernald  (pressed  together)  occurs 
occasionally. 

Scirpus  Eriophorum  Michx.   (wool-bearing). 

Scirpus  cyperinus  Kunth,  var.    Eriophorum  Britton. 

Rare.  Swamps:  Southington  (Andrews),  Trumbull 
(Eames).    Aug. —  Sept. 

Scirpus  pedicellatus  Fernald  (borne  on  stalks). 

Swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Occasional  to  common  along 
the  Connecticut  River   from  the  northern  boundary  of  the 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  89 

state  to  the  coast ;  occasional  westward  in  southern  districts. 
July  —  Aug. 

The  var.  pullus  Fernald  (dusky)  is  rare :  Southington 
and  Winchester  (Bissell). 

Scirpus  atrocinctus  Fernald  (dark-girded). 
Eriophorum  cyperinum  L.,  var.  laxum  Gray. 

Low  meadows  and  bogs.  Rare  or  absent  near  the  coast: 
New  London  and  Lyme  (Graves).  Becoming  occasional  or 
frequent  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.     Late  June — July. 

The  var.  brack ypodus  Fernald  (short-stalked)  occurs  at 
Union,  Somers,  East  Windsor  and  Norfolk  (Bissell). 

ERIOPHORUM  L.         Cotton  Grass. 

Eriophorum  callitrix  Cham,  (having  beautiful  hair). 
Eriophorum  vaginatum  of  American  authors,  not  L. 
Hare's  Tail. 

Rare  or  local.  Sphagnum  bogs:  Willington  (Weatherby 
&  Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews),  Burlington  (J.  N.  Bish- 
op), Litchfield  (J.  P.  Brace),  Middlebury  (Harger),  Norfolk 
and  Salisbury  (Bissell).    May  —  early  June. 

Eriophorum  gracile  Roth  (slender). 

Rare  or  local.  Boggy  meadows  or  in  sphagnum :  Gris- 
wold  (Graves),  Union  (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Franklin  (R. 
W.  Woodward  &  Graves),  Coventry,  Cheshire,  Southington 
and  Burlington  (Bissell),  Meriden  and  Bethany  (Harger), 
Easton  (Fames),  New  Milford  (E.  H.  Austin),  Salisbury 
(Bissell).    Late  May — early  June. 

Eriophorum  tenellum  Nutt.   (small;  delicate). 
Eriophorum  pancinervium  A.  A.  Eaton. 

Bogs  and  wet  meadows.  Rare  or  local  through  most  of 
the  state:  South  Windsor  (Weatherby),  Monroe  and  Strat- 
ford (Fames),  Oxford  and  Meriden  (Harger),  Orange  (R. 
W.  Woodward),  Salisbury,  Southington,  East  Haddam  and 
Union  (Bissell).  Becoming  occasional  in  New  London 
County  ( Graves  ) .    July  —  Aug. 


90  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Eriophorum     viridi-carinatum     (Engelm.)     Fernald     (green- 
keeled). 

Eriophorum  polystachion  of  most  American  authors  in  part, 
not  L. 

Eriophorum  polystachion  L.,  var.  latifolimn  Gray. 

Bogs  and  wet  meadows.     Rare  in  New  London  County: 

Groton  and  Griswold  (Graves).    Occasional  elsewhere.    June. 

Eriophorum  virginicum  L. 

Frequent.  Wet  meadows,  bogs  and  sphagnum  swamps. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  album  Gray  (white)  is  occasionally  seen. 

HEMICARPHA  Nees  &  Arn. 

Hemicarpha  micrantha   (Vahl)   Pax  (small-flowered). 
HemicarpJia  sitbsquarrosa  Nees. 

Rare.  Wet  alluvium  along  the  banks  of  streams :  Enfield 
(Andrews  &  Bissell),  East  Windsor,  Hartford  and  Southing- 
ton  (Bissell),  Bloomfield  (N.  Coleman),  Oxford  (H.  C. 
Beardslee).    Aug. —  Sept. 

RYNCHOSPORA  Vahl.         Beak  Rush. 

Rynchospora  macrostachya  Torr.   (long-spiked). 

Rynchospora  corniculata  Gray,  var.  macrostachya  Britton. 
Horned  Rush. 

Rare  or  local.  Sphagnum  bogs  and  shallow  water  of 
ponds:  Groton  and  East  Lyme  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H. 
Bartlett),  Monroe  (Eames),  Woodbury  (Harger).  Aug.— 
Sept. 

Rynchospora  fusca  (L.)  Ait.  f.  (dusky). 

Rare.  Sphagnum  bogs  or  swampy  meadows :  Thompson 
(Weatherby),  Groton,  Wat^rford  and  East  Lyme  (Graves), 
Griswold  and  Woodbury  (Harger),  Monroe  (Eames).  July 
—  Sept. 

Rynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl  (white). 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Peat  swamps  and  open  springy 
bogs.    Aug. —  Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  Ql 

Rynchospora  glomerata  (L.)  Vahl  (densely  clustered). 

Common.     Moist  fields,  meadows  and  in  wet  open  places. 

July  —  Sept. 

CLADIUM  P.  Br.         Twig  Rush. 

Cladium  mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Torr.  (like  Mariscus). 

Borders  of  ponds  and  marshes,  either  salt  or  fresh.  Rare 
or  local  inland:  Stafford  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson  &  Weatherby), 
Woodbury  (Harger),  Monroe  (Eames),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C. 
S.  Phelps).  Becoming  occasional  or  frequent  on  the  coast  or 
in  its  vicinity.     Aug. —  Sept. 

SCLERIA  Bergius.         Nut  Rush. 

Scleria  triglomerata  Michx.  (three-headed). 

Sandy  soil  either  dry  or  moist.  Rare  or  local  in  most  dis- 
tricts:  Oris  wold,  Stonington  and  Waterford  (Graves),  South 
Windsor  (J.  F.  Smith),  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Cheshire  (Bissell).  Becoming  occa- 
sional along  the  coast  in  Fairfield  County  (Eames).  July  — 
Aug. 

Scleria    pauciflora     Muhl.     (few-flowered),    var.     caroliniana 
(Willd.)  Wood. 
Scleria  pauciflora  of  recent  Manuals  in  part. 

Rare  or  local.  Low  meadows:  Columbia  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps),  Hartford  (H.  J.  Koehler).     July  — Sept. 

Scleria  verticillata  Muhl.  (whorled). 

Local.  Salisbury,  plentiful  in  an  open  grassy  swamp  in 
sandy  soil  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).     Aug.— Sept. 

CAREX  L,         Sedge. 

Carex  scoparia  Schk.  (broom-like). 

Common.  Wet  open  ground,  or  sometimes  in  drier  places. 
June  —July. 

The  var.  moniliformis  Tuckerm.  (necklace-shaped),  and 
the  var.  condensa  Fernald  (compact),  both  occur  occasionally 
with  the  species. 


92  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Carex  tribuloides  Wahlenb.  (like  Tribulus,  the  Caltrop). 

Frequent.  Low  meadows  and  swampy  places.  July  — 
Aug. 

The  var.  turbata  Bailey  (confused)  is  occasional. 

Carex  tribuloides  Wahlenb.,  var.  reducta  Bailey  (reduced). 

Carex  tribuloides  Wahlenb.,  var.  moniliformis  Britton. 

Rare.  Cool  swales:  Woodstock  (Weatherby),  Franklin 
(R.  W.  Woodward),  Winchester  and  Litchfield  (Weatherby 
&  Bissell),  Salisbury  (Weatherby).    July. 

Carex  siccata  Dewey  (dry). 

Occasional  or  local.  Dry  sandy  or  barren  ground,  usually 
growing  in  colonies.    Late  May  — June. 

Carex  Crawfordii  Fernald. 

Local.     Salisbury,  in  dry  fields  (M.  L.  Fernald).    June. 

Carex  cristata  Schwein.  (crested). 

Carex  tribuloides  Wahlenb.,  var.  cristata  Bailey. 
Carex  cristatella  Britton. 

Rare  or  local.  Low  meadows  and  thickets  and  along  river 
banks:  Ledyard  (Graves),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell), 
Oxford  (Harger),  Huntington  and  Kent  (Fames),  Salisbury 
(Bissell).     June — July. 

Carex  albolutescens  Schwein.   (yellowish-white). 
Carex  straminea  Willd.,  var.  foenea  Torr. 
Carex  straminea  Willd.,  var.  cumulata  Bailey. 

Locally  plentiful  near  the  coast  in  bogs  and  moist  sandy 
ground  in  New  London  County ;  has  been  found  also  on  the 
top  of  Bald  Hill  at  1200  ft.  elevation.  Union  (Graves).    July. 

Carex  mirabilis  Dewey  (wonderful). 

Carex  straminea  Willd.,  var.  mirabilis  Tuckerm. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Fields  and  copses,  in  either  dry  or 
moist  ground.    June. 

The  var.   perlonga   Fernald    (very  long)    is   occasional, 
usually  in  dry  ground. 
Carex  mirabilis  Dewey,  var.  tincta  Fernald  (dyed). 

Rare.  Dry  open  woods:  East  Hartford  (Weatherby). 
June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  93 

Carex  straminea  Willd.  (straw-colored). 
Carex  tenera  Dewey. 

Rare.  Woods  and  fields  in  wet  sandy  soil :  Griswold 
(Graves),  Thompson,  West  Hartford  and  Salisbury  (Bissell), 
Ellington  and  East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Norfolk  (Weath- 
erby  &  Bissell).    June. 

Carex  hormathodes  Fernald  (necklace-like). 
Carex  tenera  of  Britton's  Manual,  not  Dewey. 
Carex  straminea  Willd.,  var.  aperta  W.  Boott. 

In  and  about  marshes.  .Rare  inland:  Killingly  (Bissell). 
Frequent  along  the  coast.    June. 

The  var.   invisa    (W.   Boott)    Fernald    (unseen),   Carex 
straminea  Willd.,  var.  invisa  W.  Boott,  occurs  on  the  coast 
and  is  frequent  in  Fairfield  County  (Fames). 
Carex  hormathodes  Fernald,  var.  Richii  Fernald. 

Rare  or  occasional.    Wet  ground  throughout.    June. 

Carex  Bicknellii  Britton. 

Rare  or  local.  In  meadows  or  on  shaded  ledges,  in  either 
dry  or  moist  ground:  Sprague  and  Colchester  (Graves), 
Thompson  and  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward),  East  Hartford 
(Weatherby),  Glastonbury  and  Southington  (Bissell),  Orange 
(Harger).     June — July. 

Carex  silicea  Olney  (flinty). 

Frequent  on  dunes  and  sandy  beaches  along  the  coast.  July. 

Carex  alata  Torr.  (winged). 

Carex  straminea  Willd.,  var.  alata  Bailey. 

Rare.    In  wet  ground:  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs),  South- 
ington (Bissell).    June. 
Carex  festucacea   Schk.    (fescue-like),  var.  brevier    (Dewey) 
Fernald  (shorter). 
Carex  festucacea  Britton  in  part. 
Carex  straminea  Willd.,  var.  brevior  Dewey. 
Frequent  or  common.    Dry  sandy  fields.    June. 

Carex  Bebbii  Olney. 

Rare.  Salisbury,  marshy  border  of  ponds  and  sloughs 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  A.  E.  Blewitt).    June. 


94  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Carex  foenea  Willd.  (hay-like). 

Occasional.    Dry  rocky  woods.    June  — July. 
The  var.  perplex  a  Bailey  (confused)  occurs  at  East  Lyme 
(Graves),  and  at  Southington   (Andrews). 

Carex  aenea  Fernald  (brassy). 

Rare.  Salisbury,  dry  exposed  ledges  on  Mt.  Riga  (Weath- 
erby  &  Bissell).    June. 

Carex  stellulata  Good,   (star-shaped). 

.  Care.v  cchinata  Murr.,  var.  microstachys  Boeckl. 
Carex  sterilis  of  American  authors,  not  Willd. 

Frequent.    Wet  meadows  and  swamps.    Late  May  — June. 
Carex  stellulata  Good.,  var.  ormantha  Fernald  (having  a  neck- 
lace-shaped  inflorescence). 

Rare.     Wet  places,  growing  with  the  typical  form.     June. 
Carex  stellulata  Good.,  var.  excelsior  (Bailey)  Fernald  (taller). 
Carex  sterilis  Willd.,  var.  excelsior  Bailey. 

Occasional.     Bogs  and  wet  meadows.     June. 
Carex   stellulata    Good.,    var.    cephalantha    (Bailey)    Fernald 
(having  its  flowers  in  a  head). 
Carex  sterilis  Willd.,  var.  cephalantha  Bailey. 
Carex  echinata  Murr.,  var.  cephalantha  Bailey. 
Occasional.    Borders  of  swamps.    June. 
Carex  stellulata  Good.,  var.  angustata  Carey  (narrow). 
Carex  echinata  Murr.,  var.  angustata  Bailey. 

Rare  or  local.  Bogs  and  swamps :  Ledyard  and  Waterford 
(Graves),  East  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs  &  Bissell),  Oxford 
(Harger),  Huntington  (Fames).    June. 

Carex  sterilis  Willd.  (sterile). 

Carex  echinata  Murr.,  var.  conferta  Bailey. 
Carex  atlantica  Bailey. 

Swampy  places.  Rare  over  most  of  the  state :  New  Lon- 
don (Graves),  Woodstock  (R.  W.  Woodward  &  Weatherby), 
East  Windsor  and  Southington  (Bissell).  Frequent  near  the 
coast  in  the  vicinity  of  Bridgeport   (Fames).     June. 

Carex  scirpoides  Schk.  (like  Scirpus,  the  Bulrush). 
Carex  interior  Bailey. 

Open  swamps  and  peat  bogs.  Rare  in  eastern  and  central 
districts:    Thompson     (R.    W.    Woodward    &    Weatherby), 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  95 

Water  ford  (Graves),  Lyme  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson),  Bolton 
(Weatherby),  South  Windsor  (A.  W.  Driggs  &  Bissell), 
Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  New  Haven  (Harger). 
Becoming  occasional  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Late 
May  — June. 
Carex  scirpoides  Schk.,  var.  capillacea  (Bailey)  Fernald  (hair- 
like). 
Carex  interior  Bailey,  var.  capillacea  Bailey. 

Shaded  bogs.  Rare  in  most  parts  of  the  state :  Huntington 
(Eames),  Thompson,  Southington  and  East  Haven  (Bissell). 
Occasional  in  New  London  County  (Graves).    June. 

Carex  seorsa  E.  C.  Howe  (separate). 

Wet  shaded  ground.  Rare  or  local  in  most  parts  of  the 
state:  Bolton  (A.  W.  Driggs),  East  Hartford  (Weatherby), 
New  Haven  (R.  W.  Woodward),  Southington  (Andrews), 
Stratford  (Eames),  Oxford  (Harger),  Litchfield  (Bissell). 
Occasional  in  New  London  County  (Graves).    June. 

Carex  canescens  L.  (somewhat  hoary). 

Rare.    Wet  woods  and  sphagnum  bogs  :  Thompson,  South- 
ington and  Norfolk  (Bissell).    June. 
Carex  canescens  L.,  var.  subloliacea  Laestad.  (somewhat  like 
Lolium,  the  Tare). 

Rare.    Wet  woods:  Southington  (Bissell).    June. 
Carex  canescens  L.,  var.  disjuncta  Fernald  (disjoined). 
Care.r  canescens  in  part  and  of  most  authors. 

Frequent.  Shaded  swamps,  wet  bogs  and  beside  brooks, 
often  in  shallow  water.    June. 

Carex  brunnescens  Poir.   (brownish). 

Carex  canescens  L.,  var.  vulgaris  Bailey. 
Carex  canescens  L.,  var.  alpicola  Wahlenb. 

Rare.  Cool  mossy  woods  and  shaded  peat  bogs :  Walling- 
ford  (Harger),  Winchester  and  Salisbury  (Bissell).    June. 

Carex  bromoides  Schk.  (like  the  Brome  Grass). 

Wet  woods,  shaded  swamps  and  in  springy  places.  Rare 
in  eastern  districts:  Union  (Bissell),  East  Haddam  (Graves). 
Becoming  occasional  or  frequent  westward.    June. 


96  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Carex  Deweyana  Schwein. 

Rare.  Woodland  hillsides  in  rich,  rather  dry  soil :  Water- 
town  (Harger),  Colebrook  (J.  W.  Robbins),  Winchester 
(Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Southington,  Torrington,  Canaan  and 
SaHsbury  (Bissell),  Danbury  and  Ridgefield  (Eames),  Corn- 
wall (E.  E.  Brewster).  June. 
Carex  trisperrna  Dewey  (three-seeded). 

Occasional.     Cool  bogs  and  sphagnum  swamps.     June  — 
July. 
Carex  tenella  Schk.  (delicate). 

Rare.     Cool  mossy  woods:  Waterford  (Graves),  Stafford 
(Weatherby  &  Bissell),   Manchester    (Weatherby),   Norfolk 
(J.  W.  Robbins,  1828;  Bissell),  Barkhamsted  and  Cornwall 
( Bissell) .     June  — July. 
Carex  rosea  Schk.  (rose-like). 

Frequent.     Rich  woods  and  thickets  or  sometimes  in  open 
ground.    June. 
Carex  rosea  Schk.,  var.  radiata  Dewey  (radiate). 

Frequent.     Woods,  copses  and  meadows  in  either  dry  or 
moist  ground.    June. 
Carex  rosea  Schk.,  var.  minor  Boott  (smaller). 

Rare.    Woods  or  in  open  ground,  more  often  in  dry  soil: 
Norwich  (W.  A.  Setchell),  East  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs), 
Farmington     (Andrews),    Southington    (Andrews,    Bissell), 
Plainville  and  Wolcott  (Bissell).    June. 
Carex  retroflexa  Muhl.  (bent  backward). 
Carex  rosea  Schk.,  var.  retroMexa  Torr. 

Woods,  copses  and  open  ground,  mostly  in  dry  soil.  Raref;; 
in  northern  and  eastern  districts:  Ledyard  (Graves),  Norwich 
(W.  A.  Setchell),  Scotland  and  Middlefield  (Weatherby), 
Windsor  (Bissell,  A.  W.  Driggs),  Southington  (Andrews  &  j 
Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger).  Becoming  frequent  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state  (Fames).  June. 
Carex  Muhlenbergii  Schk. 

Frequent.    Dry  sterile  soil.    June  — July. 
The  var.  enervis  Boott  (nerveless),  var.  xalapensis  Brit- 
ton,  is  rare  inland:  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward),  Killingly 
and    Plainville    (Bissell),    Southington    (Andrews),    Oxford 
(Harger).     Becoming  occasional  or  frequent  near  the  coast. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  97 

Carex  cephalophora  Muhl.  (head-bearing). 

Frequent.     Dry  soils,  often  in  woods.     July. 

Carex  sparganioides  Muhl.  (like  Sparganium,  the  Bur-reed). 

Rich  woods,  more  often  in  rocky  places.  Rare  in  eastern 
districts:  Norwich  and  Franklin  (Graves),  Bolton  (A.  W. 
Driggs.     Becoming  occasional  or  local  westward.     June. 

Carex  cephaloidea  Dewey  (head-like). 

Rare  or  occasional.  Rich  shaded  ground,  more  often  in 
moist  alluvium.    June. 

Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.  (like  Carex  vulpina,  the  Fox  Sedge). 
Common.     Open  ground,  usually  in  moist  but  sometimes 
in  dry  places.    June  — July. 

Carex  setacea  Dewey   (bristle-like),  var.  ambigua    (Barratt) 

Fernald  (doubtful). 
Carex  xanthocarpa  Bicknell. 
Carex  xanthocarpa  Bicknell,  var.  anncctens  Bicknell. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Fields  and  meadows,  either  dry 
or  moist.     June  — July. 

Carex  diandra  Schrank  (two-stamened). 

Carex  feretiuscitla  Good. 

Local.     In  bogs:  New  Haven   (O.  D.  Allen),  Salisbury 

(Bissell).     June. 
Carex  diandra  Schrank,  var.  ramosa  (Boott)  Fernald  (branch- 
ing). 

Carex  teretiiisciila  Good.,  var.  ramosa  Boott. 

Carex  teretiiiscula  Good.,  var.  prairea  Britton. 

Rare.     Bogs  and  swamps:   Salisbury    (M.   L.   Fernald). 

June. 

Carex  stipata  Muhl.  (crowded). 

Common.    Swamps  and  wet  meadows.    June. 

Carex  crinita  Lam.  (long-haired). 

Swamps  and  wet  places.     Rare  in  New  London  County: 
Stonington  and  East  Lyme  (Graves).     Frequent  or  common 
elsewhere.     June. 
Carex  crinita   Lam.,   var.   gynandra    (Schwein.)    Schwein.   & 
Torr.   (gynandrous). 
7 


98  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Carex  gynandra  Schwein. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Swamps  and  wet  places.     June. 

Carex  aquatilis  Wahlenb.  (aquatic). 

Rare.  Wet  meadows  or  cold  bogs :  Lyme  and  Oxford 
(Harger),  Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fernald).    June. 

Carex  torta  Boott  (twisted). 

Banks  of  rivers  and  swift  flowing  streams.  Rare  near  the 
coast:  Lyme  (Graves),  Darien  (Harger  &  Eames).  Becom- 
ing frequent  northward  and  common  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  state.     May. 

Roots  very  long  and  tough,  the  plant  forming  dense  tufts 
or  beds.    The  fruit  ripens  early  and  falls  very  quickly. 
Carex  striata  Lam.  (straight). 
Sword  Grass.     Nigger-heads. 

Very  common.  Swales,  wet  meadows  and  about  ponds, 
often  forming  large  tussocks.     June. 

One  of  the  best  known  and  most  plentiful  of  our  sedges. 
Largely  cut  as  bedding  for  stock. 
Carex  striata  Lam.,  var.  curtissima  Peck  (very  short). 

Rare.    In  swamps:  Waterford  (Graves),  Lyme  (Weather- 
by).     June. 
Carex  striata  Lam.,  var.  angustata  (Boott)  Bailey  (narrow-). 
Care.v  stricta  Lam.,  var.  xerocarpa  Britton. 

Wet  meadows  and  in  marshes.     Rare  in  most  districts : 
Voluntown  (Graves),  South'ington  (Andrews),  Windsor  and 
Salisbury   (Bissell).     Locally  plentiful  in  marshes  along  the 
lower  Housatonic  River  (Eames).    June. 
Carex  stricta  Lam.,  var.  decora  Bailey  (elegant). 
Carex  Haydeni  Dewey. 

Rare.    Low  meadows:  Franklin  and  Waterford  (Graves), 
East   Hartford    (Weatherby),   Glastonbury   and   Southington 
(Bissell).    June. 
Carex  aurea  Nutt.  (golden). 

Rare  or  local.  Bloomfield,  low  field  on  outcrops  of  sand- 
stone (Weatherby),  Kent,  moist  calcareous  rocks  on  the  banks 
of  the  Housatonic  River  (Eames  &  J.  Pettibone),  Kent,  wet 
upland  pasture  (Eames),  Salisbury,  moist  meadows  (Miss  E. 
L.  Shaw).     June — July. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  99 

Carex  pauciflora  Lightf.  (few-flowered). 

Rare.  Norfolk,  sphagnum  swamp  (J.  W.  Robbins,  1827; 
Bissell) .    June. 

Carex  leptalea  Wahlenb.  (delicate). 
Carcx  polytrichoidcs  Muhl. 

Frequent.  Wet  mossy  woods  and  grassy  swamps.  May — 
June. 

Carex  polygama  Schk.  (polygamous). 

Carex  fusca  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  All. 

Local.  Wet  meadows  and  open  swamps :  New  London 
and  Franklin  (Graves),  Bolton,  East  Hartford  and  Bloom- 
field  (Weatherby),  East  Windsor  and  Southington  (Bissell), 
Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Hamden  (A.  L.  Winton),  Milford 
(Fames).    May. 

Carex   triceps    Michx.    (three-headed),   var,   hirsuta    (Willd.) 
Bailey  (hairy). 
Carex  triceps  Britton  in  part,  not  Michx. 

Fields  and  roadsides  in  sandy  soil,  either  dry  or  moist : 
Old  Lyme  (Graves),  Salisbury  (Bissell).    Frequent  in  central 
and  southwestern  Connecticut.     June. 
Carex  virescens  Muhl.  (greenish). 

Carcx  virescens  Muhl.,  var.  costata  Dewey. 
Carcx  costcllata  Britton. 

Frequent.     Dry  woods  and  clearings,  often  in  leaf-mold. 
July. 
Carex  virescens  Muhl.,  var.  Svs^anii  Fernald. 
Carex  virescens  of  American  authors. 

Common.    Dry  woods  and  open  grassy  places.    July. 
Carex  formosa  Dewey  (handsome). 

Rare.  Meadows  and  wooded  hillsides  in  rich  moist  soil : 
Salisbury  (J.  R,  Churchill).     Late  May — June. 

Carex  Davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr. 

Rare.     Alluvial  soil,  along  river  banks  or  borders  of  low 
thickets:  Windsor  (A.  W.  Driggs),  East  Hartford  (Weather- 
by),  Lyme  and  Chester  (R.  W.  Woodward  &  Graves).    June. 
Carex  gracillima  Schwein.  (very  delicate). 

Frequent.    Moist  woods,  thickets  and  meadows.    June. 


lOO  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY,  [Bull. 

Carex  aestivalis  M.  A.  Curtis  (of  summer). 

Rare.  Salisbury,  rocky  woodland  hillside  (A,  E.  Blewitt), 
June  — July, 

Carex  Willdenowii  Schk. 

Rare,  Dry  woods:  East  Haven  (Harger),  Hamden  (J.  A. 
Allen) .    Late  May  —  early  June, 

Carex  umbellata  Schk.  (bearing  umbels). 

Open  ground,  in  dry  sandy  or  rocky  places.  Occasional 
or  frequent  near  the  coast,  becoming  rare  or  local  northward, 
reaching  Woodstock  (R.  W,  Woodward  &  Harger),  Bolton 
(A.  W,  Driggs)  and  Barkhamsted  (Harger).    May, 

The  var.  tonsa  Fernald  (clipped)  occurs  at  North  Ston- 
ington,  rocky  slope  of  Lantern  Hill  (Graves). 

Carex  nigro-marginata  Schwein,  (black-margined). 

Rare,  North  Stonington,  dry  rocky  slope  of  Lantern  Hill 
(Graves).     May. 

Carex  communis  Bailey  (growing  in  colonies), 
Carex  pedicellata  Britton. 

Carex  pedicellata  Britton,  var,  Wheeleri  Britton. 
Carex  communis  Bailey,  var,  Wheeleri  Bailey, 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Rocky  woods  and  on  shaded 
banks.     May  — June. 

Carex  varia  j\Iuhl.  (variable). 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Rocky  or  sandy  woods  and  clear- 
ings.   May  — June, 

The  var,  colorata  Bailey  (colored)  occurs  with  the  typi- 
cal form, 

Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam. 

Common,  Dry  sandy  or  sterile  soil,  in  woods  and  in  open 
ground.    May. 

One  of  the  most  abundant  species  of  the  genus. 
Carex   pennsylvanica    Lam.,   var.   lucorum    (Willd.)    Fernald 
(of  groves). 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  or  moist  woods :  West  Hartford  (Dr. 
E,  J.  Thompson),  Meriden  (Andrews),  Southington  (Bis- 
sell,  Andrews),  Fairfield   (Fames),     Late  May — June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  lOI 

Carex  pubescens  Muhl.  (downy). 

Woods,  thickets  and  half-shade,  usually  in  moist  rich  soil. 
Rare  in  New  London  County:  North  Stonington  (Graves). 
Becoming  occasional  along  the  coast  westward  and  frequent  in 
northern  districts.     Late  May — June. 

Carex  livida  (Wahlenb.)  Willd.  (pale  lead-color). 

Rare.  In  bogs:  New  Haven  (C.  N.  Shepard,  1830;  O.  D. 
Allen ) .     ]\Iay  — June. 

Carex  panicea  L.  (like  the  Panic  Grass). 

Rare  or  local.     Fields  and  meadows:  New  Haven  (O.  D. 
Allen),   Orange    (Eames   &   C.   C.    Godfrey).     May — June, 
Native  or  possibly  naturalized  from  Europe. 
Carex  tetanica  Schk.  (rigid). 

Rare  or  local.  Meadows  and  rocky  woods :  Waterford 
(Graves),  Sherman  (E.  H.  Austin  &  Eames),  Salisbury  (M. 
L.  Fernald).    Late  May — June. 

The  var.  Woodii  (Dewey)  Bailey  occurs  at  Salisbury,  in 
a  cool  shaded  bog  (M.  L.  Fernald). 

Carex  polymorpha  Muhl.  (of  many  forms). 

Rare.  East  Lyme,  low  woods  (Graves),  New  Haven, 
marshes  (J.  A.  Allen,  Andrews).    June. 

Carex  pallescens  L.  (rather  pale). 

Common.  Woods,  fields  and  meadows,  either  wet  or  dry. 
May  — June. 

Carex    paupercula    Michx.    (stunted),    var.    pallens    Fernald 
(pale). 
Carc.v  Magcllanica  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part,  not  Lam. 
Local.  Norfolk,   plentiful   in   a   sphagnum  bog    (Bissell). 
June. 
Carex  limosa  L.  (growing  in  mud). 

Rare.  Sphagnum  bogs:  Burlington  and  Salisbury  (Bis- 
sell), Norfolk  (J.  W.  Robbins,  1828;  Weatherby).    June. 

Carex  littoralis  Schvvrein.  (of  the  sea-shore). 

Rare  or  local.  Swampy  woods  in  sandy  soil :  East  Windsor 
and  South  Windsor  (Bissell),  East  Hartford  (Weatherby), 
Windsor  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Stratford  (Harger).  Late  May  — 
early  June. 


I02  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Carex  prasina  AVahlenb.  (leek-green). 

Occasional.  Along  woodland  brooks  and  in  shaded 
swampy  places.    June. 

Carex  eburnea  Boott  (ivory-like). 
Care.v  setifolia  Britton. 

Dry  shaded  ledges.  Frequent  in  the  limestone  district  of 
northwestern  Connecticut,  extending  southward  as  far  as  New 
Milford  (Eames).  Rare  or  local  among  the  trap  hills  of  the 
Connecticut  Valley:  Plainville  (Bissell),  Southington  (An- 
drews &  Bissell),  Durham   (Harger).     May — June. 

Carex  pedunculata  Muhl.  (stalked). 

Rare,  local  or  occasional.  Wooded  banks,  in  rich  soil 
either  moist  or  dry:  Franklin  (Graves),  Stafford  (Weatherby 
&  Bissell),  Manchester  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Windsor,  Barkham- 
sted  and  Salisbury  (Bissell),  Meriden  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Oxford 
and  Southbury  (Harger),  Monroe  (H.  C.  Beardslee),  Wes- 
ton (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brewster). 
Late  April  —  early  May. 

The  fruit  falls  very  quickly  on  ripening. 

Carex  plantaginea  Lam.  (like  Plantago,  the  Plantain). 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  rich  woods:  North  Branford  (O. 
Harger),  Colebrook  (J.  W.  Robbins,  1828),  Norfolk  (Weath- 
erby &  Bissell),  Torrington  and  Sahsbury  (Bissell),  Sherman 
(C  K.  Averill).     May. 

Carex  platyphylla  Carey  (broad-leaved). 

Rocky  hillsides  in  rich  woods,  usually  in  dry  soil.  Rare 
or  absent  near  the  coast:  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter), 
Huntington  (Eames).  Becoming  occasional  or  frequent 
northward  and  common  in  the  limestone  district  of  north- 
western Connecticut.     May. 

Carex  laxiculmis  Schwein.   (loose-stalked). 

Frequent.  Woods  and  half-shade,  usually  in  rich  soil. 
June. 

Carex  digitalis  Willd.  (of  a  finger). 

Common.  Rich  woods  and  glades,  more  often  in  rather 
dry  soil.    June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  IO3 

Carex  ptychocarpa  Steud.  (having  folds  on  the  fruit). 

Rare.     Waterford,  in  rocky  woods   (Graves).     June. 
Carex  laxiflora  Lam.  (loose-flowered). 

Rich  woods.     Rare  in  northern  and  eastern  Connecticut, 
becoming  occasional  or  frequent  in  Fairfield  County.     Late 
May  — June. 
Carex  laxiflora  Lam.,  var.  gracillima  Boott  (very  slender). 

Rare.      Borders    of    moist    thickets:    Oxford    (Harger), 
Litchfield  (Bissell).     Late  May. 
Carex  laxiflora   Lam.,  var.  patulifolia   (Dewey)    Carey    (with 
spreading  leaves). 

Occasional  or   frequent.     Rich  woods  or  thickets.     Late 
May  —  early  June. 
Carex  laxiflora  Lam.,  var.  styloflexa  (Buckley)  Boott  (having 
bent  styles). 
Ca7'cx  styloflexa  Buckley. 

Rare.     Rocky  or  moist  woods  or  in  sphagnum  swamps : 
Lyme  (Graves),  East  Haddam  (Weatherby),  New  Haven  (J. 
A.  Allen),  Southington    (Bissell),  Oxford   (Harger),  Fair- 
field (Fames).     June. 
Carex  laxiflora  Lam.,  var.  varians  Bailey  (varying). 

Occasional.    Rich  woods  and  thickets.    Late  May — June. 
Carex  laxiflora  Lam.,  var.  blanda  (Dewey)  Boott  (agreeable). 
Care.v  laxiflora  Lam.,  var.  striatula  Carey. 

Frequent  or  common.     Rich  open  woods  or  in  half-shade, 
in  either  dry  or  moist  ground.     Late  May  — June. 
Carex  laxiflora  Lam.,  var.  latifolia  Boott  (broad-leaved). 
Carex  albursina  Sheldon. 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  rich  woods :  Groton  and  Waterford 
(Graves),  East  Haven  and  Salisbury  (Bissell),  Southington 
(Andrews  &  Bissell),  Seymour  (Harger),  Oxford  (R.  W. 
Woodward  &  Fames),  Winchester  (Weatherby  &  Bissell). 
May  —  early  June. 
Carex  laxiflora  Lam.,  var.  leptonervia  Fernald  (delicately 
nerved). 

Rare.  Wet  woods  or  sphagnum  bogs:  Franklin  (R.  W. 
Woodward),  West  Hartford  and  Winchester  (Bissell).  May 
— June. 


I04  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bllll. 

Carex  Hitchcockiana  Dewey. 

Rare  or  local.  Rocky  hillsides  in  rich  woods :  Middlefield 
(R.  W.  Woodward),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Plain- 
ville  and  Farmington  (Bissell).    June. 

Carex  oligocarpa  Schk.  (few- fruited). 

Rare.  Shaded  ledges  in  rich  woods:  Colebrook  (J.  W. 
Robbins,  1828),  Sahsbury  (M.  L.  Fernald).    June. 

Carex  conoidea  Schk.  (cone-shaped). 

Common.     Moist  meadows  and  wet  places.    June. 
Carex  grisea  Wahlenb.  (gray). 

Occasional.    Woods  and  meadows  in  rich  soil.    June. 
The  var.  rigida  Bailey   (rigid),  var.  angustifolia  Gray's 
Manual  ed.  6,  not  Boott,  is  rare  over  most  of  the  state :  South- 
ington,  Torrington  and  North  Canaan  (Bissell).     Occasional 
in  Fairfield  County   (Fames). 

Carex  glaucodea  Tuckerm.  (gray-green). 

Rare.     Rich  or  rocky  woods  and  fields  or  in  moist  mead- 
ows: Ledyard  and  Groton  (Graves),  Franklin  (R.  W.  Wood- 
ward), Hartford  and  West  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Meri- 
den  (Andrews),  Woodbridge  (O.  D.  Allen).    June. 
Carex  granulans  Muhl.  (granular). 

Rare  or  local.    Moist  meadows :  East  Haven,  Meriden  and 
Oxford  (Harger),  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Southington 
(Andrews  &  Bissell),  Bloomfield  and  North  Canaan  (Bissell), 
Ridgefield  and  Kent  (Fames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).    June. 
Carex  granularis  Muhl.,  var.  Haleana   (Olney)   Porter. 
Carex  granularis  Aluhl.,  var.  Shriveri  Britton. 
Carex  Shriveri  Britton. 

Rare.     Wet  meadows  and  pastures:  Ridgefield  (Fames  & 
C.  C.  Godfrey),  Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fernald  &  Bissell).    June. 
Carex  Crawei  Dew^ey. 

Rare.  Moist  fields  and  meadows :  Salisbury  ( Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps  &  Weatherby ) .    June  — July. 

Carex  flava  L.  (yellow). 

Low  fields  and  meadows.  Rare  or  absent  in  most  dis- 
tricts:  Berlin  (N.  Coleman),  Ridgefield  (Fames  &  C.  C.  God- 
frey).   Frequent  or  common  in  Litchfield  County.    June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  IO5 

Carex  flava  L.,  var.  rectirostra  Gaudin  (straight-beaked). 
Carex  flava  L.,  var.  graminis  Bailey. 

Local.    Swamps  and  wet  meadows:  Woodstock  (Harger), 
Ashford  and  Stafford  (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Union  and  Col- 
chester (Graves).    June — July. 
Carex  flava  L.,  var.  elatior  Schlecht.  (taller). 

Rare.  Low  ground:  Ridgefield  and  Kent  (Eames  &  C.  C. 
Godfrey).    June. 

Carex  Oederi  Retz.,  var.  pumila  (Cosson  &  Germain)  Fernald 
(dwarf). 
Carex  flava  L.,  var.  viridula  Bailey. 
Carex  viridula  Michx. 

Rare.  East  Haven,  in  moist  meadows  (Harger)  ;  New 
Haven,  in  salt  marsh  (D.  C.  Eaton)  ;  Kent,  in  sand  on  shore 
of  pond  (Eames)  ;  Salisbury,  in  wet  ground  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps ) .     June  — July. 

Carex  longirostris  Torr.  (long-beaked). 

Rich  rocky  woods  in  either  moist  or  dry  places,  or  on  river 
banks.  Local  from  the  Connecticut  River  westward  except 
near  the  coast  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  where  it 
is  not  reported.    Late  May  — June. 

Carex  castanea  Wahlenb.  (chestnut-colored). 

Rare.  Alluvial  soil :  Salisbury  (J.  Young.  1828).  Appar- 
ently has  not  been  collected  since  that  date.    June. 

Carex  arctata  Boott  (contracted). 

Rare.  Hillsides  in  rich  woods:  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Bark- 
hamsted,  Norfolk  and  Canaan  (Bissell),  Cornwall  (Harger). 
May. 

Carex  debilis  Michx.  (weak),  var.  Rudgei  Bailey. 
Carex  tenuis  Rudge. 

Frequent.    Dry  or  moist  woods  and  in  meadows.    June  — 

July. 
Carex  debilis  ]\Iichx.,  var.  interjecta  Bailey  (thrown  between). 
Rare.     Rocky  woods:  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell). 
June  — July. 


I06  COXNECTICUT   CIEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  ]  Bull. 

Carex  scabrata  Schwein.  (rough). 

Local  or  occasional.  Wet  woods,  about  springs  and  along 
streams.     July. 

Carex  filiformis  L.  (thread-like). 

Open  swamps  and  bogs.  Local  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state:  Woodstock  (Weatherby),  Union  and  East  Granby 
(Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Burlington  and  Salisbury  (Bissell). 
Becoming  frequent  southward.    June. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  (woolly). 

Carex  filifonnis  L.,  var.  latifolia  Boeckl. 

Wet  meadows,  bogs  and  about  ponds.  Rare  in  New  Lon- 
don County:  Norwich  (W.  A.  Setchell),  Waterford  and 
Franklin   (Graves).     Frequent  elsewhere.     June. 

Carex  vestita  Willd.  (clothed). 

Frequent  or  common.     Sandy  soils,  either  dry  or  moist. 
June. 
Carex  oligosperma  Michx.   (few-seeded). 

Rare.  Groton,  in  peat  bogs  (Graves),  South  Windsor  (A. 
E.  Blewitt).    June— July. 

Carex  trichocarpa  Aluhl.   (with  hairy  fruit). 

Local.  Thomaston,  in  wet  ground  (A.  E.  Blewitt).  June 
-July. 

Carex  riparia  W.  Curtis  (of  river  banks). 

Occasional  or  local.    Wet  meadows  and  swamps.    June. 

Carex  squarrosa  L.  (with  spreading  scales). 

Rare  or  local.  Wet  meadows  and  pastures:  Guilford  (G. 
H.  Bartlett),  Chester  (R.  W.  Woodward  &  Harger),  North 
Branford  and  East  Haven  (Harger),  New  Haven  (G.  G. 
Merrell),  Middletown  (J.  Barratt),  Southington  (Andrews 
&  Bissell).     June — July. 

Carex  typhina  Michx.  (like  Typha,  the  Cat-tail). 
Carex  typhinoides  Schwein. 

Rare.  Wet  alluvium  and  in  meadows :  Guilford  (G.  H. 
Bartlett),  East  Haven  (Fames),  East  Hartford  (A.  W. 
Driggs),  Hartford  (Harger.  H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).    June  — 

.  July- 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  lO/ 

Carex  Pseudo-Cyperus  L.  (false  Cyperus). 

Rare.  Salisbury,  muddy  border  of  Twin  I>akes  (Mrs.  C. 
S.  Phelps  &  Bissell).     June— July. 

Carex  comosa  Boott  (having  tufts  of  hair). 

Carex  Psciido-Cyperns  L.,  var,  americana  Hochst. 

Occasional.    Swamps  and  wet  places  along  streams.    June 

— J^^iy- 

Carex  hystericina  Muhl.  (porcupine-like). 

Rare  or  local.  Wet  springy  pastures  and  meadows  and 
in  swales:  Lyme  (H.  S.  Clark),  Manchester  (Weatherby), 
Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Prospect,  Oxford  and 
Southbury  (Harger),  Stafford,  Sharon  and  Salisbury  (Bis- 
sell).    June — July. 

The  var.  Cooleyi  Dewey,  var.  Dudleyi  Bailey,  occurs  at 
Wethersfield  (C.  Wright),  Southington  and  Sharon  (Bissell). 

Many  reports  of  this  species  should  be  referred  to  Carex 
litrida. 

Carex  lurida  Wahlenb.  (dingy  brown  or  yellow). 
Carex  hirida  Wahlenb.,  var.  flaccida  Bailey. 
Carex  lurida  Wahlenb.,  var.  parviila  Bailey. 
Carex  hirida  Wahlenb.,  var.  exundans  Bailey. 

Common.  Swamps  and  wet  places.  July  —  Aug.  A  hy- 
brid of  this  with  Carex  lupuliaa  has  been  found  at  Groton  and 
Lyme  (Graves). 

\^ery  variable  with  several  intergrading  forms. 
Carex  lurida  Wahlenb.,  var.  gracilis  (Boott)  Bailey  (slender). 
Carex  Baileyi  Britton. 

Rare.     East  Lyme,  in  bogs  (Graves).     July  —  Aug. 

Carex  Schweinitzii  Dewey. 

Rare.  Salisbury,  in  open  swamps  and  wet  meadows:  (M. 
L.  Fernald).    June. 

Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.  (turned  backward). 

Rare  or  local.  Wet  meadows  or  in  moist  alluvial  soil: 
Lyme  (Graves),  Hunting-ton  (Harger),  SaHsbury  (Bissell). 
June  —July.  A  supposed  hybrid  of  this  with  Carex  rostrata 
was  found  in  Connecticut  many  years  ago  by  Charles  Wright. 


I08  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Carex   lupuliformis    Sartwell    (hop-shaped ;    referring   to   the 
head  of  fruit). 
Carex  lupulina  J\Iuhl.,  var.  polystachya  Schwein.  &  Torr. 

Rare.  Bogs  or  shaded  swamps :  Southington  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  Huntington  and  Monroe  (Eames).     Aug. —  Sept. 

Carex  lupulina  Muhl.  (like  Lupulus,  the  Hop). 

Frequent  or  common.     Swamps  and  wet  ground.     July  — 
Aug. 
Carex  lupulina  Aluhl.,  var.  pedunculata  Dewey  (stalked). 

Local  or  occasional.  Swamps,  growing  with  the  typical 
form.    July  —  Aug. 

Carex  Grayii  Carey. 

Carex  Asa-Grayi  Bailey. 

Alluvial  soil  along  streams  or  in  moist  rich  ground.  Local 
along  the  Connecticut  River:  Lyme  (Graves),  Haddam  (H. 
S.  Clark  &  Bissell),  East  Hartford  (Weatherby).  Rare  else- 
where :  Middletown,  at  Westfield,  and  Southington  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  Salisbury  (G.  H.  Bartlett).    June. 

Carex  Grayii  Carey,  var.  hispidula  Bailey  (minutely  hispid). 

Local.  Hartford,  alluvial  soil  on  bank  of  the  Connecticut 
River  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).    June. 

Carex  intumescens  Rudge  (swollen). 

Frequent.     Swamps  and  wet  places,    June  — July. 
Carex  intumescens  Rudge,  var.  Fernaldii  Bailey. 

Rare.    Salisbury,  in  rocky  woods  (A.  E.  Blewitt). 

Carex  folliculata  L.  (like  a  small  bag). 

Frequent.  Wet  boggy  meadows  and  swampy  woods,  June 
—  Aug. 

Carex  vesicaria  L.  (bladdery). 

Carex  monile  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  Tuckerm. 

Occasional.  Low  meadows,  borders  of  ponds  and  near 
river  banks.    June, 

The  var.  monile  (Tuckerm.)  Fernald  (necklace),  Carex 
monile  Tuckerm.,  is  occasional.  The  var.  jejuna  Fer- 
nald (insignificant)  occurs  rarely  with  the  species.  The  var. 
distenta  Fries  (swollen)  is  rare:  East  Hartford  (Weather- 
by),  Windsor  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell), 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  IO9 

Carex  rostrata  Stokes  (beaked). 

Carex  utriciilata  Boott,  var.  minor  Boott. 

Swamps  and  wet  meadows  or  in  shallow  water.  Rare 
over  most  of  the  state:  Waterford  (Graves),  Plainville,  Wood- 
bridge  and  Oxford  (Harger),  Monroe  (Eames),  Occasional 
in  Litchfield  County  (Bissell).  June — July. 
Carex  rostrata  Stokes,  var.  utriculata  (Boott)  Bailey  (bottle- 
like). 
Carex  utriculata  Boott. 

Peat  bogs  and  wet  meadows.  Rare  in  most  districts : 
Stratford  (Eames),  New  Haven  and  Monroe  (Harger),  East 
Granby  and  Putnam  (Weatherby),  Glastonbury  and  Thomp- 
son (Bissell).  Occasional  in  New  London  County  (Graves). 
June  — July, 
Carex  bullata  Sclik.  (having  bubbles  or  blisters). 
Carex  bullata  Schk.,  var.  Olneyi  Bailey. 

Rare.  Voluntown,  in  Great  Cedar  Swamp  (Graves).  June 
-July. 
Carex  bullata  Schk.,  var.  Greenii  (Boeckl.)  Fernald. 
Carex  bullata  of  Manuals. 

Local.  In  swamps  :  Voluntown,  Stonington  and  Colchester 
(Graves),  Columbia  (Weatherby),  Ellington  (F.  N.  Pease). 
June  — July. 

Carex  Tuckermani  Dewey. 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  alluvial  soil  on  banks  of  rivers  and 
coves:  Windsor  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Hartford  (C.  Wright), 
Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Southbury  (Harger),  Tor- 
rington  and  Salisbury  (Bissell),  Canaan  (J.  W.  Robbins, 
1828).     June— July. 

ARACEAE.         ARUM   FAMILY. 

ARISAEMA  Martins.         Dragon  Arum.     Indian  Turnip. 

I  Arisaema  triphyllum  (L.)  Schott  (three-leaved). 
Arisaema  triphyllum  Schott,  var.  pusillum  Peck. 
Arisaema  pusillum  Nash. 
Jack-in-the-Pulpit.     Indian  or  Wild  Turnip. 

Common.  Rich  or  moist  woods.  Late  April  —  May ;  fruit 
late  Aug. —  Nov. 


no  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

The  corm  or  tuber  is  intensely  acrid,  but  this  property  is 
lost  upon  being  heated,  leaving  lo  to  i8%  of  starch.  The 
corm  is  medicinal. 

Arisaema  Dracontium   (L.)   Schott  (classical  name  for  some 

species  of  Arum). 
Green  Dragon.     Dragon  Root. 

Low  grounds  near  streams  and  rivers.  Rare  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state,  becoming  occasional  westward.  May  — June  ; 
fruit  Aug.—  Sept. 

PELTANDRA  Raf.         Arrow  Arum. 

Peltandra  virginica  (L.)  Kunth. 
Peltandra  niidulata  Raf. 
Arrow  Arum. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Shallow  water  of  ponds  and 
streams  and  sometimes  in  bogs.  June  — July ;  fruit  Sept. — 
Oct. 

CALLA  L.         Water  Arum. 

Calla  palustris  L.  (of  marshes). 
Wild  or  Marsh  Calla. 

Occasional  or  local.  Cold  bogs  and  shaded  swamps,  some- 
times forming  extensive  colonies.  May  — June  ;  fruit  July  — 
Sept. 

The  rootstocks  are  edible  after  an  acrid  principle  they  con- 
tain has  been  dissipated  by  cooking,  and  they  are  said  to  be 
sometimes  used  for  food  in  parts  of  Europe.  The  Calla  Lily 
of  cultivation  is  not  a  true  Calla,  but  is  a  species  of  the  genus 
Richardia. 


SYMPLOCARPUS   Salisb.         Skunk   Cabbage. 

Symplocarpus  foetidus  (L.)  Nutt.  (ill-smelling). 
Spathyema  foetida  Raf. 
Skunk  Cabbage. 

Common.      Wet   ground.      March  —  April;    fruit   July 
Sept.,  persisting  into  the  winter. 

The  rootstocks  are  reputed  to  have  medicinal  value. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  Ill 

ORONTIUM  L.         Golden  Club. 
Orontium  aquaticum  L.  (aquatic). 
Golden  Club. 

Occasional  or  local.  Mostly  in  shallow  waters  of  the  larger 
rivers  and  their  tributaries  where  extensive  colonies  are  often 
formed ;  sometimes  in  swamps  and  along  small  streams.  May 
—  early  June  ;  fruit  June  — July. 

The  seeds  and  rootstocks  are  said  to  have  been  used  for 
food  by  the  Indians  after  destroying,  by  cooking,  the  acrid 
principle  which  they  contain. 

ACORUS  L.         Sweet  Flag.     Calamus. 
Acorus  Calamus  L.  (classical  name  for  some  Reed). 
Sweet  Flag.    Calamus. 

Frequent.  Wet  meadows,  swamps  and  borders  of  ponds 
and  streams,  often  forming  large  colonies.     May  — June. 

The  aromatic  rootstock  is  often  candied,  is  of  some  medici- 
nal value  and  is  officinal. 

LEMNACEAE.         DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 

SPIRODELA  Schleid. 
Spirodela  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  (many-rooted). 
Greater  Duckweed. 

On  still  water  of  ponds  and  pools.    Occasional  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state ;  frequent  or  locally  common  else- 
where.    July  —  Aug. 
Rarely  seen  in  flower. 

LEMNA  L.         Duckweed.     Duck's-meat. 
Lemna  trisulca  L.  (three-furrowed). 
Duck's-meat. 

Still  or  running  water.  Rare  in  the  south  central,  occa- 
sional in  the  southwestern,  frequent  to  common  in  the  northern 
and  western  parts  of  the  state ;  not  reported  from  the  eastern 
portion.    July. 

Lemna  valdiviana  Philippi. 
Lemna  cyclostasa  of  authors. 

Shallow  water  of  ponds  and  rapid  waters  of  brooks  and 
rivers.    Occasional  in  the  southeastern,  locally  common  in  the 


112  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

southwestern  part  of  the  state ;  apparently  rare   elsewhere. 
June  — July,  but  neither  flowers  or  fruit  seen  here. 

Often  occurs  in  large  tangled  strings,  balls  and  irregular 
masses,  either  floating  free  or  clinging  to  twigs  and  stones. 

Lemna  minor  L.  (smaller). 
Lesser  Duckweed. 

Ponds  and  stagnant  water  of  pools  and  ditches.  Rare  in 
southeastern  Connecticut;  frequent  in  Hartford  and  Litch- 
field Counties  ;  common  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 
June  — July. 

WOLFFIA  Horkel. 
Wolffia  Columbiana  Karst. 
Wolfiia. 

Local.  Surface  of  ponds,  plentiful  where  it  occurs :  Wood- 
bury and  Ridgefield  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Kent  (Eames), 
New  Milford  (J.  W.  Robbins,  1829),  Salisbury  (J.  W.  Rob- 
bins,  Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    June — July. 

The  plants  of  this  species  are  the  smallest  of  our  flowering 
plants,  being  little  globules  about  i-25th  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

ERIOCAULACEAE.         PIPEWORT  FAMILY. 
ERIOCAULON  L.         Pipewort. 
Eriocaulon  septangulare  Withering   (seven-angled), 
Pipewort. 

Borders  of  ponds  and  rivers,  in  either  shallow  or  deep 
water.  Frequent  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state ;  occa- 
sional elsewhere.    July  —  Sept. 

XYRIDACEAE.      YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAMILY. 

XYRIS    L.         Yellow-eyed   Grass. 
Xyris  caroliniana  Walt. 

Occasional  or  local.    Bogs  or  sphagnum  swamps.    July  — 
Sept. 
Xyris  flexuosa  Muhl.  (flexuous). 
Yellow-eyed  Grass. 

Sandy  bogs.  Occasional  to  frequent  in  most  sections  but 
not  reported  from  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  July  — 
Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  II3 

Xyris  Smalliana  Nash. 
Xyris  Congdoni  Small. 

Rare  or  local.  Borders  of  ponds  or  in  sandy  bogs :  Salem 
(Graves),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon  &  Graves),  Guil- 
ford (G.  H.  Bartlett).    Aug.— Sept. 

COMMELINACEAE.         SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 

TRADESCANTIA  L.         Spiderwort. 
Tradescantia  virginiana  L. 

Trinity.    Spiderwort.    Spider  Lily.    Job's  Tears. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  or  some- 
times in  river  meadows.  In  most  cases  adventive  or  natural- 
ized from  the  southeastern  United  States  as  an  escape  from 
gardens;  possibly  native  at  Southbury  (Harger)  and  Fairfield 
(L.  N.  Johnson).     May  —  July. 

COMMELINA  L.         Day-flower. 

Commelina  communis  L.    (growing  in  colonies). 
Commelina  nudiflora  of  authors,  not  L. 
Day-flower. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Waste  places  and  cultivated 
ground  as  an  escape  from  cultivation ;  usually  in  or  near  cities. 
July  —  Nov.     Naturalized  from  the  South  or  from  Asia. 

PONTEDERIACEAE.    PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY. 

PONTEDERIA  L.        Pickerel-weed. 

Pontederia  cordata  L.  (heart-shaped). 
Pickerel-weed. 

Common.  Shallow  water  of  ponds  and  streams.  July  — 
Aug. 

The  var.  angustifolia  Torr.  (narrow-leaved)  occurs  at 
Old  Lyme  (H.  S.  Clark). 

HETERANTHERA  R.  &  P.        Mud  Plantain. 

Heteranthera  reniformis  R.  &  P.  (kidney-shaped). 

Rare.  Muddy  shores  of  the  Housatonic  River  at  Derby 
(G.  W.  Hawes  &  Harger),  and  along  the  river  southward  to 
salt  water  (Fames).    Late  Aug. —  Sept. ;  fruit  Sept.—  Oct. 


114  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND  NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq.)  MacM.  (doubtful). 
Heteranthera  graminea  Vahl. 
Water  Star  Grass. 

Rare  or  local.  Shallow  water  of  larger  rivers,  such  as  the 
Connecticut  and  Housatonic,  or  sometimes  in  ponds.  ^  July  — 
Sept. 

EICHHORNIA  Kunth. 

Eichhornia  crassipes   (Martins)    Solms   (thick-stemmed). 
Water  Hyacinth. 

Rare.  A  few  plants  were  found  in  the  Pequonnock  River, 
Bridgeport  (C.  K.  Averill,  1893).  June  —  Aug.  Fugitive 
from  Brazil. 

The  plant  is  not  hardy  in  this  climate,  but  in  Florida  it  has 
multiplied  in  the  St.  John's  river  system  to  such  an  extent  as 
seriously  to  obstruct  navigation. 

JUNCACEAE.         RUSH  FAMILY. 
JUNCUS  L.         Rush.     Bog  Rush. 

Juncus  bufonius  L.  (of  toads). 

Toad  Rush.    Toad  Grass.    Frog  Grass. 

Frequent  to  common.  Open,  moist,  sandy  places.  Fruit 
mid-June  —  Aug. 

Juncus  Gerardi  Loisel. 
Black  Grass. 

Common  on  salt  marshes  and  meadows  along  the  coast. 
Fruit  June  —  Aug. 

Is  valued  for  fodder  and  constitutes  much  of  the  salt  hay 
cut  by  farmers. 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  (slender). 
Yard  Rush.     Slender  Rush. 

Common.     Fields,  pastures,  open   woods,   roadsides   and 

paths,  in  either  dry  or  moist  ground.    Fruit  mid- June  —  Sept. 

This  species  is  said  to  be  readily  eaten  by  stock,  and  when 

made  into  hay  to  contain  7%  crude  protein. 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.,  var.  anthelatus  Wiegand  (having  a  cyme 

with'  lateral  branches  overtopping  the  central  ones). 

Rare.    Low  sandy  or  grassy  places  :  Southington  (x^ndrews 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  II5 

&  Bissell),  Lyme  (Graves  &  Bissell),  Granby  (Weatherby). 
Fruit  July  —  Sept. 
Juncus  tenuis  Willd.,  var.  Williamsii  Fernald. 

Rare.  Open  moist  or  dry  ground:  Groton  (Graves),  Put- 
nam (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Salisbury  (Bissell).  Fruit  July 
—  Aug. 

Juncus  secundus  Beauv.  (one-sided). 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.,  var.  secundus  Engelm. 

Sandy  places  and  ledgy  hillsides,  mostly  in  dry  ground. 
Occasional  in  most  districts  but  apparently  rare  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state.    Fruit  July  —  Sept. 
Juncus  Dudleyi  Wiegand. 

Rare.  Sandy  or  sterile  ground  :  Windsor  (A.  W.  Driggs), 
Meriden  (Andrews),  South  Windsor,  Sharon  and  Salisbury 
(Bissell).     Fruit  June — July. 

Juncus  dichotomus  Ell.  (forking  by  pairs). 

Rare  on  borders  of  salt  marshes  and  in  dry  open  fields  near 
the  coast:  Groton  (Graves),  Milford  (Harger).    Fruit  July  — 
Aug. 
Juncus  dichotomus   Ell.,  var.  platyphyllus  Wiegand   (broad- 
leaved). 
Rare.    Fields  :  Groton  (Graves),    Fruit  July  —  Aug. 

Juncus  Greenei  Oakes  &  Tuckerm. 

Dry,  open,  generally  sandy  but  sometimes  ledgy  places. 
Frequent  along  the  coast ;  becoming  occasional  or  rare  inland, 
reaching  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Southington,  on  Wol- 
cott  Mt.  at  900  ft.  elevation  (Andrews),  and  Union,  on  Bald 
Hill  at  1250  ft.  elevation  (Bissell).     Fruit  July — Sept. 

Juncus  effusus  L.  (loosely  spreading). 

Bulrush.    Common,  Soft,  Bog,  or  Candle  Rush. 

Common.  Marshes,  low  fields  and  open  swamps.  Fruit 
July  —  Aug. 

The  var.   compactus   Lejeune   &   Courtois    (pressed   to- 
gether) has  been  collected  at  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward). 
Sometimes  used  for  weaving  into  mats. 
Juncus  brachycephalus   (Engelm.)   Buchenau   (short-headed). 
Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay,  var.  brachycephalus  Engelm. 


Il6  COxXNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND  NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Rare.  Swamps  and  bogs:  Salisbury  and  Sharon  (Bissell). 
Fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

Juncus  brevicaudatus  (Engelm.)  Fernald  (short-tailed). 
Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay,  var.  brevicaudatus  Engelm. 
Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay,  var.  coarctatus  Engelm. 

Occasional.  Bogs  and  moist  sandy  places.  Fruit  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay. 

Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay,  var.  longicaudatus  Engelm. 

Frequent.    Open  swamps  and  wet  meadows.    Fruit  Aug. — 
Sept. 
Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay,  var.  subcaudatus  Engelm.   (some- 
what tailed). 

Rare  or  occasional.  Low  moist  ground,  often  in  shade: 
Sprague  and  Stafford  (Graves),  Lyme,  East  Windsor,  Farm- 
ington  and  Southington  (Bissell).     Fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

Juncus  pelocarpus  Mey.  (dark-fruited). 

Sandy  or  muddy  shores  of  ponds  and  streams.  Occasional 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state ;  apparently  rare  or  local 
elsewhere.     Fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

Often  proliferous. 

Juncus  militaris  Bigel.  (soldierly). 

Rare  or  local.  Shallow  water  of  ponds :  Groton  and  East 
Lyme  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett  &  Bissell).  Fruit 
July  —  Sept. 

Juncus  nodosus  L.  (knotty). 
Knotted  Rush. 

River  banks  and  moist  sandy  soil  bordering  swamps,  ponds 
or  small  streams.  Rare  in  most  districts :  Oxford  (Harger), 
Cornwall  (R.  W.  Woodward),  Norfolk,  Litchfield  and  Salis- 
bury (Bissell).  Occasional  along  the  Connecticut  River  from 
East  Windsor  (Bissell)  to  Lyme  (Graves).  Fruit  July  — 
Aug. 

Juncus  brachycarpus  Engelm.  (short-fruited). 

Rare.  New  London,  low  ground  near  Ocean  Beach 
(Graves).  Fruit  July.  A  fugitive,  probably  from  the  West 
or  South. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  II7 

Juncus  acuminatus  Alichx.  (taper-pointed). 

Frequent.    Open  swamps  and  wet  meadows.    Fruit  July  — 
Sept. 

Often  proliferous. 

Juncus  debilis  Gray  (weak). 

Juncus  acuminatus  Michx.,  var.   debilis  Engelm. 

Rare.     Pond  shores  and  borders  of  swamps :  Waterford 
and  Ledyard  (Graves).    Fruit  Aug. 

Juncus  articulatus  L.  (jointed). 

Low  and  moist,  mostly  sandy  places.     Occasional  to  fre- 
quent in  New  London  County;  rare  or  occasional  in  Middle- 
sex, Hartford  and  Litchfield  Counties ;  not  reported  elsewhere. 
Fruit  July  —  Sept. 
Juncus  articulatus  L.,  var.  obtusatus  Engelm.  (blunt). 

Rare.  Low  moist  ground :  Stafford  and  Glastonbury  (Bis- 
sell).    Fruit  July  —  Sept. 

Juncus  marginatus  Rostk.  (with  a  distinct  border). 

Frequent.  Grassy  places,  mostly  in  moist  ground.  Fruit 
July  —  Sept. 

LUZULA  DC.        Wood  Rush. 

Luzula  saltuensis  Fernald  (of  forests). 

Lusula  vernalis  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  DC. 
Juncoides  pilosum  Coville,  not  Kuntze. 
Hairy  Wood  Rush. 

Rocky  or  moist  open  woods.  Occasional  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  state  (Bissell).  Rare  elsewhere :  Guilford 
(G.  H.  Bartlett),  North  Branford  and  Watertown  (Harger). 
April  —  May ;  fruit  May. 

Luzula  campestris  (L.)  DC.  (of  fields),  var.  nwltiflora  (Ehrh.) 
Celak.   (many-flowered). 
Luzula  campestris  of  American  authors,  not  DC. 
Juncoides  campestre  of  American  authors,  not  Kuntze. 

Common.  Woods  and  fields,  in  either  dry  or  moist  ground. 
April  —  May ;  fruit  June  — July. 


Il8  COXNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [  Bull. 

LILIACEAE.         LILY  FAMILY. 
CHAMAELIRIUM   Willd.         Devil's   Bit. 

Chamaelirium  luteum   (L.)Gray  (yellow). 
Chamaeliriuin  caroUniamim  Willd. 
Blazing  Star.    True  Unicorn-root. 

Meadows  and  low  woods.  Occasional  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  or  local  northward  and  east- 
ward, reaching  Salisbury  (Bissell),  East  Haddam  (W.  E. 
Selden,  Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson).    May — June. 

The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

MELANTHIUM  L. 

Melanthium  latifolium  Desr.  (broad-leaved). 
Melanthium  racemosum  Michx. 
Crisped  Bunch-flower. 

Rare.  Dry  woods:  Greenwich,  at  North  Greenwich  (P. 
Alcott,  1869).     July  — Aug. 

VERATRUM  L.         False  Hellebore. 

Veratrum  viride  Ait.  (green). 

American  White  Hellebore.     Indian  Poke.     Green  Hellebore. 

Poor  Annie. 

Frequent  to  common.  Wet  woods,  open  swamps  and  wet 
meadows.    May  — June. 

The  rootstock  is  medicinal,  is  an  active  poison  and  is  offici- 
nal.   The  early  colonists  used  the  plant  as  an  insecticide. 

UVULARIA  L.         Bellwort. 
Uvularia  perfoliata  L.  (through  a  leaf;  i.  e.,  with  leaves  clasp- 
ing the  stem). 
Bellwort. 

Frequent.  Dry  or  moist  ground,  usually  in  woods  but 
sometimes  occurring  in  fence-rows  or  even  in  fields.  May  — 
June. 

The  root  is  medicinal  and  has  acquired  some  local  reputa- 
tion as  a  remedy  against  snake  bites. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  Iig 

OAKESIA  Wats. 

Oakesia  sessilifolia   (L.)   Wats,   (having  leaves  without  leaf- 
stalks). 
Uvniaria  sessilifolia  L. 
Bellwort. 

Frequent  to  common.  Woods,  thickets  and  meadows,  in 
either  dry  or  moist  ground.     ]\Iay  — June. 

ALLIUM   L.         Onion.     Garlic. 

Allium  tricoccum  Ait.   (having  three  grains ;  referring  to  the 

three-lobed  fruit). 
Wild  Leek. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Woods,  usually  in  rich  but  some- 
times in  sandy  soil.     Late  June — July, 

If  eaten  by  cows  in  the  spring,  the  milk  and  butter  are 
tainted. 

Allium  canadense  L. 

Wild  or  Meadow  Garlic. 

Frequent.  Meadows  bordering  streams  and  rivers,  some- 
times also  in  sandy  ground  and  on  dry  hillsides.    June. 

Rarely  used  as  a  substitute  for  common  garlic. 

Allium  vineale  L.  (of  vineyards). 
Field  or  Wild  Garlic.    Wild  Onion. 

Waste  places,  grain  fields  and  meadows.  Rare  in  south- 
eastern Connecticut,  occasional  to  frequent  elsewhere.  Mid- 
June — July.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  bad  weed,  both  in  pastures,  where  it  taints  the  milk  of 
animals  feeding  upon  it,  and  in  grain  fields,  where  the  bulblets 
mixing  with  grain  injure  it  for  milling. 

HOSTA  Tratt.         Day   Lily.     Plantain   Lily. 

Hosta  caerulea  (Andr.)  Tratt.  (sky-blue). 
Funkia  ovata  Spreng. 
Blue  Day  Lily. 

Rare.  Roadsides  near  dwellings  as  an  escape  from  gar- 
dens:  Montville  (Graves),  Bridgeport  and  Fairfield  (Fames). 
July.    Native  of  Japan. 


120  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Hosta  japonica  (Thunb.)  Aschers. 
Funkia  lancifolia  Spreng. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides :  Montville 
(Graves),  Stafford  (Bissell),    July  —  Aug.    Native  of  Japan. 

HEMEROCALLIS  L.         Day  Lily. 
Hemerocallis  flava  L.  (yellow). 
Yellow  Day  Lily.    Lemon  Lily. 

Rare,  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  fields  and  roadsides : 
Groton,  near  Poquonnock  Lake  (Graves,  Harger,  Bissell 
et  al.),  Meriden  (Bissell),  Westport  (Eames),  Wilton  (Miss 
A.  E.  Carpenter).     June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Hemerocallis  fulva  L.  (reddish-yellow). 
Common  Day  Lily. 

Frequent.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  fields,  roadsides 
and  waste  places.  Mid- June  —  Aug.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Troublesome  and  difficult  to  eradicate  in  moist  rich  ground. 

LILIUM  L.        Lily. 
Lilium  philadelphicum  L. 

Wild  Orange-red  Lily.    Red  or  Wood  Lily. 

Frequent.  Dry  or  moist  thickets,  pastures  and  open  woods. 
Late  June — ^July. 

Lilium  superbum  L.  (superb). 

Turk's-cap  Lily.    Wild  Tiger  Lily. 

Marshes  and  low  fields.  Frequent  near  the  coast  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  occasional  or  local 
westward,  reaching  Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt)  ;  not  reported 
far  inland.    July  —  Aug. 

Lilium  canadense  L. 

Wild  Yellow  Lily.     Canada  Lily. 

Frequent.    Moist  meadows,  bogs  and  open  swamps.    July. 

Lilium  tigrinum  Ker  (of  tigers). 
Tiger  Lily. 

Rare  or  occasional.    Escaped  from  gardens  to  fence-rows, 
roadsides  and  waste  places.    Aug.    Adventive  from  Asia. 
In  Japan  and  China  the  bulbs  are  eaten. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  121 

ERYTHRONIUM   L.         Dog's-tooth  Violet. 

Erythronium  americanum  Ker. 

Yellow  Adder's  Tongue.    Yellow  Dog's-tooth  Lily  or  Violet. 

Snake-leaf.    Trout  Lily. 

Meadows  and  rich  woods.  Local  in  southeastern  Connec- 
ticut, common  elsewhere.    April  —  May. 

Sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb.  The  dried  bulbs,  if  not 
kept  too  long,  are  said  to  be  nutritious.  The  leaves  and  root 
are  medicinal. 

ORNITHOGALUM  L.         Star  of  Bethlehem. 

Ornithogalum  umbellatum  L.  (umbellate). 
Star  of  Bethlehem,    Go-to-Bed-Noon. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  fields  and 
waste  places,  mostly  near  dwellings  and  in  shaded  moist 
ground.     May — June.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

MUSCARI  Mill.         Grape  Hyacinth. 

Muscari  botryoides  (L.)  Mill,  (like  a  cluster  of  grapes). 
Grape  Hyacinth.    Babies'  Breath. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  grassland  near  dwellings,  as  an 
escape  from  cultivation:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  East 
Lyme  (Graves),  Seymour  and  Southbury  (Harger),  New 
Haven  (Eaton  Herb.),  Milford  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey). 
May.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Muscari  racemosum  (L.)  Mill,  (racemose). 
Starch  Grape  Hyacinth.    Feather  Hyacinth. 

Rare  or  local.  Grassland  near  dwellings:  New  London 
and  Lyme  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Fairfield 
(Eames),  Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt).  May.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Reproduces  quite  rapidly  by  forming  new  bulbs,  is  very 
persistent  and  may  give  much  trouble  in  lawns. 

YUCCA  L.         Bear  Grass.     Spanish  Bayonet. 

Yucca  filamentosa  L.  (bearing  slender  threads). 
Adam's  Needle.    Thread-and-Needle. 

Rare.    Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  ground :  Groton 


122  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

(Harger,   Bissell,   Graves   et   al.),   Bridgeport   and   Fairfield 
(Eames).    May — July.    Adventive  from  the  South. 

The  plant  yields  a  strong  fiber.  The  roots  form  a  lather 
with  water  and  were  formerly  used  in  the  region  where  it  is 
plentiful  in  place  of  soap. 

ASPARAGUS  L.         Asparagus. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Garden  Asparagus. 

Frequent  along  the  coast  on  shores  and  borders  of  salt 
marshes ;  occasional  in  fields,  waste  places  and  along  roadsides 
inland.    June ;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Widely  cultivated  for  its  young  shoots. 

CLINTONIA  Raf. 

Clintonia  borealis  (Ait.)  Raf.  (northern). 
Clintonia.    Yellow  Clintonia. 

Rich  often  swampy  woods.  Frequent  or  common  in  the 
extreme  northwestern  part  of  the  state;  becoming  occasional 
or  rare  southward  and  eastward,  reaching  Kent  (C.  K.  Averill, 
E.  H.  Austin,  Eames),  Bristol  (W.  A.  Terry),  East  Hartford 
and  Manchester  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Cromwell  (F.  K.  Hallock), 
Mansfield  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  Hampton  (Weatherby),  Union 
(Bissell),  Voluntown  (Graves).     May  —  early  June. 

SMILACINA  Desf.         False  Solomon's  Seal. 

Smilacina  racemosa  (L.)  Desf.  (racemose). 
Vagnera  racemosa  Morong. 
Wild  Spikenard.    False  Spikenard. 

Frequent  to  common.  Rich  usually  rocky  woods,  thickets 
and  borders  of  fields.     Mid-May  — June  ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

Smilacina  stellata  (L.)  Desf.  (star-shaped). 
Vagnera  stellata  Morong. 
Star-flowered  Solomon's  Seal. 

Occasional  near  the  coast  in  dry  or  moist,  usually  sandy 
ground;  rare  or  local  inland  on  river  banks,  in  swamps  or 
even  in  dry  rocky  ground.     Mid-May — June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERIXG    PLANTS    AN'D    FERNS.  I23 

Smilacina  trifolia  (L.)  Desf.  (three-leaved). 
Vagnera  trifolia  Morong. 
Three-leaved  Solomon's  Seal. 

Rare  or  local.  Cool  sphagnum  bogs:  Cromwell  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  East  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark),  Bristol  (J.  N. 
Bishop),  Colebrook  (J.  W.  Robbins),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C. 
Seymour),  Salisbury  (Bissell).     May — June. 

MAIANTHEMUM  Wiggers. 
Maianthemum  canadense  Desf. 
Unifolium  canadense  Greene. 
Wild  Lily  of  the  Valley.    Two-leaved  Solomon's  Seal. 

Common.  Moist  or  dry  woods  and  thickets.  Mid-May  — 
June. 

STREPTOPUS  Alichx.         Twisted-stalk. 
Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  (having  leaves  which  clasp 
the  stem). 
Liver  Berry. 

Rare  or  local.  Rich  moist  woods:  Salisbury  (Bissell,  Mrs. 
C.  S.  Phelps).    May. 

Streptopus  roseus  Michx.  (rose-colored). 
Liver  Berry. 

Rich  woods,  often  among  rocks.  Occasional  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  state,  becoming  local  or  rare  eastward  and 
southward,  reaching  Somers  (Bissell),  East  Haddam  (Dr.  E. 
J.  Thompson,  Graves),  Hamden  (D.  C.  Eaton,  Harger),  Mon- 
roe (Harger).    May. 

POLYGONATUM  Hill.         Solomon's  Seal. 
Polygonatum  bifiorum  (Walt.)   Ell.   (tw^o-flowered). 
Salonionia  hiiiora  Farwell. 
Small  or  Yiziry  Solomon's  Seal. 

Frequent.    Woods  and  thickets.    May  — June. 
The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

Polygonatum  commutatum  (R.  &  S.)  Dietrich  (variable). 
Polygonatum  giganteum  Dietrich  (?). 
Salonionia  comniutata  Farwell, 
Great,  Giant  or  Smooth  Solomon's  Seal. 


124  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBllll. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Usually  in  meadows  and  alluvial 
soil  near  the  larger  streams ;  sometimes  in  rich  or  dry  woods 
and  thickets  or  on  sandy  banks.     May — June. 

The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

CONVALLARIA  L.         Lily  of  the  Valley. 
Convallaria  majalis  L.  (blooming  in  May). 
Lily  of  the  Valley. 

Rare.    Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  thickets  and 
waste  places:  New  Haven,  at  East  Rock   (H.  M.  Denslow 
et  al),  Southington  (Andrews),  Oxford  (Harger),  Stratford 
(Eames).     May.     In  Connecticut  adventive  from  Europe. 
The  rootstock  and  roots  are  medicinal  and  are  officinal. 

MEDEOLA  L.         Indian  Cucumber-root. 
Medeola  virginiana  L. 
Indian  Cucumber-root. 

Rich  woods.  Occasional  in  most  parts  of  the  state,  becom- 
ing common  in  southwestern  Connecticut.     May  — June. 

The  rootstock  is  edible,  somewhat  resembling  cucumber  in 
flavor. 

TRILLIUM  L.         Wake  Robin.     Birthroot. 
Trillium  erectum  L.  (erect). 

Purple  or  Red  Trillium.    Birthroot.    Red  Benjamin. 

Rich  and  often  rocky  woods.  Rare  or  occasional  in  south- 
eastern Connecticut,  becoming  frequent  northward  and  west- 
ward, and  common  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  Mid- 
April  —  May. 

Both  white-flowered  and  yellow-flowered  forms  are  occa- 
sionally found.    The  flowers  exhale  a  very  disagreeable  odor. 

Trillium  grandiflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb.  (large-flowered). 
Large-flowered  White  Trillium. 

Rare.  Weston,  in  rocky  rich  woods  (Mrs.  Mabel  Osgood 
Wright).     May. 

Trillium  cernuum  L.  (nodding). 
Nodding  Trillium,    White  Trillium. 

Rich  moist  woods.  Occasional  in  southeastern  and  south- 
western Connecticut,  apparently  rare  elsewhere.     May. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  I25 

Trillium  undulatum  Willd.  (wavy). 
Trillium  erythrocarpum  Michx, 
Painted  Trillium, 

Rich  woods  and  shaded  swamps.  Occasional  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  state,  becoming  local  or  rare  eastward  and 
southward,  extending  to  Union  (Bissell,  Graves),  Middletown 
(M.  Hitchcock),  New  Haven  (E.  P.  Prudden),  Oxford  (Har- 
ger) .     May. 

ALETRIS  L.         Colic-root.     Star  Grass. 

Aletris  farinosa  L.  (mealy). 

Colic-root.    Star  Grass.    False  Unicorn-root. 

Occasional  or  local.  Fields  and  meadows,  or  moist  sandy 
places.    Late  June  — July. 

The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

SMILAX  L.         Green  Brier.     Cat  Brier. 

Smilax  herbacea  L.   (herbaceous). 
Carrion-flower.    Jacob's  Ladder. 

Frequent.  Low  thickets,  borders  of  meadows  and  some- 
times in  drier  fields.    Late  May  — June. 

The  flowers  exhale  a  most  offensive  odor.  The  herb  is 
somewhat  medicinal.  The  young  shoots  are  sometimes  used 
as  a  pot-herb  and  are  called  Wild  Asparagus. 

Smilax  rotundifolia  L.  (round-leaved). 

Common  Green  Brier.    Horse,  Cat,  Bull  or  Squirrel  Brier. 

Common.  Moist  or  dry  woods,  thickets  and  pastures.  Late 
May  — June ;  fruit  Sept.,  persisting  over  the  winter. 

Smilax  glauca  Walt,  (glaucous). 
Saw,  Cat  or  Squirrel  Brier. 

Common.  Dry  or  moist  open  woods  and  thickets,  often  in 
sandy  ground.    June ;  fruit  Sept.,  persisting  over  the  winter. 

The  roots  have  been  substituted  for  those  of  the  Brazilian 
Sarsaparilla. 

Smilax  hispida  Muhl.  (rough-hairy). 

Rare.    Fairfield,  in  moist  thickets  (Fames).    June. 


126  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

HAEMODORACEAE.         BLOODWORT  FAMILY. 

LACHNANTHES   Ell.         Red-root. 
Lachnanthes  tinctoria  (Walt.)  Ell.  (used  for  dyeing). 
Gyrotheca  capitata  Morong. 
Gyrotheca  tinctoria  Salisb. 
Red-root. 

Rare.  Open  boggy  meadows  and  sandy  shores  of  ponds : 
East  Lyme,  several  localities  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon  &  Graves), 
Madison  (W.  R.  Dudley).    Aug. —  Sept. 

DIOSCOREACEAE.         YAM    FAMILY. 
DIOSCOREA  L.         Yam. 
Dioscorea  villosa  L.  (hairy). 

Wild  Yam  or  Yam-root.     Colic-root.     Rheumatism-root. 

Moist  thickets.     Frequent  along  and  near  the  coast  and 
in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  River ;  occasional  or  rare  else- 
where.   June  — July ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 
The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

AMARYLLIDACEAE.         AMARYLLIS  FAMILY. 

NARCISSUS  L. 
Narcissus  Pseudo-Narcissus  L.  (false  Narcissus). 
Dafifodil. 

Rare.     Escaped  from  cultivation  to  fields  and  roadsides  at 
East  Windsor  (Bissell),  and  at  several  localities  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state  (Fames).    May.    Native  of  Europe. 
Narcissus  poeticus  L.  (of  poets). 
Poet's  Narcissus. 

Rare.    Waste  grounds  and  near  old  dwellings  as  an  escape 
from  gardens,  persistent  but  not  inclined  to  spread:  Oxford 
(Harger),  Fairfield  (Fames).    May.    Native  of  Europe. 
Sometimes  occurs  in  the  double-flowered  form. 

LEUCOJUM  L. 
Leucojum  aestivum  L.  (of  summer). 
Summer  Snowflake. 

Rare,  Fairfield,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  grounds 
in  rich  moist  soil  (Eames).  Mid-]\Iay  —  mid- June.  Adven- 
tive  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  12/ 

HYPOXIS  L.         Star  Grass. 

Hypoxis  hirsuta  (L.)  Coville  (hairy). 
Hypoxis  erecta  L. 
Yellow-eyed  Grass.    Star  Grass. 

Common.  Dry  or  moist,  open  or  shaded  ground.  May  — 
Oct. 

IRIDACEAE.         IRIS   FAMILY. 
IRIS   L.         Fleur-de-lis. 
Iris  versicolor  L.  (of  various  colors). 

Larger  Blue  or  Poison  Flag.     Fleur-de-lis.     Iris.     Vegetable 
Mercury. 

Common.     Swamps  and  wet  meadows.     Mid-May — July. 
The  rhizome  and  roots  are  poisonous  and  medicinal  and  are 
officinal.     There  have  been  cases  of  serious  poisoning  due  to 
mistaking  the  roots  for  those  of  Sweet  Flag. 

Iris  prismatica  Pursh  (prism-shaped). 
Slender  Blue  Flag. 

Frequent  on  and  near  the  coast  in  swamps,  meadows  and 
borders  of  salt  marshes ;  rarely  seen  farther  inland.  June  — 
mid-July, 

Iris  pseudacorus  L.  (false  Acorus). 
Yellow  Iris. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  marshes  and  low  grounds : 
Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Madison  (Miss  Roberts),  East 
Haddam  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson),  Stratford  (Mrs.  R.  H.  Rus- 
sell), Fairfield  (Fames).  Mid-May — June.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Iris  orientalis  Mill,  (of  the  Orient). 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  marshes :  Stratford, 
many  plants  growing  with  Iris  pseudacorus  (Mrs.  R.  H.  Rus- 
sell).   Late  J\lay — June.     Adventive  from  Asia. 

Iris  germanica  L. 

Fleur-de-lis. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  and  fence-rows : 
Oxford  (Harger),  Fairfield  (Fames).  May — June.  Adven- 
tive from  Europe. 


128  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

BELAMCANDA  Adans.         Blackberry  Lily. 

Belamcanda  chinensis  (L.)  DC. 
Gemmingia  chinensis  Kuntze. 
Blackberry  Lily.    Leopard  Flower. 

Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  waste  places, 
more  often  in  rocky  ground.  Frequent  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  state,  becoming  occasional  or  rare  northward  and 
eastward,  reaching  Danbury  (Miss  G.  L.  Northrop),  Sharon 
and  Portland  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson),  Berlin  (Andrews  &  Bis- 
sell),  East  Lyme  (F.  H.  Dart),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers). 
July  —  Aug. ;  fruit  Sept. —  Nov.    Adventive  from  Asia. 

SISYRINCHIUM  L.         Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Sisyrinchium  albidum  Raf.  (whitish). 

Rare.  New  London,  one  plant  in  a  dry  field  (Miss  E.  Coit, 
1889).    May.    Fugitive  from  the  western  United  States. 

Sisyrinchium  mucronatum  Michx.    (having  an  abrupt,  short 
point). 

Meadows  and  woods,  usually  in  rather  dry  ground.  Occa- 
sional in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare 
southward  and  eastward,  reaching  Newtown  (Fames),  Oxford 
(Harger),  Plainville  and  Glastonbury  (Bissell).  Mid-May  ■ 
June. 

Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Mill,  (narrow-leaved). 

Dry  or  moist  fields.     Occasional  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  state ;  frequent  or  common  elsewhere.     Mid-May  ■ 
June. 

Forms  intermediate  between  Sisyrinchium  angustifolium 
and  Sisyrinchium  gramineum  occur  at  New  London,  Groton 
and  Ledyard  (Graves),  and  have  been  called  Sisyrinchium 
intermedium  Bicknell. 

Sisyrinchium  gramineum  Curtis  (grass-like). 
Sisyrinchium  anceps  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
Sisyrinchium  graminoides  Bicknell. 

Frequent  or  common.  Fields,  meadows,  thickets  and 
woods,  generally  in  moist  ground.    June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  I29 

Sisyrinchium  atlanticum  Bicknell. 

Fields,  meadows  and  borders  of  salt  marshes.     Common 
on  and  near  the  coast ;  occasional  or  local  inland.    June. 
Rarely  occurs  with  white  flowers. 

ORCHIDACEAE.         ORCHIS  FAMILY. 

CYPRIPEDIUM    L.         Lady's    Slipper.     Moccasin    Flower. 

Cypripedium  parviflorutn  Salisb.  (small-flowered). 
Smaller  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Dry  sandy  or  rocky  woods.  May  — 
June. 

The  rootstock  and  roots  are  medicinal  and  are  officinal. 

As  in  the  following  variety,  contact  with  this  plant  poisons 

the  skin  of  some  people,  the  glandular  hairs  containing  an 

irritant  oil. 

Cypripedium    parviflorum    Salisb.,    var.    pubescens    (Willd.) 

Knight  (downy). 
Cypripedium  pubescens  Willd. 
Cypripedium  hirsutum  of  authors,  not  Mill. 
Large   Yellow    Lady's    Slipper.     Yellow    Moccasin    Flower. 

American  Valerian. 

Rocky  woods  and  cold  swamps.  Rare  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  state  and  near  the  coast,  becoming  occasional  or  fre- 
quent northward  and  westward.     May  — June. 

The  rootstock  and  roots  are  medicinal  and  are  officinal. 

Cjrpripedium  hirsutum  Mill,  (hairy). 
Cypripedium  spectabile   Salisb. 
Cypripedium  reginae  Walt. 
Showy  Lady's  Slipper. 

Rare  or  local.  Swamps  or  wet  meadows  :  Willington  (Mrs. 
C  S.  Phelps),  Milford  (Fames),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Sey- 
mour), Danbury  (H.  C.  Ryder),  Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brewster), 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    June. 

Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.  (stemless), 

Stemless,   Pink   or   Wild   Lady's   Slipper.     Whip-poor-will's 

Shoe.     Wild  Valerian. 

Frequent.  Dry  open  sandy  or  rocky  woods,  often  under 
evergreen  trees.    May  — June, 


130  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

ORCHIS  L. 
Orchis  spectabilis  L.  (showy). 
Galeorchis  spectabilis  Rydb. 
Showy  Orchis. 

Rich  woods,  generally  in  leaf-mold.  Rare  near  the  coast; 
occasional  or  local  inland.     May  —  early  June. 

HABENARIA  Willd.         Rein  Orchis.     Fringed  Orchis. 
Habenaria  bracteata  (Willd.)  R.  Br.  (having  bracts). 
Coeloglossum  bracteatum  Pari. 
Long-bracted  Orchis. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  or  rocky  woods:  Killingly  (C.  H. 
Knowlton),  Somers  (Bissell),  Middletown  (M.  Hitchcock), 
Berlin  (Andrews),  Meriden  (Harger,  Andrews),  Southington 
(Andrews,  Bissell),  New  Haven  and  Hamden  (Eaton  Herb.), 
Granby  and  Simsbury  (I.  Holcomb),  New  Milford  (E.  H. 
Austin),  Kent  (C.  K.  Averill),  Sahsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
Late  May — June. 

Habenaria  flava  (L.)  Gray  (yellow). 
Habenaria  virescens  Spreng. 
Perularia  Hava  Farwell. 
Small  Pale  Green  Orchis. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Low  meadows  and  open  swamps. 
June  — July. 

Habenaria  hyperborea  (L.)  R.  Br.  (northern). 
Limnorchis  hyperborea  Rydb. 
Limnorchis  huronensis  Rydb. 
Tall  Leafy  Green  Orchis. 

Rich  woods  and  wooded  swamps.  Rare  in  most  districts: 
Bolton  (Weatherby),  New  Britain  (Bissell),  Plainville  (J.  N. 
Bishop),  Southington  (Bissell,  Andrews).  Becoming  occa- 
sional or  local  in  Litchfield  County.     Late  June  —  early  Aug. 

Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh)  Gray  (expanded). 
Limnorchis  dilatata  Rydb. 
Tall  White  Bog  Orchis. 

Rare.  Wet  meadows  or  sphagnum  bogs:  Plainville  (An- 
drews), Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour,  Miss  M.  C.  Seymour).  June 
-July. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I3I 

Habenaria  clavellata    (Michx.)    Spreng.    (shaped  like  a  little 
club). 
Habenaria  tridentata  Hook, 
Gymnadeniopsis  clavellata  Rydb. 
Small  Green  Wood  Orchis. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Bogs  and  wet  woods,  July  — 
Aug. 

Habenaria  Hookeri  Torr. 

Habenaria  Hookeri  Torr.,  var.  oblongifolia  Paine. 
Lysias  Hookeriana  Rydb. 

Rich  woods.  Rare  near  the  coast,  becoming  occasional  or 
local  northward.    June. 

Habenaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  (disk-shaped). 
Lysias  orbiculata  Rydb. 
Large  Round-leaved  Orchis. 

Rare.  In  woods :  South  Windsor  (S.  P.  Elmore),  Windsor 
(H.  S.  Clark),  Norfolk  (Miss  M,  C.  Seymour),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Weatherby).    June. 

Habenaria  macrophylla  Goldie  (large-leaved). 

Rare.  Norfolk,  in  pine  woods  (J.  H.  Barbour).  June  — 
July, 

Habenaria  ciliaris  (L.)  R.  Br.  (fringed). 
Blephariglottis  ciliaris  Rydb. 
Yellow  Fringed  Orchis. 

Meadows,  swamps,  dry  fields,  thickets  and  open  woods 
along  the  coast.  Occasional  or  frequent  eastward,  becoming 
rare  or  local  westward.  Not  certainly  known  farther  inland 
than  Monroe  (H.  C.  Beardslee).    Mid- July  —  Aug. 

Habenaria    blephariglottis     (Willd.)     Torr.     (eyelid-tongued: 

i.  e.,  having  a  fringed  lip). 
Blephariglottis  blephariglottis  Rydb, 
White  Fringed  Orchis, 

Rare.  Sphagnum  bogs:  Cromwell  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson), 
Bethany  and  Middlebury  (Harger),  Colebrook  (J.  W,  Rob- 
bins),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour).    Aug. 


132  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Habenaria  lacera  (Alichx.)  R.  Br.   (torn). 
Blephariglottis  lacera  Rydb. 
Ragged  or  Ragged  Fringed  Orchis. 

Occasional.    Fields,  meadows  and  open  or  wooded  swamps. 
July  —  mid-Aug. 

Habenaria  psycodes  (L.)  Sw.  (butterfly-like). 
Blephariglottis  psycodes  Rydb. 
Smaller  Purple  Fringed  Orchis. 

Occasional.    Bogs,  wet  meadows  and  open  swamps.    Late 
June  —  Aug. 

Habenaria  fimbriata  (Ait.)  R.  Br.  (fringed). 
Habenaria  grandiHora  Torr. 
Blephariglottis  grandiflora  Rydb. 
Large  Purple  Fringed  Orchis, 

Rare  or  occasional.    Swamps  and  wet  woods.    Mid-June 

July.   _ 

This   species   usually  blooms   several   weeks   earlier  than 
Habenaria  psycodes. 

POGONIA  Juss. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides    (L.)    Ker    (like   Ophioglossum,  the 

Adder's  Tongue). 
Rose  Pogonia.    Snake  or  Adder's  Mouth. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Bogs  and  wet  meadows.    June  — 
July. 

Rarely  occurs  with  white  flowers.  The  flowers  are  fra 
grant. 

Pogonia  trianthophora  (Sw.)  BSP.  (bearing  three  flowers). 
Pogonia  pendula  Lindl. 
Triphora  trianthophora  Rydb. 
Nodding  Pogonia. 

Rare  or  local.  Rich  woods,  usually  in  leaf-mold :  Norwicl 
(Miss  M.  P.  Oilman,  W.  A.  Setchell),  Franklin  (W.  A.  Set- 
chell),  Granby  (L  Holcomb),  Southington  (Miss  F.  S.  Walk- 
ley),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  G.  Beardslee  &  Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps) 
Aug. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  I33 

Pogonia  verticillata  (Willd.)  Nutt.  (whorled). 
Isotria  verticillata  Raf. 
Whorled  Pogonia. 

Rare  or  occasional.    Rich  woods.    Mid-May  —  early  June. 

Pogonia  affinis  Austin  (allied). 
Isotria  affinis  Rydb. 
Smaller  Whorled  Pogonia. 

Rare.    Rich  woods:  New  Haven  (E.  S.  Dana),  Stratford 
(C.  K.  Averill,  Eames).     Mid-May  —  mid-June. 

CALOPOGON  R.  Br. 
Calopogon  pulchellus  (Sw.)  R.  Br.  (pretty). 

Limodorum  tuberosum  of  American  authors,  not  L. 
Grass  Pink.    Calopogon. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Bogs  and  low  meadows.    June  — 
July. 

The  flowers  are  rarely  pure  white. 

ARETHUSA  L. 

Arethusa  bulbosa  L.  (bulbous). 
Arethusa. 

Rare  or  local.     Sphagnum  bogs  and  wet  meadows.    Late 
May  — June. 

SPIRANTHES  Richard.         Ladies'  Tresses. 

Spiranthes  Beckii  Lindl. 
Spiranthes  simplex  Gray. 
Gyrostachys  simplex  Kuntze. 

Rare  or  local.    Dry,  sandy  fields  and  sterile  pastures.    Aug. 
—  Sept. 

Spiranthes  gracilis  (Bigel.)  Beck  (slender). 
Gyrostachys  gracilis  Kuntze. 

Frequent.    Fields,  meadows  and  open  woods,  in  both  moist 
and  dry  ground.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Spiranthes  vernalis  Engelm.  &  Gray  (vernal). 
Spiranthes  praecox  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Gyrostachys  praecox  Kuntze. 
Gyrostachys  linearis  Rydb. 


134  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.    Sl'RVEY.  [Bull. 

Fields  and  meadows,  usually  in  dry  soil.  Occasional  to 
frequent  near  the  coast,  becoming  rare  inland.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Spiranthes  lucida  (H.  H.  Eaton)  Ames  (shining). 
Spiranthes  latifoUa  Torr. 
Gyrostachys  plantaginea  Britton. 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  river  banks:  Lyme  (Mrs.  E.  E. 
Rogers),  Cromwell  (F.  K.  Hallock),  Windsor  (H.  S.  Clark), 
and  along  the  Housatonic  River  from  Oxford  (Harger), 
northward  to  the  state  line.     Late  May — June. 

Spiranthes  cernua  (L.)  Richard  (nodding). 
Gyrostachys  cernua  Kuntze. 

Frequent.  Bogs,  meadows  and  open  swamps,  or  sometimes 
in  drier  places.    Sept. —  Oct. 

The  var.  ochroleuca  (Rydb.)  Ames  (buff-colored), 
Gyrostachys  ochroleuca  Rydb.,  occurs  at  Norfolk  (Bissell), 
Sahsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 

Sometimes  very  fragrant. 

Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana  Cham. 
Gyrostachys  stricta  Rydb. 

Rare.    Sphagnum  bog:  Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour).    July. 

EPIPACTIS  Boehm.         Rattlesnake  Plantain. 

Epipactis  repens  (L.)  Crantz  (creeping),  var.  ophioides  (Fer- 

nald)  A.  A.  Eaton  (snake-like). 
Peramium  ophioides  Rydb. 
Goodyera  repens  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Peramium  repens  Britton  &  Brown's  111.  Flora  in  part. 
Lesser  Rattlesnake  Plantain.     Squirrel-ear. 

Rare.  Rocky  woods  under  evergreens :  Southington  (J. 
Shepard),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour).    Aug. 

Epipactis  tesselata  (Lodd.)  A.  A.  Eaton  (checkered). 
Goodyera  tesselata  Lodd. 
Peramium  tesselatum  Rydb. 
Rattlesnake  Plantain. 

Rare  or  local.  Rich  woods  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
state,  mostly  under  evergreens:  Union  and  Granby  (Bissell), 
Enfield  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Manchester  and  South  Windsor 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I35 

(A.  W.  Driggs),  East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Bristol  (J.  N. 
Bishop),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C. 
S.  Phelps).    Aug.— Sept. 

Epipactis  pubescens  (Willd.)  A.  A.  Eaton  (downy). 
Goodyera  pubescens  R.  Br. 
Peramium  pubescens  MacMill. 
Net-leaf  or  Downy  Rattlesnake  Plantain.     Scrofula-weed. 

Frequent.    Rich  woods  in  either  dry  or  moist  ground.  Aug. 

All  our  species  of  this  genus  are  considered  medicinal,  the 
whole  plant  being  used. 

CORALLORRHIZA  Chatelain.         Coral  Root. 
Corallorrhiza  trifida  Chatelain   (three-cleft). 
Corallorrhisa  innata  R.  Br. 
Corallorrhiza  Corallorrhiza  Karst. 
Early  Coral  Root. 

Rare.  Cold  swamps  or  wet  pine  woods:  Waterford 
(Graves),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Manchester  (A. 
W.  Driggs),  Cromwell  (F.  K.  Hallock),  Windsor  (Weath- 
erby),  Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Oxford  (Harger),  Win- 
chester (Andrews  &  Harger),  Barkhamsted  (C.  S.  Phelps), 
Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brewster),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
May  — June. 

All  the  species  of  this  genus  are  parasitic  upon  other  plants 
and  are  destitute  of  green  parts. 

Corallorrhiza  maculata  Raf.  (spotted). 
Corallorrhiza  multiHora  Nutt. 
Corallorrhiza  multiHora  Nutt.,  var.  Havida  Peck. 
Large  Coral  Root. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Rich  woods,  usually  in  leaf-mold. 
July  —  Sept.  The  form  with  yellow  flowers  occurs  at  Plain- 
ville (H.  S.  Clark),  and  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 

Corallorrhiza  odontorhiza  Nutt.  (having  a  toothed  root). 
Coral  Root.     Crawley  Root.     Dragon's  Claw.     Chicken-toes. 

Rich  woods  either  moist  or  dry.  Occasional  in  southern 
Connecticut,  becoming  rare  in  northern  districts.  Mid-Aug. — 
Oct. 

The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 


136  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

MICROSTYLIS  Eaton.         Adder's  Mouth. 

Microstylis  monophyllos  (L.)  Lindl.  (single-leaved). 
Achroanthes  nionophylla  Greene. 
White  Adder's  Mouth. 

Rare.  Wet  mossy  woods:  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps, 
H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).    June. 

Microstylis  unifolia  (Michx.)  BSP.  (single-leaved). 
Microstylis  ophioglossoides  Eaton. 
Achroanthes  unifolia  Raf. 
Green  Adder's  Mouth. 

Rare.  Rich  woods  either  moist  or  dry:  Norwich  (W.  A. 
Setchell,  Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Franklin  (Graves),  East  Lyme 
(Miss  A,  M.  Ryon),  Union  and  SaHsbury  (Bissell),  Bolton 
(A.  W.  Driggs  &  Weatherby),  Enfield  and  Meriden  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  Berlin  (T.  S.  Brandegee),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb), 
New  Haven  (O.  Harger),  Oxford  (Harger),  Easton 
( Eames ) .    July  —  Aug. 

LIPARIS  Richard.         Twayblade. 

Liparis  liliifolia  (L.)  Richard  (lily-leaved). 
Leptorchis  liliifolia  Kuntze. 
Large  Twayblade. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Rich  and  moist  or  sometimes  dry  and 
rocky  woods.    June. 

Liparis  Loeselii  (L.)  Richard. 
Leptorchis  Loeselii  MacM. 
Fen  Orchis. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Bogs,  moist  woods  and  wet  shaded 
banks.     June  — July. 

APLECTRUM  (Nutt.)  Torn         Putty-root.     Adam-and-Eve. 

Aplectrum  hyemale  (Muhl.)  Torn  (lasting  over  the  winter). 
Aplectrum  spicatum  BSP. 
Putty-root.    Adam-and-Eve. 

Rare.  Rich  woods:  Norwich  (J.  Trumbull),  West  Hart- 
ford (H.  S.  Clark,  Miss  A.  Lorenz),  Farmington  (C.  H. 
Pember),  Granby    (L  Holcomb),  New  Haven  and  Hamden 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  137 

(Harger),  Danbury   (H.  C.  Ryder),  Salisbury   (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps).     June. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

DICOTYLEDONEAE. 

PIPERACEAE.         PEPPER  FAMILY. 

SAURURUS   L.         Lizard's  Tail. 
Saururus  cernuus  L.  (nodding). 
Lizard's  Tail. 

Shallow  water  of  rivers,  ponds  and  marshes.  Preston,  in 
the  Shetucket  River  (W.  A.  Setchell,  Graves),  Franklin  and 
Spragne  (Graves),  along  the  Housatonic  River  from  the 
Sound  northward  as  far  as  Oxford  and  Newtown  (Harger, 
Fames),  and  occasional  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state 
(Fames).    July  —  Aug. 

SALICACEAE.         WILLOW  FAMILY. 
SALIX  L.        Willow.     Osier. 

Shrubs  and  trees  with  light  soft  wood  used  to  some  extent 
for  cabinet  work  and  for  fuel.  Willow  charcoal  is  considered  one 
of  the  best  for  medicinal  and  pharmaceutical  use  and  for  making 
crayons  and  gunpowder. 

Willows  are  propagated  with  the  greatest  ease  from  cuttings, 
and  are  extensively  planted  as  ornamental  and  shade  trees.  They 
often  serve  also  to  drain  wet  grounds,  which  they  do  by  trans- 
piring great  quantities  of  water. 

In  some  parts  of  the  country  certain  species  are  extensively 
grown  for  osiers  to  be  used  in  basket  making  and  wickerwork. 
The  bark  of  most  species  of  willow  contains  more  or  less  of  a 
very  bitter  principle  called  salicin,  used  in  medicine. 

Salix  nigra  Marsh,  (black). 
Black  Willow. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Low  grounds  and  borders  of  ponds 
and  streams.     May. 

The  var.  falcata  (Pursh)  Torr.  (scythe-shaped)  is  occa- 
sional to  frequent  in  similar  situations,  being  more  plentiful 
than  the  typical  form. 


138  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

This  species  spreads  rapidly  along  rivers  by  the  rooting  of 
broken  twigs  and  branches.  The  bark  and  aments  are  medici- 
nal. 

Salix  pentandra  L.  (having  five  stamens). 
Bay-leaved  or  Laurel-leaved  Willow. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides :  Lyme,  near 
Hadlyme  Ferry  (Graves),  Norfolk  (Bissell).  J\Iay.  Adven- 
tive  from  Europe. 

Salix  lucida  Aluhl.  (shining). 

Shining  Willow.     Glossy  Willow. 

Occasional.  Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds  and  streams. 
May. 

Salix  serissima  (Bailey)   Fernald   (very  late;  referring  to  the 

time  of  flowering  and  fruiting). 
Autumn  Willow. 

Open  swamps  and  wet  pastures.  Rare  or  local  and  appar- 
ently confined  to  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state :  Norfolk 
(Bissell),  Salisbury  (M.  L:  Fernald,  Bissell).  May  — early 
June  ;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

Salix  fragilis  L.   (brittle). 

Crack  Willow.    Brittle  Willow. 

Rare  or  local.  Waste  grounds,  moist  roadsides  and  banks 
of  streams  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  East  Windsor  and 
West  Hartford  (Bissell),  New  Haven  (W.  H.  Patton,  Har- 
ger),  Bridgeport  (Fames).  May.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Introduced  into  this  country  about  1850,  when  a  company 
of  promoters  induced  many  farmers  to  plant  this  willow  for 
hedges.  Many  of  these  old  hedges  now  occur  throughout  the 
state. 

Salix  alba  L.  (white). 
White  Willow. 

The  typical  form  of  this  species  has  not  been  reported  from 
Connecticut. 

The  van  vitellina  (L.)  Koch  (egg-yellow)  is  occasional 
in  moist  ground,  especially  near  ponds  and  streams.  May. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I39 

A  hybrid  of  this  variety  with  Salix  fragilis  occurs  rarely 
in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  River  (Bissell). 
Often  planted  for  ornament. 

Salix  babylonica  L. 

Weeping  Willow.     Ring  Willow. 

Rare.  River  banks  and  roadsides,  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation:  Lyme  (Graves  &  Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews  & 
Bissell),  New  Haven  (Bissell),  Stratford,  Bridgeport  and 
Fairfield  (Eames).     May.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Formerly  much  planted  for  ornament,  especially  in  ceme- 
teries. 

Salix  longifolia  ]\Iuhl.  (long-leaved), 
Salix  fluviatilis  of  authors,  not  Nutt. 
Sand  Bar  or  River  Bank  Willow. 

Local.  Banks  of  the  Connecticut  River  from  Hartford 
southward:  Hartford  and  Glastonbury  (Bissell),  Middletown 
(Dr.  Barratt,  Harger,  Bissell),  Lyme  (Graves,  Bissell  &  An- 
drews), Old  Saybrook  (Harger).     May. 

Salix  cordata  Muhl.  (heart-shaped). 

Salix  cordata  Muhl,  var.  angustata  Anders. 
Heart-leaved  Willow. 

Frequent  or  common.  Wet  ground.  Late  April  —  May  ; 
fruit  Aug. 

The  var.  myricoides  (Muhl.)  Carey  (like  Myrica,  the 
Sweet  Gale),  Salix  aciitidens  Rydb.,  occurs  at  Stratford 
(Eames). 

Salix  pedicellaris  Pursh   (borne  on  a  stalk). 

Salix  niyrtilloidcs  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Bog  Willow. 

Rare.  In  bogs:  Stafford  (Graves),  East  Granby  (Weath- 
erby).  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton,  Harger),  Norfolk  (Bissell), 
Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brewster).    May. 

Salix  discolor  Muhl.  (parti-colored;  referring  to  the  leaves). 
Glaucous  Willow.     Pussy  Willow. 

Common.  Swamps  and  low  places,  or  sometimes  in  rather 
dry  ground.    April. 


I40  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  fBull. 

The  var.  eriocephala  (Michx.)  Anders,  (woolly-headed), 
Salix  eriocephala  Michx.,  is  occasional  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  state  (Eames). 

The  var.  prinoides  (Pursh)  Anders,  (like  the  Black  Al- 
der), Salix  prinoides  Pursh,  is  rare:  Stratford,  Trumbull  and 
Bridgeport  (Eames). 

Hybrids  of  this  species  with  Salix  rostrata  occur  at  Staf- 
ford (Graves  &  Bissell).  Hybrids  with  Salix  humilis  are  ap- 
parently occasional  throughout. 

Salix  humilis  Marsh,  (low^). 
Prairie  Willow. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Sandy  thickets  either  dry  or  moist. 
April  —  early  May  ;  fruit  May. 

A  hybrid  of  this  with  Salix  sericea  occurs  at  Stafford 
(Graves  &  Bissell). 

Salix  tristis  Ait.  (dull-colored). 
Dwarf  Gray  Willow. 

Sand  plains  and  dry  open  ground.  Occasional  to  frequent 
in  the  eastern  and  north  central  parts  of  the  state ;  rare  else- 
where, as  at  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Bridgeport  (Eames), 
Oxford  and  Southbury  (Harger).  Mid-April  —  mid-May; 
fruit  May. 

Salix  sericea  Marsh,  (silky). 
Silky  Willow. 

Frequent.  Near  streams  and  ponds  and  in  swamps.  Mid- 
April —  mid-May;  fruit  May — June. 

Salix  rostrata  Richards,  (beaked). 
Salix  Bebbiana  Sarg. 
Beaked  Willow. 

Frequent.  Woods  and  thickets,  in  either  moist  or  dry 
ground.    Late  April  —  May ;  fruit  May  — June. 

Salix  Candida  Fliigge  (shining  white). 
Hoary  Willow.     Sage  Willow. 

Local.  Swamps  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state: 
Norfolk  and  Cornwall  (Bissell),  Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fernald). 
April ;  fruit  May. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I4I 

The  var.  denudata  Anders,  (bared)  occurs  at  Salisbury, 
near  Twin  Lakes  (J.  R.  Churchill  &  Bissell). 

Salix  purpurea  L.  (purple). 

Purple,  Bitter,  Rose  or  Whip-cord  Willow. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  or  wet  open  ground :  Voluntown 
(Harger  &  Graves),  New  London  (Graves),  Hartford,  many 
plants  over  a  wide  area  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell),  Southington 
and  Berlin  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  New  Haven  (Eaton  Herb.), 
Seymour  (Harger),  Stafford  and  Winchester  (Bissell),  SaHs- 
bury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell),  Waterbury  (A.  E. 
Blewitt).    April  —  May.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Grown  for  basket  rods. 

Salix  incana  Schrank  (hoary). 
Gray  or  Lavender  Willow. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  a  river  bank  at  Hart- 
ford, a  few  plants  only  (H.  S.  Clark).  April  —  May.  Fugi- 
tive from  Europe. 

POPULUS  L.  Poplar.  Aspen. 
Rapidly  growing  trees  with  soft,  light  wood,  of  little  value 
for  timber,  but  an  important  source  of  wood-pulp  and  useful  for 
fuel  in  parts  of  the  country  where  other  wood  is  scarce.  The 
poplar  of  the  lumberman  is  Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  the  Tulip 
Tree. 

Populus  alba  L.  (white). 

White  or  Silver-leaved  Poplar.    Abele.    White-bark. 

Occasional.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and 
waste  places.    April  —  May.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  or  shade  tree,  and  some- 
times to  stop  sand-blows.    The  bark  is  medicinal. 
Populus  tremuloides  Michx.   (like  Populus  tremula,  the  Eu- 
ropean Aspen). 
American  or  Quaking  Aspen.    Poplar.    Popple.    Quiver-leaf. 
Trembling  or  White  Poplar.     Aspen. 
Frequent.     Woods,  thickets  and  roadsides,  more  often  in 
dry  ground.    April  —  May. 

One  of  the  first  trees  to  take  possession  of  clearings.  The 
bark  is  medicinal. 


142  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBulL 

Populus  grandidentata  ]\Iichx.    (large-toothed). 
Large-toothed  Aspen.    Poplar.  Popple. 

Frequent.  Moist  or  dry  woods  and  clearings,  more  often 
in  rocky  ground.    April  —  May. 

Populus  heterophylla  L.  (various-leaved). 
Swamp  or  Downy  Poplar. 

Rare  or  local.  Wooded  swamps  and  borders  of  ponds : 
Salem  and  Montville  (W,  A.  Setchell,  H.  C.  Beardslee, 
Graves),  Middletown  (Graves,  Bissell,  Andrews),  Branford 
and  Southington  (Bissell  &  Andrews),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett),  East  Haven  and  Southbury  (Harger).     May. 

Populus  balsamifera  L.  (balsam-bearing). 
Balsam  Poplar.     Tacamahac. 

Local.  River  banks,  wet  woods  and  roadsides,  usually  as 
an  escape  from  cultivation:  Southington  (H.  Whitney),  Mil- 
ford  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Wilton  (Eames  &  G.  P.  Ells), 
Sherman,  New  Milford  and  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin,  C.  K. 
Averill).  Apparently  native  at  Norfolk  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bis- 
sell).   April  —  May. 

Populus  candicans  Ait.  (white  and  shining). 
Populus  halsamifcra  L..  var.  candicans  Gray. 
Balm  of  Gilead. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Roadside  thickets  and  fence-rows  as 
an  escape  from  cultivation.  April  —  May.  In  Connecticut 
naturalized,  probably  from  Asia. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade  tree.  The  leaf-buds  and 
bark  are  medicinal,  the  first  named  having  been  much  used  in 
former  times  as  a  household  remedy. 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh,  (triangular;  referring  to  the  shape 

of  the  leaves). 
Populus  monilifera  Ait. 
Cottonwood.    Necklace  Poplar. 

Borders  of  streams  and  in  wet  ground.  Frequent  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Connecticut,  Farmington  and  Housatonic 
Rivers  ;  rare  or  occasional  elsewhere.    April  —  May. 

A  strong,  rapidly  growing  tree,  often  planted  as  a  shade 
tree,  and  on  the  western  prairies  for  wind-breaks. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I43 

Populus  nigra  L.  (black). 
Black  Poplar. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  river  banks  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation: Preston  and  East  Lyme  (Graves).  April  —  May, 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

Has  been  more  or  less  planted  in  this  country  as  an  orna- 
mental tree  for  more  than  a  hundred  years.  It  grows  more 
slowly  than  the  Cottonwood. 

The  var.  italica  Du  Roi,  Populus  dilatata  L.,  Lombardy 
Poplar,  was  formerly  much  planted  for  ornament  and  has 
rarely  escaped  to  roadsides  and  river  banks:  Lyme  (Graves 
&  Bissell),  East  Windsor  (Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  Berlin  and  Cheshire  (Andrews),  Newtown  (Har- 
ger),  Sherman  (Eames). 

The  variety  is  a  quick-growing  tree  of  striking  habit,  but 
in  this  climate  it  is  short-lived. 

MYRICACEAE.         SWEET   GALE   FAMILY. 

MYRICA  L. 
Myrica  Gale  L.  (classical  name). 

Sweet  Gale.    Dutch  or  Bog  Myrtle.    Golden  Osier. 

Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds  and  streams.     Occasional 
or  local  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  south- 
ward ;  not  reported  from  the  vicinity  of  the  coast.    April. 
The  leaves  and  buds  are  aromatic  and  medicinal. 

Myrica  carolinensis  Mill. 

Myrica  cerifera  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  in  great  part. 
Bayberry.    Candlewood.    Waxberry.    Wax  Myrtle. 

Frequent  or  common.  Dry  fields  and  pastures,  sand 
plains  and  sea  shores.  Late  May  — June ;  fruit  Sept.,  per- 
sisting through  the  winter. 

The  berries  yield  a  wax  or  tallow,  somewhat  used  for 
making  candles  which  burn  with  a  faintly  aromatic  odor.  One 
bushel  of  berries  is  said  to  yield  four  lbs.  of  wax.  The  leaves 
and  the  bark  of  the  roots  are  somewhat  medicinal. 

Myrica  asplenifolia    L.    (having   leaves   like   Asplenium,    the 
Spleenwort). 
Comptonia  peregrina  Coulter. 


144  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Sweet  Fern. 

Common.    Dry  or  sterile  ground.    May ;  fruit  July  —  Aug. 

The  leaves  and  the  tops  have  some  reputation  for  medicinal 
properties. 

JUGLANDACEAE.         WALNUT    FAMILY. 
JUGLANS  L.         Walnut. 
Juglans  cinerea  L.  (ashy). 

Butternut.     White  Walnut.     Oil  Nut. 

Frequent.  Roadsides  and  rocky  woods,  generally  in  dry 
ground.    May ;  fruit  Oct. 

The  nuts  are  edible  and  are  much  gathered.  The  husks 
were  formerly  used  in  dyeing  cloth  yellow.  The  bark  is  some-! 
times  used  in  tanning,  and  sugar  can  be  obtained  from  the  sap.i 
The  wood  is  employed  in  the  interior  finish  of  houses  and  for-, 
furniture.    The  bark  of  the  root  is  medicinal  and  is  officinal., 

Juglans  nigra  L.  (black). 
Black  Walnut. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  rocky  hillsides,  in  most  localities 
derived  from  planted  trees:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
East  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark),  Newington  (Bissell),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Seymour  and  Southbury  (Harger), 
Trumbull  and  Easton  (Fames).  Probably  native  at  North 
Canaan  (Bissell).  May ;  fruit  Oct.  For  the  most  part  adven- 
tive  from  the  West. 

The  nuts  are  edible.  The  wood  is  valued  for  cabinet  work, 
for  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  for  gunstocks  and  in  ship- 
building. 

CARYA  Nutt.         Hickory. 
A  very  important  group  of  trees  on  account  of  the  value  of 
their  timber  and  nuts.     Hickory  wood  has  great  strength  com- 
'bined  with  elasticity  and  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  carriages,  wagons  and  farming  implements ;  also  for  axe, 
pick  and  other  tool  handles.    When  exposed  to  the  weather,  how- 
ever, it  should  be  painted,  as  otherwise  it  is  liable  to  quick  decay. 
Carya  ovata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch  (egg-shaped). 
Carya  alba  Nutt. 
Hicoria  ovata  Britton. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  I45 

Shag-bark  or  Shell-bark  Hickory,     Walnut. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods  and  fields,  in  either  moist 
or  dry  ground.    Late  May  —  early  June ;  fruit  Oct. 

The  most  valuable  of  our  native  nut  trees  both  for  its 
timber  and  its  fruit.    The  nut  is  the  common  Hickory  Nut  of 
the  markets. 
Carya  alba  (L.)  K.  Koch  (white). 
Carya  tomentosa  Nutt. 
Hicoria  alba  Britton. 
Mocker  Nut.    White-heart  Hickory. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Rocky  woods  and  pastures,  mostly 
in  dry  ground.    Early  June ;  fruit  Oct. 

The  timber  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  Shag-bark  Hick- 
ory, the  nuts  not  as  good. 
Carya  microcarpa  Nutt.  (small-fruited). 
Hicoria  microcarpa  Britton. 
Small-fruited  Hickory.     Little  Pignut  Hickory. 

Rocky  woods  and  hillsides  in  either  dry  or  moist  ground. 
Occasional  or  frequent  along  or  near  the  coast,  apparently  not 
extending  far  inland.     Late  May  —  early  June  ;  fruit  Oct. 

The  nuts  are  usually  bitter.    The  open  or  half-open  husks 
often  hang  on  the  tree  through  the  following  summer. 
Carya  glabra  (Mill.)  Spach  (smooth). 
Carya  porcina  Nutt. 
Hicoria  glabra  Britton. 
Pignut  or  Broom  Hickory.    Pignut. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Rocky  woods  and  hillside  pas- 
tures.   Late  May  —  early  June ;  fruit  Oct. 

The  nuts,  usually  bitter  though  sometimes  sweet,  are  of 
little  value.    The  timber  is  equal  in  value  to  that  of  the  Shag- 
bark  Hickory. 
Carya  cordiformis  (Wang.)  K.  Koch  (heart-shaped). 
Carya  amara  Nutt. 
Hicoria  minima  Britton. 
Bitter  Nut  or  Swamp  Hickory. 

Occasional.  Wet  woods  and  banks  of  streams.  Late  May 
— June;  fruit  Oct. 

Nuts  very  bitter,  inedible. 


146  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

BETULACEAE.         BIRCH  FAMILY. 

CORYLUS  L.         Hazelnut.     Filbert. 

Corylus  americana  Walt. 

Hazelnut  or  Wild  Hazelnut.    Hazel. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  thickets,  pastures  and  road- 
sides, mostly  in  dry  ground.    March  —  April ;  fruit  Sept. 

The  nuts  of  this  and  the  following  species  are  well  flavored 
and  edible  and  are  gathered  to  some  extent. 

Corylus  rostrata  Ait.  (beaked). 
Beaked  Hazelnut.    Filbert. 

Woods,  thickets  and  hillside  pastures  in  dry  ground.  Rare 
on  or  near  the  coast,  occasional  elsewhere.    April ;  fruit  Sept. 

OSTRYA  Scop.         Hop  Hornbeam.     Ironwood. 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Mill.)  K.  Koch. 
Ostrya  virginica  Willd. 

American  Hop  Hornbeam.     Leverwood.     Ironwood.     Deer- 
wood. 

Frequent.  Rocky  woods  and  thickets.  May  ;  fruit  July  — 
Aug. 

The  wood  is  hard  and  exceedingly  tough,  used  for  handles 
of  tools,  mallets  and  other  small  articles.  The  bark  is  medici- 
nal. 

CARPINUS   L.         Hornbeam.     Ironwood. 

Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt. 

American  Hornbeam.    Blue  or  Water  Beech. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  thickets  and  banks  of 
streams.    May  ;  fruit  July  —  Aug. 

Tlie  wood  is  close-grained  and  hard,  of  value  for  tool 
handles,  etc. 

BETULA  L.         Birch. 

The  birches,  while  not  as  a  rule  good  timber  trees,  are  yet  of 
great  use  to  man.  The  wood  is  generally  light  in  color  and  weight, 
but  tough  and  well  suited  for  the  making  of  many  small  articles. 
It  is  also  good  fuel  and  makes  excellent  charcoal. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  I47 

Betula  lenta  L.  (tough). 

Cherry,  Sweet  or  Black  Birch. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  in  either  dry  rocky  or  rich 
moist  ground.    May ;  fruit  Oct. 

The  wood  is  extensively  used  in  cabinet  work.  It  also 
yields  an  oil  which  is  practically  identical  with  the  oil  of 
wintergreen,  is  of  much  medicinal  value  and  is  officinal.  A 
beer  is  made  from  the  fermented  sap. 

Betula  lutea  Michx.  f.  (yellow). 
Yellow  or  Gray  Birch. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Rich  or  rocky  woods  and  in 
swamps.     May  ;  fruit  Oct. 

A  handsome  tree  furnishing  timber  of  considerable  value, 
used  in  cabinet  work,  for  boxes,  etc. 

Betula  populifolia  Marsh,  (poplar-leaved). 
White,  Gray  or  Old  Field  Birch. 

Common.  Woods,  clearings,  pastures  and  roadsides, 
mostly  in  dry  sterile  ground.    May ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

Usually  the  first  tree  to  take  possession  of  abandoned  fields. 
The  wood  is  largely  used  in  making  spools. 

Betula  alba  L.  (white),  var.  papyrif era  (Marsh.)  Spach  (paper- 
bearing). 
Betula  papyrif  era  Marsh. 
Paper,  Canoe  or  White  Birch. 

Rich  woods  and  rocky  hillsides.  Rare  near  the  coast: 
Lyme  (Graves),  Huntington  (Fames).  Becoming  occasional 
northward  and  frequent  in  Litchfield  County.  May;  fruit 
Sept. 

In  northern  countries  the  wood  and  bark  of  this  species 
are  put  to  the  greatest  variety  of  uses.  The  wood  is  made 
into  furniture,  dishes,  spoons,  bowls  and  other  wooden  ware, 
ox  yokes,  shoes,  casks  and  hoops ;  the  brushwood  makes 
wicker  fences,  thatch  and  brooms ;  the  bark  is  used  for  tan- 
ning ;  the  North  American  Indians  manufactured  their  canoes 
of  it  and  employed  it  in  many  other  ways ;  the  sap  of  this  and 
other  species  is  sometimes  made  into  a  kind  of  wine ;  the  leaves 
afford  a  yellow  dye. 


148  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Betula  alba  L.,  var.  cordifolia  (Regel)  Fernald  (having  heart- 
shaped  leaves). 
Paper,  Canoe  or  White  Birch. 

Rare.  Rocky  hillsides:  Union,  at  Bald  Hill  (Bissell, 
Graves),  Goshen  (Bissell).    May;  fruit  Sept, 

Betula  pumila  L.  (dv^arf). 
Low  or  Swamp  Birch. 

Swamps  and  wet  ground.  Local  and  apparently  confined 
to  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state:  Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brew- 
ster), Salisbury   (Bissell).     May;  fruit  Sept. 

ALNUS  Hill.         Alder. 
Alnus  incana  (L.)  Moench  (hoary). 
Alder.    Speckled  or  Hoary  Alder. 

Swamps  and  borders  of  streams.  Local  or  occasional  ex- 
cept in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  rare. 
April ;  fruit  Sept. 

The  wood  of  this  and  the  following  species  is  a  source  of 
gunpowder  charcoal,  and  is  said  to  be  valuable  also  because 
of  its  durability  in  water.    The  bark  has  medicinal  properties. 

Alnus  rugosa  (Du  Roi)  Spreng.  (wrinkled). 
Alnus  serrulata  Willd. 
Alder.     Smooth  or  Tag  Alder. 

Frequent  or  common.  Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds  and 
streams.    March  —  April ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

Intermediate  forms  occur  that  are  apparently  hybrids  be- 
tween this  and  the  preceding  species. 

FAGACEAE.         BEECH   FAMILY. 

FAGUS  L.         Beech. 
Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.   (large-leaved). 
Fagus  ferruginea  Ait. 
Fagus  americana  Sweet. 
Beech.    American  Beech. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Woods  and  banks  in  either  dry 
or  moist  ground.     May ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

Rarely  matures  perfect  fruit  here.  The  timber,  hard  and 
close-grained   but   rather   brittle,   is   used   sparingly   for   tool 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  149 

handles.  The  wood  is  not  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
but  is  remarkably  lasting  when  immersed  in  water,  hence  is 
largely  used  in  making  dams,  sluices,  etc.  The  purest  creo- 
sote for  medicinal  use  is  obtained  from  beech  wood.  A  beauti- 
ful tree  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

CASTANEA  Hill.         Chestnut. 

Castanea  dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh.  (toothed). 
Castanea  sativa  Mill.,  var.  americana  Sarg. 
Chestnut. 

Common.  Rich  woods  or  often  in  drier  ground.  Late 
June  —  mid-July ;  fruit  late  Sept. —  Oct. 

The  nuts  are  sweet  and  edible  and  are  extensively  gathered 
for  market.  The  timber  is  of  much  value,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil,  and  used  especially  for  poles,  piling  and 
railroad  ties.  One  of  our  most  abundant  and  valuable  forest 
trees.  The  burs  furnish  a  lampblack  used  in  painting,  and 
contain  a  dark  brown  dye.  The  bark  and  leaves  are  somewhat 
medicinal. 

QUERCUS  L.         Oak. 

A  large  genus  of  very  valuable  trees,  whose  timber  and 
bark  are  among  the  most  important  products  of  the  forest. 
Oak  wood  possesses  in  a  high  degree  strength,  solidity,  dura- 
bility and  resistance  to  water,  and  is  largely  used  in  ship 
building  and  mill  and  bridge  construction.  In  the  making  of 
furniture  also  and  the  interior  finish  of  houses  it  is  very  ex- 
tensively employed.  The  bark  of  many  species  is  much  used 
in  tanning.  Oak  trees  are  famous  for  their  picturesque  beauty 
and  dignity,  and  it  is  a  pity  that  so  few  large  old  specimens 
are  preserved.  They  are  among  the  most  valued  trees  on  estates 
and  country  places;  in  fact  any  farm  is  enhanced  in  value  by 
the  possession  of  a  few  old  oaks. 

Quercus  alba  L.  (white). 
White  Oak. 

Common.  Moist  or  dry  ground  and  in  various  soils.  Mid- 
May  — June  ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

The  most  valuable  of  the  oaks  both  for  timber  and   for 


150  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBuIl. 

tanning.  The  bark  is  rich  in  tannin,  is  of  medicinal  vakie  and 
is  officinal.  The  acorns  are  sometimes  roasted  and  used  as 
a  substitute  for  coffee. 

Quercus  stellata  Wang,  (star-shaped). 
Quercus  minor  Sarg. 
Post  Oak.    Iron  Oak. 

Local.  Usually  in  rocky  ground  on  and  near  the  coast : 
East  Lyme  and  Old  Lyme  (Graves),  Branford  (Andrews), 
New  Haven  (C.  K.  Averill,  Eames,  Harger),  Orange  and 
Milford  (C.  K.  Averill,  Andrews,  Bissell),  and  westward 
(Eames).  Extending  inland  as  far  as  Hamden,  on  Mt. 
Carmel  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  and  Huntington,  at  350  ft.  elevation 
(Eames).    May;  fruit  Oct. 

The  wood  is  very  hard,  heavy  and  strong.  In  Connecticut 
only  a  small  tree. 

Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.  (large-fruited). 
Bur  Oak.     Over-cup  or  Mossy-cup  Oak. 

Rich  soil  in  bottom  lands  or  swampy  places.  Rare  or  local 
and  confined  to  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state :  Canaan  (J, 
H.  Putnam  &  Bissell),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  May; 
fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

The  wood  is  heavy  and  hard,  similar  to  and  often  sold  as 
that  of  the  White  Oak. 

Quercus  bicolor  Willd.  (tw^o-colored). 
Quercus  platanoides  Sudworth. 
Swamp  White  Oak. 

Frequent.  Swamps  and  wet  woods.  May ;  fruit  Sept. — 
Oct. 

The  wood  is  heavy  and  strong,  furnishing  a  good  quality 
of  timber. 

Quercus  Muhlenbergii  Engelm. 
Quercus  acuminata  Houba. 
Yellow  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak. 

Rare,  Calcareous  ridges  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
state:  Canaan  (C.  K.  Averill),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
Also  along  the  Housatonic  River  in  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin  & 
Eames),  New  Milford  (C.  K,  Averill  &  E.  H.  Austin),  and 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I5I 

bordering  tide  water  in  Milford  (Eames).     May;  fruit  Sept. 
—  Oct. 

The  wood  is  very  heavy,  hard  and  durable. 
Quercus  prinoides  Willd.(  like  Ouercus  Prinus,  the  Chestnut 

Oak). 
Scrub  Chestnut  Oak.    Chinquapin  Oak. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Dry  woods,  thickets  and  hillside 
pastures,  and  sometimes  in  open  sandy  ground.     May ;  fruit 
Sept.—  Oct. 
Quercus  Prinus  L.  (classical  name  for  an  evergreen  oak). 
Chestnut  or  Rock  Chestnut  Oak. 

Rocky  ridges  and  hillsides.  Occasional  near  the  coast; 
frequent  or  common  elsewhere.    May ;  fruit  Sept, —  Oct. 

The  wood  is  durable   in  contact  with  the  soil,  ranking 
among  the  oaks  next  to  that  of  the  White  Oak  for  railroad 
ties.    The  bark  is  rich  in  tannin  and  is  much  used  in  tanning 
leather, 
Quercus  rubra  L.  (red). 
Red  or  Champion  Oak. 

Frequent.  Woods  in  all  soils  and  various  situations. 
May ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

The  timber  of  this  species  as  well  as  that  of  Quercus  coc- 
cinea  and  Quercus  velutina  is  relatively  poor,  but  is  more  used 
than  formerly  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  better.  The  bark 
of  all  three  species  is  used  in  tanning  and  also  contains  a  dye. 
Quercus  palustris  Muench,  (of  swamps). 
Pin  Oak.     Swamp  Spanish  Oak. 

Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds  and  streams.  Common  in 
the  Connecticut  River  valley  and  near  the  coast  in  south- 
western Connecticut ;  occasional  or  local  elsewhere.  May ; 
fruit  Sept.—  Oct. 

The  timber  is  relatively  of  a  poor  quality.     Grows  more 
rapidly  than  most  other  species  of  oak  and  is  often  planted 
as  a  shade  or  ornamental  tree, 
Quercus  coccinea  Muench. (  scarlet). 
Scarlet  Oak. 

Frequent.  Moist  or  dry  woodlands.  May;  fruit  Sept, — 
Oct. 

The  foliage  takes  a  very  brilliant  color  in  autumn. 


152  CONNECTICUT  GEOL:   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Quercus  velutina  Lam.  (velvety). 

Quercus  coccinea  Muench.,  var.  tinctoria  A.  DC. 
Quercitron,  Yellow-barked  or  Black  Oak. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  or  gravelly  uplands.  May; 
fruit  Sept.— Oct. 

Quercus  ilicifolia  Wang,  (holly-leaved). 
Quercus  nana  Sarg. 
Bear  or  Black  Scrub  Oak. 

Dry  sandy  or  rocky  sterile  ground.  Rare  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  state ;  local,  frequent  or  common  else- 
where.   May ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

URTICACEAE.         NETTLE   FAMILY. 

ULMUS  L.         Elm. 

Ulmus  fulva  ]\Iichx.  (tawny). 

Slippery,  Red,  Rock,  Sweet,  Moose,  Indian  or  Tawny  Elm. 

Rare  to  frequent.  Dry  or  moist  rocky  woods  and  near 
streams.     April,  rarely  earlier. 

The  wood  is  hard,  strong,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ; 
of  value  for  wheel-stock,  fence  posts,  etc.,  and  sometimes  pre- 
ferred for  ox-yokes.  The  inner  bark  is  extensively  used  in 
medicine. 

Ulmus  campestris  L.  (of  fields). 
English  or  European  Elm. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  in  Hamden, 
at  Mt.  Carmel  (A.  H.  Graves),  Oxford  (Harger),  and  Sahs- 
bury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  in  horticultural  forms.  April  — 
May.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

Ulmus  americana  L. 

American,  White,  Common,  Water,  Swamp,  Shade,  Weeping 

or  Feathered  Elm. 

Common.  Woods,  fields,  roadsides  and  along  streams. 
April,  rarely  earlier. 

The  wood  is  hard,  strong  and  tough;  valued  for  wheel- 
stock,  boats  and  ship  building.  One  of  our  most  beautiful 
trees  and  extensively  planted  for  shade  or  ornament. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  I53 

Ulmus  alata  Michx.  (winged). 
Wahoo,  Winged  or  Witch  Elm. 

Rare.  Spread  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  fence- 
rows :  Old  Lyme  (H.  S.  Clark),  Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop). 
May.    Adventive  from  the  South. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade  tree  in  the  South. 

CELTIS  L.         Hackberry.     Nettle  Tree. 
Celtis  occidentalis  L.  (western). 

Hackberry.    Sugarberry.    American  Nettle  Tree.    False  Elm. 

Hoop  Ash. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Dry  or  poor  soils,  especially  in 
river  valleys  and  along  the  coast.  May ;  fruit  Sept.,  and  often 
persisting  through  the  winter. 

The  var.  pumila  Muhl.  (dwarf)  is  rare  or  occasional  in 
the  Housatonic  River  Valley  in  Kent,  New  Milford  and  New- 
town (Eames),  and  Oxford  (Harger,  Eames). 

A  small  tree  of  natural  beauty,  but  the  leaves  and  small 
branches  are  usually  much  galled  by  insects.  The  wood  is 
soft,  weak,  elastic,  and  easily  splits,  and  is  of  little  value.  The 
bark  is  medicinal.     The  fruit  is  edible. 

CANNABIS  L.         Hemp. 
Cannabis  sativa  L.  (sown). 
Common  Hemp. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Waste  places  throughout.  July  — 
Sept.    Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Asia. 

Grown  in  India,  it  is  officinal  as  Cannabis  indica,  has  very 
marked  medicinal  properties,  and  is  the  source  of  the  intoxi- 
cant "  hashish."  Its  fibre  is  one  of  the  important  textile  pro- 
ducts, valuable  for  coarse  cloth,  cordage,  etc.,  and  its  seeds 
yield  an  oil  used  in  paints,  soap  and  culinary  preparations. 

HUMULUS  L.        Hop. 
Humulus  Lupulus  L.  (from  Lupus,  its  classical  name). 
Common  Hop. 

Occasional.  River  banks,  woods  and  waste  places,  often 
as  an  escape  from  cultivation.    July  —  Aug. ;  fruit  Sept. 

The  strobiles  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  beer,  ale  and 
yeast ;  also  in  medicine  and  are  officinal.    A  good  arbor-plant. 


154  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Humulus  japonicus  Sieb.  &  Zucc. 
Japanese  Hop. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  into  waste  ground:  New- 
London  (Graves),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell),  Bridge- 
port and  Fairfield  (Eames).  Aug. —  Sept.  Adventive  from 
Japan. 

Recently  introduced  into  cultivation  and  becoming  popular 
as  an  arbor-plant. 

MACLURA  Nutt.         Osage  Orange.     Bois  d'Arc. 
Madura  pomifera  (Raf.)  Schneider  (pome-bearing). 
Madura  aurantiaca  Nutt. 
Toxylon  pomiferuni  Sarg. 
Osage  or  Mock  Orange  or  Apple.    Bow-wood. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  into  roadsides  and 
neglected  places:  Water  ford  (Graves),  East  Haven  (D.  C. 
Eaton),  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Kent  (C.  K.  Averill). 
June.    Native  of  the  Southwest. 

The  wood  is  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  and  is  valued 
for  fence  posts.    Formerly  planted  for  hedges. 

BROUSSONETIA  L'Her. 
Broussonetia  papyrifera  (L.)  Vent,   (paper-bearing). 
Paper  Mulberry. 

Rare.  Norwalk,  spontaneous  in  waste  land  (Miss  A.  E. 
Carpenter).     ]\Iay — June.     Native  of  Asia. 

MORUS  L.         Mulberry. 
Morus  rubra  L.  (red). 
Red  Mulberry. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Dry  rocky  woods,  fields  and  fence- 
rows.     May — June;  fruit  July. 

The  wood  is  rather  soft,  coarse-grained  and  tough,  and 
is  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil.  The  fresh  fruit  is' 
mawkish  to  some  palates,  agreeable  to  others.     Medicinal. 

Morus  alba  L.  (white). 

White  or  Silkworm  Mulberry. 

Occasional.    Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  fence- 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I55 

rows  and  waste  places.     May — June;  fruit  late  June — July. 
Naturalized  from  the  Old  World. 

Early  in  the  last  century  extensively  planted  to  furnish 
food  for  silkworms,  and  many  large  old  trees  remain  about 
farmhouses.  Birds  and  poultry  are  so  fond  of  the  fruit  that 
one  or  more  of  these  trees,  when  properly  situated,  would 
tend  to  prevent  the  destruction  of  cultivated  berries  maturing 
during  the  same  period. 

URTICA  L.         Nettle. 
Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  (slender). 
Slend-er  or  Tall  Wild  Nettle. 

Frequent  or  common.  Roadsides,  fence-rows  and  waste 
places.    June  —  Aug. 

A  troublesome  weed,  best  exterminated  by  digging. 

Urtica  Lyallii  Wats. 

Waste  places,  roadsides  and  low  ground  along  streams. 
Stafford  (Graves  &  Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews),  New- 
town (Eames)  ;  and  probably  occurring  throughout  the  state, 
as  the  species  has  been  confused  with  Urtica  gracilis.  July  — 
Aug. 

Urtica  dioica  L.  (dioecious). 
Stinging  or  Great  Nettle. 

Rare.  Waste  places  in  rich  soil:  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett),  Seymour  (Harger),  North  Canaan  (M.  B.  Tobey). 
June  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Urtica  urens  L.  (burning). 
Small  or  Dwarf  Nettle. 

Rare.  Waste  places,  cultivated  ground  and  about  farm- 
yards:  Groton  and  Lebanon  (Graves),  New  London  (D.  C. 
Eaton),  Southington  (Andrews),  Woodbridge  (A.  W. 
Evans).    June  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

LAPORTEA   Gaud.        Wood  Nettle. 
Laportea  canadensis  (L.)  Gaud. 
Urticastritm  divaricatum  Kuntze. 
Wood  or  Canada  Nettle.    Albany  Hemp. 


156  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Moist  rich  woods  and  partial 
shade.    July  —  Aug. 

PILEA  Lindl.         Richweed.     Clearweed. 
Pilea  pumila  (L.)  Gray  (dwarf). 
Adicea  pumila  Raf. 
Clearweed.    Coolweed.     Stingless  Nettle. 

Frequent.  Moist  rich  woods  and  shaded  places.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

An  objectionable  weed  in  lawns  and  about  dwellings.  The 
bruised  plant  is  sometimes  applied  for  the  relief  of  inflamma- 
tion and  poisoning  by  species  of  Rims. 

BOEHMERIA  Jacq.         False  Nettle. 
Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L.)  Sw.  (cylindrical). 
False  Nettle. 

Frequent.     Moist  rich  woods  and  along  streams.    July  — 
Aug. 
Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L.)  Sw.,  var.  scabra  Porter  (rough). 

Rare.  Rich  woods:  Southington  (Bissell),  Bridgeport  (I. 
Holden  &  Baker),  Fairfield  (Fames).    July  —  Aug. 

PARIETARIA  L.         Pellitory. 
Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl. 
Pellitory. 

Rare  or  local.  Rich  damp  shaded  soil  about  rocks  and 
ledges.  Seldom  seen,  though  knowai  to  occur  at  wide  intervals 
throughout  the  state.     May  —  Sept. 

SANTALACEAE.         SANDALWOOD   FAMILY. 
COMANDRA  Nutt.         Bastard  Toad-flax. 
Comandra  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  (umbellate).     * 
Bastard  Toad-flax. 

Frequent.  Dry  woods,  thickets  and  more  open  places. 
May  — June. 

LORANTHACEAE.         MISTLETOE    FAMILY. 
ARCEUTHOBIUM  Bieb. 
Arceuthobium  pusillum  Peck  (very  small). 
Razoiimofskya  piisilla  Kuntze. 
Dwarf  Mistletoe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  1 57 

Rare  or  local.  Parasitic  on  Black  Spruce :  Norfolk,  at 
1400  ft.  elevation,  and  Salisbury,  about  Bingham  Pond  at  an 
altitude  of  1800  ft.  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell),  Kent,  about  Spec- 
tacle Ponds,  where  at  an  altitude  of  1,200  ft.  it  also  occurs  on 
Tamaracks  (Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin).  April  —  May;  fruit 
Sept. 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.        BIRTHWORT  FAMILY. 

ASARUM  L.        Asarabacca.     Wild  Ginger. 
Asarum  canadense  L. 

Wild  Ginger  or  Ginger-root.     Sweet,  False  or  Canada  Colts- 
foot.   Heart  Snakeroot. 

Rich  rocky  woods.  Rare  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
state  and  near  the  coast,  occasional  to  locally  common  else- 
where.   Mid-April  —  May. 

The  van  REFLEXUM  (Bicknell)  Robinson  (bent  backward), 
Asarum  reflexum  Bicknell,  and  the  var.  acuminatum  Ashe 
(taper-pointed),  Asarum  acuminatum  Bicknell,  occur  with  the 
species  or  alone,  the  former  in  its  most  distinct  condition  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 

Readily  cultivated,  and  makes  a  pleasing  ground  covering 
in  rich  shaded  places.  The  rhizome  is  used  medicinally  and  an 
oil  from  it  is  used  in  perfumery. 

ARISTOLOCHIA  L.         Birthwort. 
Aristolochia  Serpentaria  L.  (pertaining  to  a  serpent). 
Snakeroot.    Virginia  or  Fine  Snakeroot. 

Dry  rocky  woods.  Rare  or  local  over  most  of  its  range: 
East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  East  Haddam  (Dr.  E.  J. 
Thompson,  Graves),  Haddam  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Meriden  (W. 
A.  Russell),  Southington  (C.  D.  Bishop),  Naugatuck  (J. 
Nichols),  Oxford  and  Southbury  (Harger),  Newtown 
(Eames).  Occasional  toward  the  coast  westward.  Mid- 
June  — ^July. 

The  aromatic  roots  are  medicinal  and  are  officinal. 

POLYGONACEAE.         BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 
RUMEX  L.        Dock.     Sorrel. 
Rumex  Patientia  L.  (patience). 

Patience  or  Spring  Dock.    Garden  or  Herb  Patience. 


158  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Rare.     Alluvial  or  waste  ground:  Lyme    (Graves),  Sey- 
mour  (Harger).     May — June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 
Sometimes  cultivated  for  spring  greens. 

Rumex  Britannica  L. 

Great  Water  Dock.    Horse  Dock. 

Occasional.  Swamps,  fresh  and  brackish  marshes  and 
shallow  water  along  streams.     July  —  Aug. 

Rumex  crispus  L.  (curled). 

Curled,  Curly,  Yellow  or  Narrow  Dock. 

Common.  Waste  places,  fields  and  meadows,  especially 
in  moist  situations.    June — July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  troublesome  weed  in  grasslands  and  grain  fields.  The 
leaves  are  often  used  as  a  pot-herb.  The  root  is  of  value  in 
medicine,  and  is  in  popular  use  as  a  blood  purifier. 

Rumex  elongatus  Guss.  (lengthened). 

Fields  and  waste  ground.  Southington  (Andrews),  and 
probably  elsewhere,  as  the  species  has  been  confused  with 
Rumex  crisptis  and  is  presumed  to  occur  occasionally  with  it. 
June  — July.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Rumex  mexicanus  Meisn. 

Rumex   salicifolius    of    Gray's    Manual    ed.    6,    in    part,    not 
Weinm. 

Rare.     Waterbury,  in  waste  ground  (B.  B.  Bristol,  A.  E. 
Blewitt).     July.     Adventive  or  fugitive  from  the  North  or  ! 
West. 

Rumex  altissimus  Wood  (tallest). 
Tall,  Pale  or  Peach-leaved  Dock. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Plainfield  (J.  L.  Sheldon),  New 
London  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Farmington  (A. 
W.  Driggs),  Waterbury  (J.  M.  Richardson),  Naugatuck  (B. 
B.  Bristol),  Stratford  (Mrs.  R.  H.  Russell).  July.  In  Con- 
necticut probably  adventive  from  the  West. 

Rumex  verticillatus  L.  (whorled). 
Swamp  Dock. 

Rare.  Open  low  or  swampy  ground  along  the  Connecticut 
River:  Lyme  (Graves),  Haddam  and  East  Hartford  (Weath- 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I59 

erby),    Glastonbury    (Bissell),   Hartford    (Harger,    Bissell). 
June  — July. 

Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  (blunt-leaved). 
Bitter,  Broad  or  Blunt-leaved  Dock. 

Common.      Fields,    waste   places    and    about   habitations. 
June  —  Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
The  root  is  medicinal. 

Rumex  Acetosa  L.  (sour). 

Sorrel  or  Belleville  Dock.     Cock,  Garden  or  Meadow  Sorrel. 

Rare.  In  grassland:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
Southington  (Bissell,  Andrews),  Litchfield  (W.  Buell).  May 
— June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  cultivated  for  spring  greens. 

Rumex  Acetosella  L.  (diminutive  of  Acetosa). 

Sheep,  Red,  Field,  Common,  House  or  Cow  Sorrel.     Sour 

Grass. 

Common.  Fields,  waste  places  and  cultivated  ground, 
usually  in  poor  neglected  soil.  April — June.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Often  a  troublesome  weed,  especially  in  lawns  where  it 
persists  even  when  frequently  cut.  The  leaves  are  eaten  by 
children,  but  are  poisonous  when  eaten  freely.  Sometimes 
used  for  spring  greens.    Medicinal. 

POLYGONUM  L.         Knotweed. 

Polygonum  exsertum  Small  (protruding). 

Rare.  Salt  and  brackish  marshes:  East  Haven  (Harger, 
A.  L.  Winton),  Orange  (Bissell),  Westport  and  Stamford 
(Fames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).    Fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

Polygonum    prolificum     (Small)     Robinson     (producing    off- 
spring; fruitful). 
Polygonum  ramosissimnm  Michx.,  var.  prolificum  Small. 

Occasional  eastward  and  frequent  or  locally  common  west- 
ward in  marshes  and  on  shores  along  the  coast;  also  occurs 
along  a  moist  roadside  in  Litchfield  (Bissell).  Fruit  Aug. — 
Oct. 


l6o  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Polygonum  aviculare  L.  (pertaining  to  birds). 

Doorweed.     Knotweed.     Wire,  Goose,  Way,  Knot  or  Crab 

Grass.     Bird's-tongue. 

Common.  Yards,  waste  places,  roadsides  and  cultivated 
grounds.    June  —  Oct. 

A  pernicious  weed  in  lawns,  often  taking  complete  posses- 
sion.    The  seeds  are  eaten  by  certain  birds ;  the  Chinese  also 
extract  a  blue  dye  from  the  plant. 
Polygonum  aviculare  L.,  var.  littorale   (Link)    Koch   (of  the 

sea-shore). 
Polygonum  littorale  Link. 
Shore  Knotweed. 

Occasional  on  edges  of  salt  marshes  and  on  gravelly  shores 
near  the  coast.    July  —  Sept. 
Polygonum  aviculare  L.,  var.  vegetum  Ledeb.  (vigorous). 

This  variety  has  been  collected  at  a  few  localities  and 
doubtless  occurs  occasionally  with  the  typical  form.  Its  dis- 
tribution is  not  known.    July  —  Sept. 

Polygonum  erectum  L.  (erect). 
Erect  Knotweed  or  Goose  Grass. 

Frequent.     Roadsides  and  waste  places.     July  —  Sept. 

Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx.  (much-branched). 

Bushy  Knotweed. 

Rare.  Roadside  in  Ansonia,  probably  introduced  from  the 
West  (Harger).     Aug. —  Oct.     Native  in  the  West. 

The  forma  atlanticum  Robinson,  our  native  representa- 
tive of  this  species,  is  frequent  about  the  borders  of  salt 
meadows  and  on  tidal  shores  along  the  coast. 

Polygonum  tenue  Michx.  (slender). 
Slender  Knotweed. 

Frequent.  Dry  sterile  fields  and  open  sandy  or  rocky 
places.    July  —  Sept. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  (dock-leaved). 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.,  var.  incarnatum  Wats. 
Polygonum  incarnatum  of  authors  and  (  ?)  Ell. 
Dock-leaved,  Pale  or  Willow  Persicaria. 

Rare,   local  or  occasional.     Waste  places   and  banks   of 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  161 

rivers  and  ponds  throughout.    July  —  Aug.     Perhaps  in  part 
naturalized  from  Europe. 

Polygonum   amphibium    L.    (growing   on   land   or   in    water 

equally  well). 
Water  Persicaria. 

Rare  or  local.  Ponds  and  lakes:  Preston  (Graves),  East 
Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton,  Eames),  Milford  (Harger),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour),  Ridgefield 
and  Kent  (Eames),  SaHsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell). 
Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  terrestre  Leers  (terrestial)  occurs  rarely  on 
borders  of  ponds. 

The  var.  Hartwrightii  (Gray)  Bissell,  Polygonum  Hart- 
zvrightii  Gray,  is  rare  or  local  on  borders  of  ponds :  Preston 
and  Griswold  (Graves),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell), 
Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour),  Salisbury  (Bissell). 

This  species  is  remarkably  variable  according  to  the  con- 
ditions under  which  it  grows.  Intergrading  forms  connect 
the  typical  form  with  the  varieties  and  apparently  with  the 
following  species  also. 

Polygonum  Muhlenbergii  (Meisn.)  Wats. 
Polygonum  emersum  Britton. 

Banks  and  shallow  water  about  marshes,  ponds  and 
streams.  Frequent  along  the  Connecticut  River ;  rare  or  local 
elsewhere.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Polygonum  pennsylvanicum  L. 

Common  or  Pink  Persicaria.    Pink  Knotweed. 

Frequent.    Aloist  rich  soil  in  open  situations.    July  —  Oct. 
Often  a  troublesome  weed. 

Polygonum  Careyi  Olney. 

Rare,  Moist  or  wet  sandy  soil  about  ponds  and  in  open 
swamps:  Ellington  (F,  M,  Pease),  East  Hartford  (Weath- 
erby),  East  Windsor,  Windsor  and  Simsbury  (Bissell),  South- 
ington (Andrews,  Bissell),  Waterbury  (Andrews),  Oxford 
and  Beacon  Falls  (Harger),  Milford  and  Stratford  (Eames). 
July  —  Sept. 


l62  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND  NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY  [Bull. 

Polygonum  Hydropiper  L.  (its  classical  name). 

Common  Smartweed  or  Water  Pepper.     Bite-tongue. 

Frequent.    Open  wet  rich  soil.    July  —  Oct. 

In  popular  use  medicinally,  and  in  veterinary  practice  as  a 
counter-irritant. 

Polygonum  acre  HBK.  (acrid;  biting). 

Polygonum  punctatum  Ell. 

Smartweed.     Water  Smartweed. 

About  ponds,  pools,  swamps  and  wet  places,  especially  in 

woods    and    shaded    situations.      Southington,    rare    (Bissell, 

Andrews)  ;  frequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.    July  — 

Sept. 

Medicinal  like  Polygonum  Hydropiper. 
Polygonum  acre  HBK.,  var.  leptostachyum  Meisn.   (slender- 
spiked). 

Polygonum  punctatum  Ell.,  var.  leptostachyum  Small. 

Rare  or  local.     Shallow  water  about  ponds,  swamps  and 

banks  of  streams:  Waterford  (Graves),  Lyme  (Bissell),  East 

Hartford  and  Simsbury  (Weatherby),  Southington  (Andrews, 

Bissell),  Stratford  (Eames),  Waterbury  (Andrews).    July  — 

Sept. 

Polygonum  orientale  L.  (eastern). 

Ragged  Sailor.     Kiss-me-over-the-Fence.     Prince's   Feather. 
Rare  or  occasional.     Waste  places  as  an  escape  from  old 
gardens.    July  —  Sept.    Adventive  from  India. 

An  old-fashioned  plant  still  frequent  in  cultivation. 

Polygonum  Persicaria  L.  (like  a  Peach-tree ;  referring  to  the 
shape  of  the  leaves). 
Lady's  Thumb.    Heartweed.    Heart's-ease.    Pinkweed.    Red- 
shank. 

Common.     Cultivated  grounds,  fields,  roadsides  and  waste 
places.    June  —  Oct.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed.    Medicinal. 

Polygonum  hydropiperoides  ]\Iichx.  (like  Polygonum  Hjdro- 
piper,  the  Water  Pepper). 
Smartweed.    Water  Smartweed.    Mild  Water  Pepper. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I63 

Frequent.  Shallow  water  of  swamps,  margins  of  ponds 
and  streams.     July  —  Sept. 

Polygonum  virginianum  L. 

Frequent.     Woods  and  thickets  in  rich  soil.    July  —  Sept. 

Polygonum  arifolium  L.  (arum-leaved). 

Halberd-leaved  Tear-thumb.     Scratch  or  Sickle  Grass. 

Occasional.  Swamps,  wet  woods  and  thickets.  July  — 
Oct. 

Sometimes  used  medicinally. 

Polygonum  sagittatum  L.  (arrow-head  shaped). 
Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumb.     Scratch  Grass. 

Frequent.     Swamps  and  wet  places.    June  —  Oct. 

Polygonum  Convolvulus  L.  (like  Convolvulus,  the  Bindweed). 
Wild  Buckwheat.     Black,  Corn,  Sow  or  Blackbird  Bindweed. 
Frequent  or  common.    Cultivated  or  waste  grounds.    June 
—  Oct.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Polygonum  cilinode  Michx.  (having  fringed  nodes). 
Fringed  Black  Bindweed. 

Rocky  woods  and  more  open  places.  Rare  over  most  of 
its  range:  North  Stonington  (Graves),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E. 
Rogers),  Farmington  (Weatherby),  New  Haven,  Seymour 
and  Naugatuck  (Harger),  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Ham- 
den  and  Monroe  (Eames).  Occasional  throughout  northern 
Litchfield  County.     June. —  Sept. 

The  var.  erectum  Peck  (upright),  var.  breve  Peck,  occurs 
with  the  species  in  Litchfield  County. 

Sometimes  used  as  a  cover-plant  for  rocks. 

Polygonum  scandens  L.  (climbing). 

Polygonum  dumetorum  L.,  var.  scandens  Gray. 
Climbing  False  or  Wild  Buckwheat.    Hedge,  Bush  or  Thicket 
Bindweed. 

Common.    Thickets  and  waste  places.    Aug. —  Oct. 

I 

IPolygonum  dumetorum  L.  (of  thickets). 
Bush  or  Thicket  Buckwheat  or  Bindweed. 

Rare.    On  ledges  or  rocky  banks,  in  open  woods  or  partial 
]      shade:  Stratford,  Trumbull  and  Huntington  (Eames),  Wood- 


164  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

bury  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  New  Milford  (Eames  &  E. 
H.  Austin),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  Also  in  waste 
ground  at  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark).  Aug. —  Oct.  Except  in 
the  last  locality  it  appears  to  be  native.  Specimens  from  Mil- 
ford  (Eames)  show  a  transitional  form  approaching  the  forma 
cristatnm  (Engelm.  &  Gray)  Robinson,  Polygoumn  crista- 
tum  Engelm.  &  Gray. 

Polygonum  cuspidatum  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (sharp-pointed). 
Polygonum  Zticcarinii  Small. 
Japanese  Knotweed. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  Avaste  places :  Stoning- 
ton  and  New  London  (Graves),  New  Haven  (J.  N.  Bishop), 
Simsbury  (Bissell),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  Sept.  Adventive 
from  Japan. 

An  effective  plant  in  masses,  producing  abundant  bloom. 

Polygonum  sachalinense  Schmidt. 
Sacaline. 

Rare.  Tolland,  well  established  in  a  field  and  along  ay 
roadside  (Weatherby  &  Bissell).  Aug. —  Sept.  Native  of 
eastern  Asia. 

A  coarse  forage  and  ornamental  plant  recently  introduced 
into  this  country ;  perfectly  hardy,  but  of  little  value  where 
other  crops  can  be  grown. 

FAGOPYRUM  Hill.         Buckwheat. 
Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench  (eatable). 
Fagopyniin  Fagopyrum  Karst. 

Buckwheat.    Beech-wheat.  I 

Occasional.  Fields  and  roadsides,  escaping  from  cultiva- 
tion but  not  persisting.  June  —  Oct. ;  fruit  Aug. —  Oct.  Fugi- 
tive from  Europe. 

Cultivated  for  its  seeds  which  are  ground  for  food  or  fed 
to  poultry.    The  flowers  are  much  frequented  by  honey-bees. 

POLYGONELLA  Michx.         Jointwecd. 

Polygonella  articulata  (L.)  Meisn.  (jointed). 
Sand,  Coast  or  Seaside  Jointweed  or  Knot  Grass. 

Frequent  on  barren  sands  in  the  Connecticut  Valley  and 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  l6S 

the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  as  well  as  the  coastal  dunes 
and  beaches  throughout ;  occasional  or  rare  elsewhere  in  simi- 
lar situations.    Mid-July  —  Oct. 

CHENOPODIACEAE.         GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY. 

CYCLOLOMA  Moq.         Winged  Pigweed. 
Cycloloma   atriplicifolium    (Spreng.)    Coulter    (having  leaves 
like  Atriplex). 
Cycloloma  platyphyllum  Moq. 
Cycloloma.    Winged  Pigweed. 

Rare.  Hamden,  in  dry  ground  (Miss  Edwards,  J.  N. 
Bishop).    July  —  Aug.    Fugitive  from  the  West. 

KOCHIA  Roth. 
Kochia  Scoparia  (L.)  Schrad.  (broom-like). 
Mexican  Fire  Plant.    Mock  Cypress. 

Rare.  Hartford,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  ground 
(H.  S.  Clark  &  Weatherby).  Sept.  Fugitive  or  adventive 
from  Europe. 

Cultivated  for  its  brilliant  autumnal  foliage. 

CHENOPODIUM  L.         Goosefoot.       Pigweed. 
Chenopodium  ambrosioides  L.  (like  Ambrosia,  the  Ragweed). 
Wormseed.    Mexican  Tea.    Sweet  Pigweed. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides.  Rare  or  local,  or  in  populous 
districts  even  frequent  or  common.  Aug. —  Oct.  Naturalized 
from  tropical  America. 

The    seeds    are    sometimes    used    medicinally    and    were 
formerly  officinal. 
Chenopodium  ambrosioides  L.,  var.  anthelminticum  (L.)  Gray 

(opposed  to  worms). 
Chenopodium  anthelminticum  L. 
Wormseed. 

Rare.     Bridgeport,  in  waste  ground    (Fames).     Aug. — 
Oct.    Adventive  from  tropical  America. 
Chenopodium  Botrys  L.  (a  cluster  of  grapes ;  referring  to  the 

shape  of  the  inflorescence). 
Feather  Geranium.    Wormseed.    Jerusalem  Oak.    Ambrosia. 

Ambrose. 


l66  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides.  Rare  in  most  districts :  Nor- 
wich (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Hart- 
ford (H.  S.  Clark),  Plainville  (Bissell),  Southington  (An- 
drews), Oxford  (Harger),  New  Milford  (C.  K.  Averill). 
Occasional  at  New  London  (Graves),  and  throughout  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state  (Eames).  July  —  Sept. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  seeds  are  sometimes  used  medicinally. 

Chenopodium  capitatum  (L.)  Aschers.  (having  heads;    refer- 
ring to  the  clusters  of  fruit). 

Blituni  capitatum  L. 

Strawberry  Elite  or  Spinach. 

Rare.     Waterbury,  in  waste  ground  (J.  M.  Richardson), 

Huntington,  a  few  plants  in  dry  'soil  near  the  Housatonic 

River  (Miss  A.  Wakely).    June — July. 
Fugitive  from  the  West  or  from  Europe. 
Sometimes  cultivated  as  a  pot-herb. 

Chenopodium  rubrum  L.  (red). 
Red  or  Coast  Goosefoot  or  Elite. 

Rare  on  salt  marshes:  Guilford  (G.  H.  Eartlett),  Fairfield 
(Eames ) .    Aug. —  Oct. 

Chenopodium  glaucum  L.  (glaucous). 
Oak-leaved  Goosefoot. 

Local.  Bridgeport,  plentiful  along  a  sandy  roadside 
(Eames).    Aug. —  Oct.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Chenopodium  hybridum  L.   (mongrel). 
Maple-leaved  Goosefoot.     Sowbane. 

Occasional.  Roadsides,  waste  places  and  river  banks.  July 
—  Oct.    Native,  or  in  part  naturalized  from  Europe. 

Chenopodium  album  L.  (white). 

Pigweed.  White  Goosefoot.    Lamb's  Quarters.  Wild  Spinach. 

Common.  Waste  places,  on  sandy  shores  and  as  a  weed 
in  cultivated  ground.  June  —  Sept.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  var.  viride  Moq.  (green)  is  frequent  with  the  typical 
form. 

Sometimes  troublesome  as  a  weed.  Occasionally  used  as 
a  pot-herb. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  167 

Chenopodium  murale  L.  (of  walls). 
Nettle-leaved  Goosefoot.    Sowbane. 

Rare.  Waste  places :  New  London,  as  a  gutter-weed 
(Graves),  New  Haven  (W.  A.  Setchell),  Fairfield  (Eames). 
June  —  Sept.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Chenopodium  urbicum  L.   (of  the  city). 
City  or  Upright  Goosefoot. 

Rare.  Waste  places  in  rich  soil:  Ledyard  (Graves),  Ox- 
ford (Harger),  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt  &  Harger).  Mid- 
May  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Chenopodium  Boscianum  Moq. 

Rare.  Rocky  woods  :  Southington  and  Meriden  (Andrews, 
Bissell).     Aug.— Sept. 

Chenopodium  leptophyllum  Nutt.  (slender-leaved). 

Rare.  Coastal  beaches,  sand  dunes  and  sandy  borders  of 
salt  marshes:  Groton  (Graves),  New  Haven  (F.  W.  Hall), 
Milford  (Harger,  Eames),  Stratford  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter, 
Eames),  Bridgeport,  Westport  and  Norwalk  (Eames).  Aug. 
—  Sept. 

BETA  L.         Beet. 
Beta  vulgaris  L.  (common). 
Common  Beet. 

Rare  and  fugitive.  Waste  grounds:  Bridgeport  (Eames). 
July.    Native  of  southern  Europe. 

ATRIPLEX  L.         Orach. 
Atriplex  tatarica  L. 

Atriplex  laciniata  Koch  and  many  authors,  not  L. 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (A.  E.  Blewitt).  Aug. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Atriplex  patula  L,  (spreading). 
Spreading  Orach. 

Rare  or  occasional  on  the  shores  of  the  Sound. 

The  var.  hastata  (L.)  Gray  (halberd-shaped),  Atriplex 
hastata  L.,  is  the  usual  form  of  this  variable  species,  and  is 
common  on  the  shores  of  the  Sound  and  edges  of  salt  marshes, 


l68  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

extending  inland  along  the  Connecticut  River  as  far  as  Hart- 
ford (H.  S.  Clark)  ;  also  occurs  in  waste  ground  at  Bristol 
(C.  D.  Bishop),  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  and  Litchfield 
(Miss  E.  H.  Thompson).    Aug. —  Sept. 

The  leaves  are  sometimes  eaten  as  a  pot-herb. 

Atriplex  arenaria  Nutt.  (of  sand). 
Beach  Orach. 

Rare  or  local.  Sandy  or  gravelly  shores  of  the  Sound  and 
adjacent  waters:  Groton  and  Stonington  (Graves),  East 
Haven  (Harger),  Milford  (Eames,  Harger),  Stratford  and 
westward  (Eames).    Aug. —  Oct. 

SALICORNIA    L.         Samphire.     Glasswort. 
Salicornia  mucronata  Bigel.  (having  a  short,  abrupt  and  small 

tip)._ 
Salicornia  Bigelovii  Torr. 
Samphire.     Glasswort.     Pickle  Plant. 

Frequent  on  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Sometimes  gathered  for  pickling. 

Salicornia  europaea  L. 

Salicornia  herbacea  L. 

Samphire.     Glasswort.     Pickle   Plant.     Chicken-toes.     Crab 

or  Frog  Grass, 

Frequent  or  common  on  salt  marshes  and  shores.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Often  gathered  for  pickling. 

Salicornia  ambigua  Michx.  (doubtful). 
Woody  Samphire  or  Glasswort. 

Frequent  on  stony  shores  and  edges  of  salt  marshes  along^- 
the  coast.    Aug. —  Sept. 

SUAEDA  Forskal.         Sea  Elite. 

Suaeda  maritima  (L.)  Dumort.  (of  the  sea-coast). 
Dondia  maritima  Druce. 
Low  Sea  Blite. 

Occasional  on  stony  shores  along  the  coast  and  about  salt 
marshes  and  tidal  rivers.     July  —  Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  169 

Suaeda  linearis  (Ell.)  Moq.  (very  narrow), 

Dondia  americana  Britton,  not  Salsola  salsa,  var.  americana 

Pers. 
Tall  Sea  Elite.     Seaside  Goosefoot. 

Frequent  on  stony  shores  along  the  coast,  about  salt 
marshes  and  near  tidal  rivers.    Aug. —  Sept. 

SALSOLA  L.         Saltwort. 
Salsola  Kali  L.  (Arabic  name). 
Common  or  Prickly  Saltwort. 

Frequent  on  sandy  shores  of  the  Sound.    July  —  Sept. 

In  Europe  this  species  was  formerly  gathered  and  burned 
for  soda  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass. 
Salsola  Kali  L.,  var.  tenuifolia  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  (fine-leaved). 
Salsola  Tragus  oi  authors,  but  scarcely  of  L. 
Russian  Thistle. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  and  along  railroads  :  Hartford  (H.  S. 
Clark  &  Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Naugatuck 
(B,  B.  Bristol),  Ansonia  (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Fames), 
July  —  Sept.    Adventive  from  the  West  or  from  Asia. 

The  plant  is  a  native  of  Asia,  but  is  now  a  very  trouble- 
some weed  in  some  parts  of  the  West.  It  should  always  be 
eradicated  on  its  first  appearance. 

AMARANTHACEAE,         AMARANTH    FAMILY. 

AMARANTHUS  L.         Amaranth. 
Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  (bent  backward). 

Pigweed.    Amaranth.     Beet-root.     Green  Amaranth.    Rough 
or  Common  Pigweed. 

Common.     Waste  places  and  cultivated  ground.     July  — 
Oct.    Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 
A  bad  weed  in  cultivated  ground. 

Amaranthus  hybridus  L.  (mongrel). 

Pigweed.     Slender  Pigweed.    Green  Amaranth.    Careless. 

Frequent  or  common.  Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places, 
July  —  Oct.    Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 

The  forma  hypochondriacus  (L.)  Robinson  (curing 
melancholy),     Amaranthus     hypochondriacus     L.,     Prince's 


170  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  fBull. 

Feather,  is  cultivated  in  gardens,  and  escapes  to  waste  places 
at  Southington  and  Meriden  (Andrews),  and  Bridgeport 
(Eames). 

The  species  is  often  a  bad  weed  in  cultivated  ground. 

Amaranthus  paniculatus  L.  (panicled). 

Aiiiaraiitlms  hyhridus  L.,  var.  paidciilatiis  U.  &  B. 
Amaranth.    Purple  Amaranth. 

Occasional.  Roadsides,  waste  places  and  about  old  gardens, 
especially  in  the  more  populous  districts.  July  —  Oct.  Adven- 
tive  from  tropical  America. 

Amaranthus  graecizans  L. 

Amaranthus  albus  L. 

Tumble  Weed.     White  Amaranth  or  Pigweed.     Bushy  Pig- 
weed. 
Frequent.     Cultivated  fields  and  waste  ground.     July  — 

Oct. 

A  weed,  but  not  usually  troublesome  in  this  state. 

Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats,  (like  Blitum,  the  Elite). 
Prostrate  Amaranth. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  places:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E. 
Rogers),  New  London  (Graves),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark, 
Bissell),  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt  &  Harger),  Waterbury 
(A.  E.  Blewitt),  Southbury  (Harger),  Milford,  Bridgeport 
and  Norwalk  (Eames).  July — Sept.  Adventive  from  the 
West. 

Amaranthus  spinosus  L.  (spiny). 
Spiny  or  Thorny  Amaranth. 

Rare.  Waste  places:  New  London  (Graves),  Norwich 
(Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers).  July  —  Sept.  Adventive  from  tropical 
America. 

Amaranthus  caudatus  L.  (tailed). 

Prince's  Feather.     Love-lies-bleeding. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  into  waste  ground  in 
Bridgeport  and  Norwalk  (Eames).     Aug.     Native  of  India. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  171 

ACNIDA  L.         Water  Hemp. 
Acnida  cannabina  L.  (like  Cannabis,  the  Hemp). 
Salt  Marsh  Water  Hemp. 

Common  about  salt  marshes  and  the  borders  of  tidal  creeks 
and  rivers.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Acnida  tuberculata  Moq.  (pimply). 

Acnida  tamariscina  Wood,  var.  tuberculata  U.  &  B. 

Rare.    Waste  ground  on  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River  at 
Hartford   (Bissell),  New  Milford   (E.  H.  Austin).     Aug.— 
Sept.     Fugitive  from  the  West. 
Acnida  tuberculata  Moq,,  var.  prostrata  (U.  «&  B.)  Robinson 
(prostrate). 
Acnida  tamariscina  Wood,  var.  prostrata  U.  &  B. 

Rare.  Cultivated  ground  at  Oxford  (Harger).  Aug. — 
Sept.    Fugitive  from  the  West. 

PHYTOLACCACEAE.         POKEWEED  FAMILY. 

PHYTOLACCA  L.         Pokeweed. 
Phytolacca  decandra  L.  (ten-stamened). 

Common  Pokeweed,  Poke  or  Scoke.    Garget.     Pigeon  Berry. 

American  Nightshade.    Ink  Berry.    Red  Ink  Plant.    Poke 

Root. 

Frequent.  Woods,  fields  and  waste  places,  especially  on 
burnt  lands.    July  —  Oct. 

The  young  leaves  and  shoots  make  an  excellent  pot-herb, 
but  care  must  be  taken  to  exclude  any  part  of  the  root.  The 
berries  and  root  have  medicinal  virtues  and  are  officinal.  The 
root  is  externally  applied  to  caked  udders  of  cows,  and  the 
berries  are  sometimes  employed  to  color  vinegar.  The  roots 
have  been  mistaken  for  Horseradish,  with  fatal  results,  and 
the  plant  has  proved  fatal  to  cattle  eating  it. 

NYCTAGINACEAE.         FOUR-O'CLOCK    FAMILY. 

MIRABILIS  L.         Four-o'clock. 
Mirabilis  Jalapa  L.  (producing  jalap). 
Four-o'clock.     Marvel  of  Peru. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  at  Bridgeport  (Fames). 
Aug. —  Oct.     Fugitive  from  tropical  America. 

A  desirable  garden  plant  often  cultivated  for  ornament. 


172  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

OXYBAPHUS  L'Her. 

Oxybaphus  nyctagineus   (Michx.)   Sweet   (like  Nyctaginia,  a 
genus  of  this  family). 
Allionia  nyctaginea  Michx. 
Umbrellawort. 

Rare.    Granby,  in  fields  (I.  Holcomb).    June  —  Aug.    In- 
troduced from  the  West. 

Oxybaphus  hirsutus  (Pursh)  Sweet  (hairy). 
Allionia  hirsuta  Pursh. 
Umbrellawort. 

Rare.  Southington,  field  in  dry  gravelly  soil  (Andrews). 
July  —  Aug.     Introduced  from  the  West. 

Oxybaphus  linearis  (Pursh)  Robinson  (very  narrow). 
Oxybaphus  angustifoliiis  Sweet. 
Allionia  linearis  Pursh. 
Umbrellawort. 

Rare.     North   Haven,   in   sandy   waste   ground    (A.   W. 
Evans).    June  —  Aug.    Introduced  from  the  West. 

ILLECEBRACEAE.         KNOTWORT    FAMILY. 

SCLERANTHUS  L.         Knawel. 
Scleranthus  annuus  L.  (annual). 

Knotweed.    German  Knot  Grass.    Gravel  Chickweed. 

Frequent.    Dry,  sandy  or  sterile  fields  and  roadsides.    May 
—  Nov.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

ANYCHIA  Michx.         Forked  Chickweed. 
Anychia  polygonoides  Raf.  (like  Polygonum,  the  Knotweed). 

Anychia  dichotoma  of  American  authors,  not  Michx. 

Rare.     Norwalk,  railroad  track  at  Wilson's  Point  (C.  K. 
Averill).    June  —  Sept.     Fugitive  from  the  West. 

Anychia  canadensis  (L.)  BSP. 

Anychia  dichotoma  Michx.,  but  not  of  late  American  authors. 
Anychia  capillacea  DC. 
Forked  Chickweed. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Dry,  often  rocky  woods.    June  — 
Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I73 

AIZOACEAE.         CARPET  WEED  FAMILY. 

MOLLUGO  L.         Indian  Chickweed. 
Mollugo  verticillata  L.  (whorled). 
Carpet  Weed.     Indian  Chickweed. 

Common.  Waste  places,  roadsides,  cultivated  ground  and 
on  coastal  beaches.  June  —  Oct.  Naturalized  from  the 
warmer  parts  of  America. 

Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed. 

TETRAGONIA  L. 
Tetragonia  expansa  Murr.  (spread  out). 
New  Zealand  Spinach. 

Local.  Waste  ground :  Hartford,  where  hundreds  of 
plants  were  growing  in  one  locality  (H.  S.  Clark),  Fairfield 
(Fames).  Sept.  Fugitive  from  Eastern  Asia  or  New 
Zealand. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.         PINK  FAMILY. 
SPERGULARIA  J.  &  C.  Presl.         Sand  Spurrey. 

Spergularia  rubra  (L.)  J.  &  C.  Presl  (red). 
Buda  rubra  Dumort, 
Tissa  rubra  Britton. 
Sand  Spurrey.     Sandwort. 

Frequent,  especially  near  the  coast.  Dry,  sandy  or 
gravelly  roadsides,  paths  and  waste  places.    June  —  Sept. 

Spergularia  marina  (L.)  Griseb.  (of  the  sea). 
Buda  marina  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
Tissa  marina  Britton. 
Salt  Marsh  Sand  Spurrey.     Seaside  Sandwort  or  Spurrey. 

Common  on  coastal  shores  and  borders  of  salt  marshes. 
June  —  Aug.     Medicinal. 

SPERGULA  L.         Spurrey. 
Spergula  arvensis  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 

Corn,  Sand  or  Common  Spurrey.    Tares.    Cow-quake.    Sand- 
weed.     Beggar-weed. 

Rare  or  local.  Roadsides,  waste  places  and  cultivated 
ground  throughout.    June  —  Nov.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 


174  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

It  is  said  to  be  a  nutritious  and  quick  crop  for  fodder  or 
hay,  adapted  to  and  a  renovator  of  dry  sandy  soils.  Apt  to 
become  a  nuisance  in  some  situations. 

Spergula  saliva  Boenn.  (sown). 
Field  Spurrey. 

Rare.  New  London,  in  a  cultivated  field  (Graves),  Nor- 
walk,  sandy  waste  (Eames).  July  —  Aug.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

SAGINA  L.         Pearlwort. 
Sagina  decumbens  (Ell.)  Torn  &  Gray  (reclining). 

Sagina  apetala  of  American  authors,  not  Ard. 
Small-flowered,  Annual  or  Spurrey  Pearlwort. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  soil  of  roadsides,  walks  and  waste 
places:  Ledyard  (Graves),  Woodbury  (Harger).  Through- 
out the  coast  region  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state, 
where  it  also  occurs  in  low  or  moist  woods  (Eames).  Mid- 
May  —  Aug. 

Sagina  procumbens  L.  (trailing). 
Pearlwort.    Break-stone.    Bird's-eye. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dripping  rocks  and  wet,  springy 
places  in  woods  or  partial  shade,  also  dry  banks,  crevices  of 
walls  and  walks  and  in  stony  or  sandy  wastes  or  sometimes 
on  sea-beaches.     May — July. 

ARENARIA  L.         Sandwort. 
Arenaria  lateriflora  L.  (flowering  at  the  side). 

Moehringia  lateriflora  Fenzl. 
Blunt-leaved  or  Showy  Sandwort. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Moist  or  dry,  rocky,  or  low 
woods,  meadows  and  even  sometimes  on  sea-beaches.  Mid- 
May  — June. 

Arenaria  macrophylla  Hook,  (large-leaved). 
Moehringia  macrophylla  Torr. 
Larged-leaved  Sandwort. 

Rare.  In  rather  dry  leaf-mold  covering  trap  talus,  in 
shade:  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  and  in  the  adjoining  town 
of  Durham  (Harger).     May. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  I75 

Arenaria  peploides  L.  (like  Euphorbia  Peplus). 
Ammodenia  peploides  Rupr. 
Sea  Beach  Sandwort.     Sea  Chickweed  or  Purslane. 

Sandy  and  stony  shores  of  the  Sound.  Rare  in  Bridge- 
port (Eames),  and  Stratford  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter)  ;  fre- 
quent in  New  London  County  (Graves)  ;  not  reported  else- 
where.    May  — June. 

Arenaria  serpyllifolia  L.  (thyme-leaved). 
Common  or  Thyme-leaved  Sandwort. 

Frequent  or  common.  T>ry,  sandy  or  rocky  open  ground. 
May  — July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Arenaria  stricta  Michx.  (upright). 
Arenaria  Michauxii  Hook.  f. 
Rock  Sandwort. 

Local.  Limestone  ledges  and  banks  throughout  western 
Litchfield  County  and  south  to  Brookfield  (Eames).  June  — 
July. 

Arenaria  groenlandica  (Retz.)  Spreng, 
Mountain  Sandwort  or  Starwort. 

Rare.  Rock  ledges:  White  Rocks,  Middletown,  where 
it  was  first  collected  by  H.  L.  Osborn  in  1877,  and  Durham 
(G.  H.  Bartlett).     Mid-April  —  May. 

STELLARIA  L.         Starwort.     Chickweed. 

Stellaria  borealis  Bigel.  (northern). 

Alsine  borealis  Britton. 

Northern  Stitchwort  or  Starwort. 

Rare.  Bogs,  wet  meadows  and  banks  of  woodland  brooks : 
Groton  and  Ledyard  (Graves),  Durham,  Oxford  and  Monroe 
(Harger),  Southington  (Andrews),  New  Britain  and  Norfolk 
(Bissell),  Barkhamsted  (Harger),  Winchester  (Andrews, 
Bissell  &  Harger),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C  S.  Phelps).  May  — 
Aug. 

Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl.  (long-leaved). 
Alsine  longifolia  Britton. 
Long-leaved  Stitchwort  or  Starwort. 

Swamps,  low  meadows  and  wet  places.    Rare  in  the  south- 


176  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

eastern  part  of  the  state:    Franklin  and  Colchester  (Graves). 
Frequent  elsewhere.     Mid-May  —  June. 
Stellaria  graminea  L.  (grass-like). 
Alsiiie  graminea  Britton. 
Stellaria  graminea  L.,  var.  lanceolata  Fenzl. 
Lesser  Stitchwort  or  Stanvort. 

Wet  or  dry  grassland,  roadsides  and  waste  places.     Occa- 
sional   northward ;     frequent    near    the    coast.      June  — July. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Stellaria  Holostea  L.  (classical  name). 
Alsine  Holostea  Britton, 
All-bone.     Easter  Bell.     Greater  Stitchwort  or  Starwort. 

Rare.    Woodbury,  rich  open  woods  (Fames  &  C.  C.  God- 
frey) ;    Norwalk,  dry  open  wastes  in  Union  Cemetery  (Miss 
A,  E.  Carpenter).     May  —  June.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Stellaria  media  (L.)  Cyrill  (intermediate). 
Alsine  media  L. 
Common    or    Winter    Chickweed,      Tongue    Grass.      White 

Bird's-eye. 

Common,    Waste  places  about  dwellings,  cultivated  ground 
and  lawns.    Feb, —  Dec,    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed,  especially  in  damp  soil. 
Medicinal. 

CERASTIUM  L.         Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 
Cerastium  arvense  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Field  or  Meadow  Chickweed. 

Rare.  Lawns,  fields,  rocky  banks  and  on  ledges,  usually 
in  dry,  sandy  or  sterile  soil:  New  London  (Graves),  Nor- 
wich (Mrs.  E,  E.  Rogers),  East  Lyme  (Mrs.  F.  H,  Dart), 
Middletown  (M.  Hitchcock),  East  Windsor  (Bissell),  South- 
ington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  New  Haven,  on  West  Rock 
(Harger,  Fames  et  al.),  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Sey- 
mour and  Oxford  (Harger).  May  —  mid-June. 
Cerastium  vulgatum  L.  (common). 

Common  or  Larger  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

Common.     Woods,   fields,   cultivated   ground   and   waste 
places.     Mid-April  —  Oct.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
A  persistent  and  bad  weed  in  lawns. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I77 

Cerastium  semidecandrum  L.  (five-stamened). 
Spring  Mouse-ear.     Small  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

Local.  East  Lyme,  plentiful  in  dry  fields  and  pastures 
near  the  Niantic  River  (Graves).  May  —  June.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Cerastium  nutans  Raf.  (nodding). 

Cerastium  longipedunciilatiim  of  Britton's  Manual. 
Nodding  Chickweed.     Powder-horn. 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  hillside  woods  and  drier  more  or  less 
open  places:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  East  Lyme 
(Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  West  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark),  Farm- 
ington  and  Newington  (Bissell),  Hamden  (O.  D.  Allen), 
Orange  and  Oxford  (Harger),  Huntington,  Trumbull,  Mil- 
ford  and  Stratford  (Eames),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter). 
Also  at  East  Hartford,  as  a  weed  in  greenhouse  soil  (A.  W. 
Driggs).     May — June. 

The  form  with  apetalous  flowers  often  occurs. 

AGROSTEMMA  L.         Corn  Cockle. 
Agrostemma  Githago  L.  (like  Gith,  the  Fennel-flower). 

Lychnis  Githago  Scop. 

Cockle.    Corn  Cockle.    Rose  Pink  or  Campion. 

Rare  or  local.  Grain  fields,  cultivated  ground  and  waste 
places.     June  — July.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

In  the  West,  where  it  is  often  abundant,  its  seeds  injure 
the  appearance  and  quality  of  grain.  Its  seeds  are  poisonous 
to  poultry  and  stock,  and  flour  containing  a  considerable  pro- 
portion of  them  has  been  made  into  bread  and  eaten  with 
fatal  results.  Thorough  baking,  however,  destroys  the  poison. 
Chronic  poisoning  due  to  the  regular  consumption  of  small 
quantities,  and  finally  resulting  fatally,  has  been  observed  in 
animals.  The  presence  of  Corn  Cockle  seeds  in  flour  is 
easily  detected,  unless  it  has  been  well  bolted,  by  the  black, 
roughened  scales  of  the  seed  coat. 

LYCHNIS  L.         Campion. 
Lychnis  Coronaria  (L.)  Desr.  (pertaining  to  a  crown). 
Mullein  Pink  or  Lychnis.     Rose  Campion.     Dusty  Miller. 
Rare.    Roadsides  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from  cul- 


178  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

tivation:  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Cheshire  (Har- 
ger),  Bridgeport  and  Fairfield  (Eames).  Mid- June  —  Aug. 
Native  of  Europe. 

Lychnis  Flos-cuculi  L.  (cuckoo-flower). 

Ragged  Robin,  Jack  or  Lychnis.  Meadow  Pink  or  Campion. 
Rare  or  local.  Fields  and  meadows,  probably  introduced 
with  grass  seed:  Waterford  (Graves),  Norwich,  plentiful 
in  a  meadow  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers,  J.  Trumbull),  Middletown 
(J.  H.  Barbour),  Hartford,  plentiful  in  several  fields  (H.  S. 
Clark  &  Bissell),  Canton  (Weatherby),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps).     Mid-May — June.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Lychnis  chalcedonica  L. 

Maltese  or  Jerusalem  Cross.     Nonesuch. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  about  old  houses :  Oxford  andj 
Southbury  (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  July.  Adven- 
tive  from  Japan. 

Lychnis  dioica  L.  (dioecious). 

Lychnis  diurna  Sibth. 

Red,  Morning  or  Day-blooming  Lychnis  or  Campion.     Red 

or  Poor  Robin. 

Rare.  Moist  or  dry  roadsides  and  waste  places:  Nor- 
wich (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Groton  (Bissell),  New  London 
(Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  East  Haven  (Eames), 
New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton,  Harger),  Meriden  (Andrews), 
Southington  (Bissell,  Andrews),  Darien  (Mrs.  W.  D.  Bar- 
clay). June  —  Sept.  Adventive  from  Europe. 
Frequent  in  old-fashioned  gardens. 

Lychnis  alba  Mill,  (white). 
Lychnis  vespertina  Sibth. 
Evening    or    Ever-blooming    Lychnis.      White    Campion    or 

Robin.     Bull-rattle. 

Roadsides,  fields  and  waste  places,  in  either  dry  or  moist 
ground.  Common  in  New  London  County  (Graves)  ;  fre- 
quent or  locally  common  in  Kent  and  New  Milford  (C.  K. 
Averill,  E.  H.  Austin)  ;  occasional,  local  or  rare  elsewhere. 
June  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  179 

SILENE  L.         Catchfly.     Campion. 
Silene  antirrhina  L.  (like  Antirrhinum,  the  Snapdragon). 
Sleepy  or  Snapdragon  Catchfly. 

Frequent  or  common.     Dry  fields,  roadsides,  sandy  places 
and  on  rocks  and  ledges.     Mid-May — July. 
Silene  antirrhina  L.,  var.  divaricata  Robinson   (widely  diver- 
gent). 

Rare.  Dry,  sandy  banks  or  sterile  soil  of  ledges :  South- 
ington  (Andrews),  Milford  and  Stratford  (Eames),  Sey- 
mour and  Oxford  (Harger),  Warren  (in  Herb.  C.  W.  Swan). 
May  — June. 

Silene  Armeria  L.  (like  Armeria,  the  Thrift). 

None-so-pretty.     Sweet  William,  Garden  or  Lobel's  Catchfly. 

Sweet  Susan.     Pretty  Nancy. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  and  waste 
places.     June  —  Sept.     Native  of  Europe. 

Silene  dichotoma  Ehrh.  (forked). 
Forked  Catchfly. 

Rare.  Waste  places,  fields  and  grasslands:  New  London 
(Graves),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Bristol  (J.  N. 
Bishop),  East  Windsor  and  Norfolk  (Bissell),  Seymour 
(Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Car- 
penter), New  Milford  (Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    June  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Silene  noctiflora  L.   (night-flowering). 
Catchfly.    Night-flowering  Catchfly. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  places  about  dwellings :  Nor- 
wich (W.  A.  Setchell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell), 
Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett  and  Bissell),  North  Branford  and 
Oxford  (Harger),  Bridgeport  and  Fairfield  (Eames).  Mid- 
June  —  Oct.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Silene  pennsylvanica  Michx. 

Silene  caroliniana  of  recent  authors,  perhaps  of  Walt. 
Wild  Pink.    Fire  Pink. 

Dry,  sandy  soil,  especially  on  banks.  Rare  or  local  in  most 
districts:  along  the  Thames  River  from  Norwich  southwar4 
(Graves),  Colchester   (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson),  Scotland  and 


l8o  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  fBuU. 

Windham  (G.  Waldo),  North  Haven   (Harger),  Woodbury 
(Eames   &   C.    C.    Godfrey),    Newtown    (J.    P.    Blackman), 
Brookfield    (Eames).       Becoming   occasional    in   the   south- 
western part  of  the  state.     May  —  mid- June. 
A  handsome  plant  in  cultivation. 

Silene  stellata  (L.)  Ait.f.  (starry). 

Starry  Campion.     Four-leaved  Campion. 

Rocky  woods  and  thickets.  Rare  in  its  most  northerly  and 
easterly  reported  localities:  New  Milford  (Eames),  Beacon 
Falls  (Harger),  Plainville  (Bissell),  Simsbury  (A.  W. 
Driggs),  Newington  (H.  S.  Clark),  Middletown  (Harger), 
Old  Lyme  (Graves),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon).  Fre- 
quent near  the  coast  westward.     Mid-July  —  Sept. 

A  handsome  plant  and  worthy  of  cultivation. 

Silene  latifolia  (Mill.)  Britten  &  Rendle  (broad-leaved). 
Silene  Cucubalus  Wibel. 
Silene  vulgaris  Garcke. 
Bladder  Campion.     Behen.    Rattle  Bags.     Cow  Bells. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Grassland,  roadsides  and  waste  | 
places.     June  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

SAPONARIA  L. 

Saponaria  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 

Bouncing  Bet.     Soapwort.     Old-maid's  or  Hedge  Pink. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places.  July  — 
Oct.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  plant  has  active  medicinal  properties,  but  is  now 
seldom  used.    Often  occurs  with  double  flowers. 

Saponaria  Vaccaria  L.  (cow-herb). 
Vaccaria  Vaccaria  Britton. 
Cow-herb.     Field  Soapwort.     Cow-rattle.     Cockle. 

Rare.  Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places:  Norwich 
(Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  New 
Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Mansfield  and  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S 
Phelps),  Hartford  (Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bis- 
sell), Waterbury  (Mrs.  C.  H.  Lyman,  Jr.),  Bridgeport  and 
Fairfield  (Eames),  New  Milford  (E.  H.  Austin).  June 
July.     Introduced  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  181 

GYPSOPHILA  L. 

Gypsophila  muralis  L.  (of  walls). 
Gypsophyll.    Mist. 

Rare.  Roadside  in  Granby,  escaped  from  cultivation  (I. 
Holcomb).     June  —  Sept.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

GjT)sophila  elegans  Bieb.  (elegant). 

Rare.  Southington,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  field 
(Andrews).     June — July.     Fugitive  from  Asia. 

DIANTHUS    L.         Pink.     Carnation. 

Dianthus  deltoides  L.  (triangular). 
Maiden  Pink.     Meadow  Pink. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground :  South  Windsor 
(C.  C  Hanmer),  Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Bristol  (W.  A. 
Terry),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson,  Bissell).  June  — 
July.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Dianthus  barbatus  L.  (bearded). 

Sweet  William.     Bunch  or  French  Pink.     Bloomy-down. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation: Lebanon  (Mrs.  C.  B.  Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H. 
Bartlett),  Southington  (Bissell,  Andrews),  Southbury  (Har- 
ger),  Fairfield  (Fames),  Redding  (Fames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey), 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  June — July.  Introduced 
from  Europe. 

Dianthus  Armeria  L.  (likeArmeria.  the  Thrift). 
Deptford  Pink. 

Dry  fields  and  roadsides  and  in  woods.  Occasional  north- 
ward and  frequent  or  locally  common  throughout  the  southern 
part  of  the  state.     July  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Dianthus  plumarius  L.  (feathery). 

Grass,  Garden,  Scotch  or  Pheasant"s-eye  Pink. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation:  Thompson,  in  an  old 
cemetery  near  Wilsonville  where  it  is  spontaneous  in  the  grass 
(Graves).     May — June.     Introduced  from  Europe. 


l82  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

PORTULACACEAE.         PURSLANE  FAMILY. 

CLAYTONIA  L.        Spring  Beauty. 
Claytonia  virginica  L. 

Spring  Beauty.     Mayflower. 

Rich  moist  woods  and  more  open  places.  Occasional  or 
frequent  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state;  rare  or  local 
elsewhere.    April  —  May. 

Easily  cultivated  in  suitable  situations. 

Claytonia  caroliniana  Michx. 

Spring  Beauty.     Broad-leaved  Spring  Beauty. 

Rare  or  local.  Rich  moist  woods:  Middletown  (M. 
Hitchcock),  Bristol  (W.  A.  Terry),  Barkhamsted  (A.  E. 
Blewitt),  Torrington  (Miss  B.  A.  Parker),  New  Milford 
(E.  H.  Austin),  Cornwall  (Miss  J.  T.  Gregory),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    Late  March  — April. 

PORTULACA  L.         Purslane. 
Portulaca  oleracea  L.  (suitable  for  a  pot-herb). 
Purslane.     Pusley. 

Common.  Cultivated  and  waste  ground.  June  —  Sept 
Naturalized  from  the  South  or  from  Europe;  now  cosmo- 
politan. 

A  bad  weed  in  any  cultivated  ground,  especially  in  onion 
fields.     Difficult  to  eradicate  because  of  its  tenacity  of  life, 
rapid  growth  and  prolific  seeding.     Excellent  as  a  pot-herb, 
and  some  strains  are  cultivated  for  this  use. 
Portulaca  grandiflora  Hook,  (large-flowered). 

Portulaca.     Garden  or  Showy  Portulaca.    Wax  Pinks.     Gar- 
den or  French  Purslane.     Rose  Moss.     Sun-plant. 
Rarely  escaped  from  gardens  into  waste  places:     Bridge- 
port and  Norwalk  (Fames),  Ansonia  (Harger).    July —  Oct 
Fugitive  from  South  America. 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE.       HORNWORT  FAMILY. 

CERATOPHYLLUM  L.         Hornwort. 
Ceratophyllum  demersum  L.  (submerged). 

Frequent.     Ponds,  pools  and  slow  streams.     June — July. 

The  var.  echinatum   Gray    (prickly)    is  frequent  in  the 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  183 

southwestern  part  of  the  state  (Eames),  reaching  eastward 
to  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton)  and  northward  to  Middlebury 
and  Woodbury  (Harger).  The  fruit,  July  —  Aug.,  is  often 
present  in  the  variety,  not  seen  otherwise. 

NYMPHAEACEAE.         WATER  LILY  FAMILY. 

NYMPHAEA  L.         Yellow  Pond  Lily.     Spatter-dock. 
Nymphaea  advena  Ait.  (a  stranger). 

Nuphar  advena  Ait.  f. 

Yellow  Pond  Lily.     Spatter-dock.     Frog,  Cow,  Hog,  Bull- 
head or  Horse  Lily.    Brandy  Bottle. 
Common.     Ponds,  pools  and  slow  streams.     Mid-May  — 

Sept. 

The  var.  variegata  (Engelm.)   Fernald  (variegated)  has 

been  found  in  Salisbury   (C.   C.  Godfrey),  Goshen    (L.  M. 

Underwood),  Kent  (Eames). 
The  rhizome  is  medicinal. 

X(?)  Nymphaea  rubrodisca   (Morong)   Greene   (red-disked). 
Nuphar  advena  Ait.  f.,  var.  minus  Morong. 

Rare.  In  ponds:  Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour),  Trumbull, 
Eames  ) .    June  —  Aug. 

Nymphaea  microphylla  Pers.  (small-leaved). 

Nymphaea  Kalmiana  Sims. 
Nuphar  Kalmianiim  Ait.  f. 
Small  Yellow  Pond  Lily. 

Rare  or  local.  Ponds  and  still  water:  Lyme  (Graves, 
Bissell),  Windham  (J.  W.  Robbins),  North  Haven  (Bissell), 
Milford  (Eames),  Derby  (H.  C.  Beardslee),  Watertown 
(Harger),  Norfolk   (J.  H.  Barbour).     June  —  Aug. 

CASTALIA  Salisb.         Water  Lily.     Water  Nymph. 
Castalia  odorata  (Ait.)  Woodv.  &  Wood  (fragrant). 
Nymphaea  odorata  Ait. 
Nymphaea  odorata  Ait.,  var.  minor  Sims. 
White  or  Sweet-scented  White  Water  Lily.     Pond  Lily. 

Frequent  or  common.  Ponds  and  still  waters.  June  — 
Sept. 

Introduced   in   many   ponds    for   its   showy   and    fragrant 


184  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

flowers,  which  are  often  gathered  and  sold  in  market.     The 
rhizome  is  medicinal. 

Castalia  tuberosa  (Paine)  Greene  (bearing  tubers). 
Nymphaea  reniformis  of  authors,  not  Walt. 
White  Pond  or  White  Water  Lily. 

Rare.  In  deep  water  at  Selden's  Cove,  Lyme  (Graves  & 
Bissell),  and  at  Round  Pond,  Ridgefield  (Eames).  June  — 
Aug. 

NELUMBO  Adans.         Sacred  Bean. 
Nelumbo  lutea  (Willd.)   Pers.   (yellow). 

Lotus.  American  or  Yellow  Nelumbo  or  Lotus.    Great  Water 
Lily,    Duck  Acorn.    Water  Chinquapin. 
Very  rare.    In  Selden's  Cove,  Lyme  (D.  C.  Eaton  in  1856, 
Graves,  et  al. ) .    July  —  Aug. 

BRASENIA  Schreb.         Water  Shield. 
Brasenia  Schreberi  Gmel. 
Brasenia  peltata  Pursh. 
Brasenia  purpurea  Casp. 
Water  Shield  or  Target.    Little  Water  Lily.    Waterleaf. 

Ponds,  slow  streams  and  ditches.  Frequent  near  the  coast 
in  New  London  County,  occasional  or  rare  elsewhere.  Late 
June  —  Aug. 

RANUNCULACEAE.         CROWFOOT   FAMILY. 

RANUNCULUS  L.         Crowfoot.     Buttercup. 
Ranunculus  circinatus  Sibth.   (coiled). 

Batrachium  divaricatum  of  authors,  not  Ranunculus  divari- 

catus  Schrank. 
Batrachium  longirostre  of  Britton's  Manual. 
Stiff  or  White  Water  Crowfoot. 

Local.  Salisbury,  plentiful  at  Lakeville  in  a  pond  and  in 
a  stream  flowing  from  it  (M.  L.  Fernald,  J.  R.  Churchill  & 
Bissell).     May  —  Aug. 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  L.  (aquatic),  var.  capillaceus  DC.  (hair- 
like). 
Ranunculus  aquatilis  L.,  var.  trichophyllus  Gray. 
Batrachium  trie  ho  phy  Hum  Bosch. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  185 

Batrachium  ilaccidum  Rupr. 

Batrachium  Drouetii  Nym. 

Batrachium  confervoides  of  authors,  not  Fries. 

Common  White  Water  Crowfoot.    Water  Milfoil.    Green  Eel 

Grass. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Ponds  and  slow  streams.  Mid- 
May  —  Aug". 

Ranunculus  Cymbalaria  Pursh   (like  Cymbalaria,  a  genus  of 

the  Figwort  family). 
Oxygraphis  Cymbalaria  Prantl. 
Seaside  Crowfoot. 

Rare.  Muddy  shores :  coves  of  the  Thames  River  in 
Waterford  and  Montville  (Graves),  Bridgeport  (H.  C. 
Beardslee),  Partridge  Island  (G.  W.  Hawes).    July  —  Aug. 

Ranunculus  delphinifolius  Torr.  (having  leaves  like  the  Lark- 
spur). 
Ranunculus  multifidus  Pursh,  not  Forskal. 
Yellow  Water  Crowfoot. 

Rare  or  local.     Ponds  and  pools.     May — June. 
The  var.  terrestris  (Gray)  Farwell  (terrestrial)  is  some- 
times found,  especially  in  dry  seasons.     It  seems  to  be  the 
form  taken  by  the  species  when  rooting  out  of  water,  or  when 
left  in  the  mud  of  drying  ponds. 

Ranunculus  laxicaulis  (Torr.  &  Gray)  Darby  (loose-stemmed). 
Ranunculus  ambigens  Wats. 
Ranunculus  obtusiusculus  Raf. 
Spearwort.    Water  Plantain  Spearwort. 

Occasional.  Ditches,  wet  places  and  shallow  water.  June 
—  Aug. 

Ranunculus  Flammula  L.   (a  little  flame),  var.  reptans   (L.) 

Meyer  (creeping). 
Ranunculus  reptans  L. 
Creeping  or  Crawling  Spearwort. 

Rare.  Wet  sandy  or  rocky  shores :  Waterford  and  Sprague 
(Graves),  Preston  (W.  A.  Setchell),  Wethersfield  (C. 
Wright),  Windsor  (Bissell).    June  —  Aug. 


l86  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBull. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.  (cursed). 

Cursed,  Marsh,  Ditch,  or  Biting  Crowfoot.     Water  Celery. 

Blisterwort. 

Swamps,  ditches  and  wet  places.  Along  the  Connecticut 
River  in  East  Hartford,  rare  (Weatherby,  A.  W.  Driggs), 
and  Middletown,  occasional  (A.  W.  Driggs)  ;  along  the  coast 
in  Guilford  (Bissell),  and  East  Haven,  rare  (Harger)  ;  occa- 
sional westward,  especially  about  the  junction  of  salt  marshes 
and  upland.     Mid-May  —  June. 

One  of  our  most  acrid  species  and  known  to  be  poisonous 
to  stock. 

Ranunculus  micranthus  Nutt.  (small-flowered). 
Ranunculus  ahortivus  L.,  var.  micranthus  Gray. 
Rock  Crowfoot. 

Dry  rocky  woods.  Occasional  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  state  and  along  the  tops  of  the  trap  hills  in  the  Connec- 
ticut Valley;  rare  elsewhere:  Oxford  and  Seymour  (Harger), 
Darien  (Harger,  Eames  &  Weatherby).     May. 

Ranunculus  ahortivus  L.  (abortive). 

Small-flowered,  Kidney-leaved  or  Smooth  Crowfoot. 

Common.     Rich,  usually  moist  woods,  thickets  and  more 
open  places.    Mid- April — July. 
Ranunculus     ahortivus     L.,     var.     eucyclus     Fernald     (well- 
rounded). 

Rare.  Moist  rich  woods:  Sprague  (Graves),  Southington 
(Andrews),  Oxford  (Harger),  Brookfield  (Eames),  Corn- 
wall and  Salisbury  (Bissell).     May — June. 

Ranunculus  allegheniensis  Britton. 
Mountain  Crowfoot. 

Rare.  Rich  woods:  Monroe  and  Cornwall  (Harger), 
Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fernald  &  Bissell).    May — June. 

Ranunculus  recurvatus  Poir.  (bent  backward). 
Hooked,  Rough  or  Sanicle-leaved  Crowfoot. 

Frequent  or  common.  Moist  rich  woods  and  more  open 
places.    May  — June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  187 

Ranunculus  fascicularis  Miihl.  (clustered) . 
Early  or  Tufted  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot. 

Rare.  Dry  woods  and  more  open  places :  Franklin  (R.  W. 
Woodward),  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton,  G.  W.  Hawes), 
Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Southbury  (Harger),  Woodbury 
(Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Brookfield  (Eames),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    April— May. 

Generally  confused  with  Ranunculus  hispidus. 
Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Poir.  (northern). 
Swamp  or  Marsh  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot. 

Wet  meadows,  swamps,  ditches  and  along  streams.  Locally 
plentiful  in  Franklin  and  Lyme  (Graves),  but  not  otherwise 
reported  from  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state ;  elsewhere 
well  distributed  and  frequent  or  common.     Mid-May  — June. 

Ranunculus  hispidus  Michx.    (rought-hairy). 
Wood  or  Early  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot. 

Dry  or  moist  often  rocky  woods.  Occasional  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  state,  extending  southward  as  far  as  Franklin 
(R.  W.  Woodward),  Middletown  (M.  Hitchcock),  Berlin 
(Andrews),  Oxford  (Harger),  Darien  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpen- 
ter) .    Late  April  —  mid-June. 

Ranunculus  repens  L.  (creeping). 

Creeping  or  Spotted-leaf  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot. 

Lawns  and  waste  places  in  New  London  County,  occasional 
(Graves)  ;  Hartford,  rare,  and  Stamford,  roadside  (A.  W. 
Driggs)  ;  New  Hartford,  bank  of  Farmington  River,  and  Nor- 
folk, wet  woods  (Bissell)  ;  Fairfield,  moist  grassy  roadsides 
and  wastes  (Eames)  ;  Salisbury,  along  a  woodland  brook 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell).  May— July.  In  part  natural- 
ized from  Europe. 

The  double-flowered  form  of  the  gardens  has  escaped  to 
wet  fields  in  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell). 

Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.f. 

Bristly  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot. 

Rare  or  local.  Open  wet  or  swampy  places  and  muddy 
or  sandy  shores:  Lyme,  at  Selden's  Cove  (Graves),  East 
Hartford  (Weatherby),  Enfield  and  Granby  (A.  W.  Driggs), 
Hamden  (Bissell,  Andrews),  Oxford   (Harger),  Canaan  (J. 


l88  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEV.  fBull. 

.    H.  Barbour),  Sharon  (Bissell),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
June  —  Aug. 

Ranunculus  bulbosus  L.  (bulbous). 

Bulbous  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot.     Butter  or  Blister  Flowers. 

Gold-cups.     King-cups. 

Common.  Fields,  pastures  and  roadsides,  usually  in  dry 
ground.     Mid-May — July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  weed  of  the  same  character  as  Ranunculus  acris,  and, 
like  that  and  some  other  species  of  this  genus,  an  acrid  poison. 
The  irritant  properties  are  said  to  be  dissipated  in  drying. 
Medicinal. 

Ranunculus  acris  L.  (acrid). 

Buttercups.    Tall  or  Meadow  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot.    Butter 

or  Blister  Flowers. 

Frequent  or  common.  Fields,  meadows  and  roadsides, 
usually  in  moist  soil.  Mid-May  —  Nov.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

The  var.  Steveni  (Andrz.)  Lange,  occurs  occasionally. 

A  pernicious  weed,  especially  in  pastures,  and  avoided  by 
grazing  animals. 

THALICTRUM  L.         Meadow  Rue. 
Thalictrum  dioicum  L.  (dioecious). 

Early    Meadow    Rue.      Feathered    Columbine.      Quicksilver 
Weed. 

Rocky  hillsides  in  rich  soil.  Occasional  or  local  near  the 
coast ;  local,  frequent  or  common  elsewhere.  Late  April  — 
May. 

Thalictrum  revolutum  DC.  (rolled  back  from  the  edge). 
Thalictrum  purpurascens  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Purple  or  Wax-leaved  Meadow  Rue. 

Occasional  northward  in  dry  fields  and  on  hillsides ;  fre- 
quent southward,  especially  near  the  coast,  in  copses,  dry  or 
moist  fields  and  in  meadows.    June  — July. 
Thalictrum  polygamum  Muhl.  (polygamous). 

Common  or  Tall  Meadow  Rue. 

Frequent  or  common.  Low  meadows,  thickets  and  beside 
streams.     Late  June  —  Aug. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  -  189 

ANEMONELLA  Spach. 

Anemonella  thalictroides    (L.)    Spach    (like   Thalictrum,   the 

Meadow  Rue). 
Syndesmon  thalictroides  Hoffmg. 
Rue  Anemone.     Wind-flower. 

Dry  to  moist  woods,  banks  and  more  open  places.  Rare 
near  the  coast  in  New  London  County ;  frequent  or  common 
elsewhere.     April  —  May. 

Easily  cultivated  and  then  often  double-flowered. 

HEPATICA  Hill.         Liverleaf.     Hepatica. 

Hepatica  triloba  Chaix  (three-lobed). 
Hepatica  Hepatica  Karst. 
Hepatica.     Liverleaf.     Liverwort.     Mayflower.     Mouse-ears. 

Trefoil. 

Rich,  usually  rocky  woods.  Rare  near  the  coast,  becoming 
occasional  or  frequent  northward.    March,  rarely  —  mid-May. 

Placed  in  a  warm  situation  at  any  time  during  the  winter, 
potted  plants  will  bloom.  Of  native  plants  the  Liverleaf 
is  usually  considered  to  be  the  earliest  flower  of  spring,  al- 
though in  their  range  Claytonia  caroliniana  and  Cardamine 
purpurea  habitually  precede  it.  The  leaves  are  medicinal  and 
are  still  occasionally  used  in  domestic  practice. 

Hepatica  acutiloba  DC.  (with  pointed  lobes). 
Hepatica  acuta  Britton. 
Hepatica.     Liverleaf.     Liverwort. 

Rare.  Rocky  woods  in  rich  soil :  Torrington  and  Salisbury 
(Bissell),  Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brewster),  Canaan  (A.  W. 
Driggs).     Late  March  —  mid-May. 

Medicinal  properties  the  same  as  those  of  Hepatica  triloba. 

ANEMONE  L.         Anemone. 

Anemone  cylindrica  Gray  (cylindrical). 
Long-fruited  Anemone. 

Dry  roadsides,  banks  and  borders  of  woods.  Rare  on  and 
near  the  coast:  Groton  (Graves),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E. 
Rogers,  Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Bridgeport  and 


190  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  |  Bull. 

Easton   (Eames).     Becoming  occasional  northward  and  fre- 
quent in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state.    Mid-June  — July. 
An  acrid  poison  with  medicinal  properties. 
Anemone  riparia  Fernald  (of  river  banks). 

Rocky  woods   and   on   river  banks.     Oxford,   along  the 
Housatonic  River    (Harger),  and  occasional  or  local   from 
Litchfield  northward  and  westward  (Bissell).    June  —  July. 
Anemone  virginiana  L. 

Tall  or  Summer  Anemone.    Thimbleweed. 

Frequent.     Dry  woods,  partial  shade  and  in  fields.     Mid- 
June  —  Aug. 
Anemone  canadensis  L. 

Anemone  pennsylvanica  L. 
Round-leaved  or  Round-headed  Anemone. 

Moist  thickets  and  banks.  Rare  over  most  of  its  range: 
East  Haven  (A.  W.  Evans),  Southington,  apparently  intro- 
duced (Andrews),  North  Canaan  and  Cornwall  (Bissell), 
Newtown  (J.  P.  Cowles).  Locally  plentiful  along  the 
Housatonic  River  in  Oxford,  Monroe  and  Derby  (H.  C. 
Beardslee,  Harger).  Mid-May  —  June. 
Anemone  quinquefolia  L.  (five-leaved). 

Anemone  nemorosa  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Wind-flower.  Wood  or  Spring  Anemone.    Mayflower.    Snow- 
drop. 

Common.     Rich,  usually  moist,  woods,  thickets  and  more 
open  places.    April  —  May. 

An  acrid  poison  with  medicinal  properties. 

CLEMATIS  L.         Virgin's  Bower. 
Clematis  virginiana  L. 

Wild  Clematis.     Devil's  Hair.     Traveler's  Joy.     Love  Vine. 
Common.    Moist  thickets,  hedge-rows  and  roadsides.    July 
—  Aug. ;  fruit  Sept. —  Nov. 

An  acrid  poison,  and  when  bruised  actively  irritant  to  the 
skin  or  eyes.    The  leaves  and  flowers  are  medicinal. 
Clematis  verticillaris  DC.  (whorled). 
Atragene  americana  Sims. 
Purple  or  Mountain  Qematis  or  Virgin's  Bower. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I9I 

Dry  rocky  woods.  Rare  or  local  over  most  of  its  range : 
North  Stonington  and  East  Haddam  (Graves),  Guilford  (G. 
H.  Bartlett),  Bolton  (Weatherby),  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton, 
et  al.),  Oxford  (Harger),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
Occasional  about  the  trap  hills  of  central  Connecticut.     May. 

CALTHA   L.         Marsh   Marigold. 
Caltha  palustris  L.  (of  marshes). 

Marsh  Marigold.     Cowslips.     Meadow  Gowan.     May-blobs. 
Water-blobs. 

Common  or  local.  Swamps,  wet  places  and  along  brooks. 
Mid- April  —  May. 

The  young  plants  are  much  used  as  a  pot-herb.  It  is  hand- 
some in  cultivation,  flourishing  in  rich  moist  soil. 

TROLLIUS   L.         Globeflower. 
Trollius  laxus  Salisb.  (loose). 

American,  Spreading,  Wild  or  Swamp  Globeflower. 

Rare.  Swampy  woods  and  meadows:  Cornwall  (E.  E. 
Brewster,  1879,  and  at  the  same  locality,  Bissell,  1903).  April 
—  May. 

COPTIS  Salisb.         Goldthread. 
Coptis  trifolia  (L.)   Salisb.   (three-leaved). 

Goldthread.    Canker-root.    Yellow-root.    Mouth-root. 

Swamps  and  wet  woods,  especially  in  sphagnum.  Not  re- 
ported near  the  coast  west  of  New  Haven ;  rare  near  the  coast 
eastward,  mostly  in  sphagnous  cedar  swamps  or  cold,  swampy 
woods ;  occasional  northward,  becoming  frequent  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state.     May  —  mid-June. 

The  roots  have  been  much  used  as  a  bitter  tonic  and  in 
the  form  of  an  infusion  as  an  astringent  wash. 

NIGELLA  L.         Fennel  Flower. 
Nigella  sativa  L.  (sown). 
Nutmeg  Flower. 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  in  waste  ground  (Fames).  July.  Fugi- 
tive from  Europe. 

Sometimes  cultivated  for  its  seeds  which,  under  the  name 
of  Black  Cumin,  are  used  for  seasoning. 


192  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY,  [Bull. 

AQUILEGIA   L.         Columbine. 
Aquilegia  canadensis  L. 

Wild    or   Red    Columbine.      Honeysuckle.      Meeting-houses. 
Rock  Lily.    Bells. 

Occasional,  frequent  or  common.  Open  or  shaded  places, 
usually  in  rocky  ground.     Late  April  — June. 

The  var.  flaviflora  (Tenney)  Britton  (yellow-flowered) 
sometimes  occurs. 

Aquilegia  vulgaris  L.  (common). 

Garden  or  European  Columbine.     Blue  Bells.     Cock's-foot. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  and  waste  places  : 
Lebanon  (Graves),  West  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Rissell), 
Oxford  (Harger),  Milford,  Westport  and  Woodbury  (Eames 
&  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Norfolk  (Weatherby).  Mid-May —June. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  herb  is  medicinal. 

DELPHINIUM  L.         Larkspur. 
Delphinium  Consolida  L.  (classical  name). 

Garden    or    Field    Larkspur.      Dolphin    Flower.      Lark-heel. 
Knight's  Spur. 

Rare.  Waste  grounds:  Windham  (Bissell),  Bridgeport 
and  Fairfield  (Eames),  Middlebury  (Harger).  July — Sept. 
Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe. 

The  herb  and  seeds  are  medicinal.  The  leaves  are  believed 
to  be  poisonous  to  stock. 

Delphinium  Ajacis  L.   (from  Ajax,  Greek  legendary  hero). 
Larkspur.    Rocket  Larkspur. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  into  waste  land  and  fields: 
New  London  (Graves),  Bridgeport  and  Fairfield  (Eames), 
Weston  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).  Mid-June  —  Aug.  Ad- 
ventive from  Europe. 

CIMICIFUGA  L.         Bugbane. 
Cimicifuga  racemosa  (L.)  Nutt.  (Jiaving  racemes). 

Black  or  Rattle  Cohosh  or  Snakeroot.     Rattle-top.     Squaw- 
root. 
Rich,  often  rocky  woods.    Norfolk,  plentiful  at  one  locality. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I93 

but  probably  introduced  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour),  Southington, 
rare  or  local  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Oxford,  common  (Harger)  ; 
and  frequent  throughout  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state 
( Eames ) .    Late  June  — July. 

The  var.  dissecta  Gray  (finely  cut)  occurs  with  the  species 
at  Stratford  (Eames). 

The  rootstock  is  valued  in  medicine  and  is  officinal.  In 
cultivation  forms  a  fine  background  for  lower  plants  in  some- 
what shaded  situations. 

ACTAEA  L.         Baneberry.     Cohosh. 

Actaea  rubra  (x\it.)  Willd.  (red). 
Actaea  spicata  L.,  var.  rubra  Ait. 

Red   Baneberry,   Cohosh   or   Snakeroot.     Red-beads.     Coral- 
berry.     Snake-berry. 

Rich,  often  rocky  woods.  Rather  rare  near  the  coast ;  occa- 
sional elsewhere.     May  —  mid-June  ;  fruit  July  —  Aug. 

Worthy  of  cultivation  in  a  wild  garden  or  rockery.  The 
rootstock  and  roots  are  medicinal. 

Actaea  alba  (L.)  Mill,  (white). 

White  Baneberry,  Cohosh  or  Snakeroot.    White-beads.    Xeck- 

lace-weed. 

Rich,  often  rocky  woods.  Occasional  northward  ;  frequent 
southward.     Mid-May  —  mid-June  ;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

The  rootstock  and  roots  are  medicinal.  Both  this  and  the 
preceding  species  contain  irritant  principles  and  are  poisonous 
to  stock.  The  berries  of  both  species  are  poisonous  to  man- 
kind. 

HYDRASTIS  Ellis.         Orange-root.     Yellow  Puccoon. 

Hydrastis  canadensis  L. 

Golden  Seal.    Yellow-root.    Turmeric-root.     Indian  Turmeric 

or  Paint. 

Rare.  Rocky  woods  in  rich  soil :  Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop), 
Southington  (Mrs.  E.  R.  Newell).     May. 

The  rhizome  and  roots  possess  valued  medicinal  properties 
and  are  officinal. 


194  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull 

MAGNOLIACEAE.         MAGNOLIA    FAMILY. 
LIRIODENDRON   L.         Tulip  Tree. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera  L.   (tulip-bearing). 

Tulip  Tree.    Tulip,  Hickory  or  Yellow  Poplar.     Canoe-wood. 

Saddle  Tree.    Whitewood. 

Occasional,  local  or  frequent.  Rich  woods  and  openings. 
June. 

One  of  our  largest  trees  and  remarkable  for  its  tall  colum- 
nar trunk.  A  beautiful  tree  for  roadside  and  park  planting, 
rarely  attacked  by  insects.  The  wood  is  soft,  brittle,  easily 
worked,  largely  used  for  interior  finish,  cabinet  work,  wooden 
ware,  etc.    The  inner  bark  is  medicinal. 

MENISPERMACEAE.         MOONSEED  FAMILY. 
MENISPERMUM  L.         Moonseed. 

Menispermum  canadense.  L. 

Moonseed.     Yellow  Parilla  or  Sarsaparilla. 

River  banks  and  dry  rocky  hillsides,  in  woods  or  partial 
shade.  Reported  only  from  the  western  half  of  the  state ; 
occasional  near  the  coast  and  on  trap  hills ;  rare  elsewhere. 
June  —  early  July  ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct.,  or  persisting  through 
the  winter. 

The  roots  are  medicinal  and  were  formerly  ofificinal.  Some- 
times cultivated. 

BERBERIDACEAE.         BARBERRY    FAMILY. 
PODOPHYLLUM  L.         May  Apple.     Mandrake. 

Podophyllum  peltatum  L.  (peltate). 

Mandrake.    May,  Indian,  Hog  or  Devil's  Apple.    Duck's-foot. 

Wild  Lemon.     Raccoon-berry. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  rich  woods,  nearly  throughout, 
usually  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.  Mid-May  —  early 
June;    fruit  July — Aug. 

The  fruit  is  edible  and  harmless  but  disagreeable  to  many 
persons.  The  underground  portion  is  medicinal  and  officinal 
and  is  the  source  of  podophyllin.  It  is  a  desirable  plant  to 
grow  in  colonies  for  spring  effects  in  the  wild  garden. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I95 

CAULOPHYLLUM  Michx.         Blue  Cohosh. 
Caulophyllum  thalictroides  (L.)  Alichx.  (like  Thalictrum,  the 

Meadow  Rue). 
Pappoose  Root.    Squaw-root.    Blue  Cohosh.    Blueberry  Root. 

Blueberry. 

Rich  rocky  woods,  especially  in  moist  situations ;  some- 
times in  low  wooded  swamps  and  openings  along  the  coast. 
Rare  near  the  coast  eastward  ;  occasional  or  local  elsewhere. 
May ;  fruit  Aug. —  Oct.,  and  sparingly  persistent  through  the 
winter. 

The  rhizome  and  roots  are  of  some  value  medicinally  and 
were  formerly  officinal. 

BERBERIS   L.         Barberry. 
Berberis  vulgaris  L.  (common). 

Common  Barberry.     European  Barberry.     Pepperidge  Bush. 

Roadsides,  fence-rows  and  pastures.  Frequent  or  locally 
common  southward,  especially  near  the  coast ;  occasional  else- 
where. May  — June  ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct.,  partly  persistent 
through  the  winter.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  acid  fruit  is  used  to  make  a  refreshing  drink  and  for 
preserving.  The  bark  has  medicinal  properties  and  has  ac- 
quired local  reputation  as  a  spring  medicine.  Its  beauty  and 
other  desirable  qualities  make  it  worthy  of  cultivation,  espec- 
ially as  a  hedge-plant. 

LAURACEAE.         LAUREL   FAMILY. 

SASSAFRAS  Nees. 
I  Sassafras  variifolium  (Salisb.)  Kuntze  (various-leaved). 
Sassafras  officinale  Nees  &  Eberm. 
Sassafras  Sassafras  Karst. 
Sassafras.    Saxifrax.    Cinnamon-wood.    Ague  Tree. 

Frequent.  Dry  or  moist'  woods,  thickets  and  fence-rows, 
and  on  rocky  hillsides.     May  —  mid-June  ;  fruit  Sept. 

The  wood  is  aromatic,  rather  soft  and  brittle,  but  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil.  The  root-bark  is  medicinal  and  is 
used  as  an  ingredient  of  root  beer.  It  furnishes  a  volatile  oil 
of  agreeable  odor  and  taste,  used  for  flavoring  candy,  soap. 


196  CONNECTICUT   GEO!..    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull, 

etc.,  and  as  an  ingredient  of  liniments.  The  bark  of  the  root, 
the  pith  and  the  volatile  oil  are  officinal.  The  leaves  are  some- 
times chewed  to  allay  thirst. 

BENZOIN  Fabric.         Wild  Allspice.     Fever  Bush. 
Benzoin  aestivale  (L.)  Nees  (of  summer). 
Lindera  Benzoin  Blume. 
Benzoin  Benzoin  Coulter. 
Spice,  Benjamin  or  Fever  Bush.    Wild  Allspice.     Spice-wood. 

Snap  wood. 

Common.  Wet  woods  and  thickets.  Mid-April  —  mid- 
May  ;  fruit  Sept.—  Oct. 

The  fragrant  bark  and  the  berries  are  occasionally  used 
medicinally. 

PAPAVERACEAE.         POPPY  FAMILY. 

ESCHSCHOLTZIA  Cham. 
Eschscholtzia  californica  Cham. 
California  Poppy. 

Rare.  Fairfield,  a  waif  in  waste  ground  (Fames).  July. 
Fugitive  from  the  Pacific  Coast. 

SANGUINARIA  L.         Bloodroot. 
Sanguinaria  canadensis  L. 

Bloodroot.      Red    or    White    Puccoon.      Red    Indian    Paint. 
Red-root. 

Rich  woods  and  shaded  places,  especially  in  rocky  situa- 
tions. Rare  or  local  near  the  coast ;  local,  frequent  or  com- 
mon elsewhere.    April  —  mid-May. 

Flowers  sometimes  pink.  The  rootstock  is  employed  in 
medicine  and  is  officinal. 

CHELIDONIUM  L.         Celandine. 
Chelidonium  majus  L.  (greater). 

Celandine.     Swallow-wort.     Tetter-wort.     Kill-wart. 

Occasional   or   frequent.     Fence-rows,   roadsides,   crevices 
of  walls  and  rocky  places  and  waste  ground  about  dwellings,  j 
especially  in  shade.    May  —  June.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Xhe  plant  is  actively  poisonous  to  stock ;  is  also  medicinal, , 
until  recently  officinal. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  I97 

PAP  AVER  L.         Poppy. 
Papaver  somniferum  L.  (sleep-bringing). 
Garden  or  Opium  Poppy.     Common  Poppy. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  as  an  escape  from  cultivation: 
r)ridgeport  (  Eames).    July.    Adventive  from  the  Old  World, 

Medicinal   and   extensively  cultivated   in  the  East  as  the 
source  of  opium. 
Papaver  Rhoeas  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 

Red.  iMeld  or  Corn  Poppy.     Corn,  Canker  or  African  Rose. 

lieadaclie. 

Rare.  Grassland,  grain  fields  and  roadsides :  Southington 
(Andrews,  Bissell),  Stratford  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter,  Eames), 
Fairfield  (Eames).   June  —  mid-July.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

The  "  Shirley,"  one  of  the  handsomest  of  poppies  in  culti- 
vation, is  a  form  of  this  species.  Known  to  be  poisonous  to 
stock. 

Papaver  dubium  L.  (doubtful). 
Field  or  Smooth-fruited  Poppy. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Fairfield  (Fames),  Westport  (R. 
Thaxter,  Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter).  May.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

ARGEMONE  L.         Prickly  Poppy. 
Argemone  alba  Lestib.  (white). 
White  Prickly  Poppy. 

Rare.     East  Lyme,  one  plant  in  newly  seeded  grassland 
(Miss    A.    M.    Ryon).      June — July.       Fugitive    from    the 
southwest. 
Argemone  mexicana  L. 

Mexican   or   Prickly ,  Poppy.     Plowering  or  Yellow   Thistle. 
Devil's  Fig.     Bird-in-the-Bush. 

Rare.  Roadside  in  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton).  July  — 
Aug.     Fugitive  from  tropical  America. 

FUMARIACEAE.    FUMITORY  FAMILY. 

ADLUMIA  Raf.         Climbing  Fumitory. 
Adlumia  fungosa  (Ait.)  Greene  (spongy). 
Adhimia  cirrhosa  Raf. 

Mountain    or    Wood    Fringe.      Alleghany    or    Canary    Vine. 
Fairy  Creeper. 


198  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BulL 

Rocky  hillsides,  especially  in  shaded  places  or  in  woods. 
Rare  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  state  and  near  the  coast  west- 
ward :  Waterford  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  New 
Haven  (J.  A.  Allen),  Weston  (Miss  E.  L.  Smith).  Local  or 
occasional  northward  in  the  western  half  of  our  area.  July  — 
Sept. 

.V  liighly  ornamental  plant  and  occasionallx'  cultivated. 

DICENTRA  Bernh. 
Dicentra  Cucullaria  (L.)  Bernh.  (hood-like). 

BicHcuUa  Cucullaria  Millsp. 

Dutchman's,   Kitten   or   Little-boy's   Breeches.       White   Ear- 
drops or  Hearts.     Soldier's  Cap.     Boys-and-Girls. 
Rocky  woods  in  rich  soil.     Rare  in  the  southeastern  part 

of  the  state:     Franklin   (Graves).     Local,  occasional  or  fre- 
quent elsewhere.     April  —  mid-May. 
Dicentra  canadensis  (Goldie)  Walp. 

Bicuculla  canadensis  Millsp. 

Squirrel  or  Turkey  Corn.     Girls-and-Boys. 

Rare  or  local.     ]\Ioist  rich  soil  of  woodland  hillsides  among 

rocks:      Bozrah    (Mrs.    E.    E.    Rogers),    Plainville    (J.    N. 

Bishop).  Torrington   (Bissell).     .\pril  —  inid-i\Iay. 
The  tubers  arc  medicinal. 

CORYDALIS  Medic. 
Corydalis  sempervirens  (L.)  Pers.  (evergreen). 
Corydalis  glauca  Pursh. 
Capnoides  sempervirens  Borkh. 
Pale  or  Pink  Corydalis. 

Occasional.  Thin  soil  and  crevices  of  dry  exposed  ledges, 
and  in  recent  clearings.     Mid-May  —  Oct. 

FUMARIA  L.         Fumitory. 
Furriaria  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 

Common  or  Hedge  Fumitory.     Modesty. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  places,  road- 
sides and  about  old  gardens:  New  Flaven  (D.  C.  Eaton), 
Southington  (Andrews),  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Oxford 
(Harger),  Fairfield  and  Newtown  (Eames),  Stamford 
(W.  H.  Hoyt).     Mid-May  —  Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  IQQ 

Formerly,  and  rarely  even  now,  cultivated  for  its  reputed 
medicinal  properties. 

CRUCIFERAE.         MUSTARD   FAMILY. 
DRABA  L. 

Draba  verna  L.  (of  spring;  vernal). 

Whitlow  or  Vernal  Whitlow  Grass.     Shad-flower. 

Dry  roadsides,  fields  and  cultivated  ground.  Rare  in 
northern  districts:  East  Hartford  (J.  O.  Goodwin),  Hart- 
ford (A.  W.  Driggs).  Occasional  throughout  the  southern 
part  of  the  state.     April  —  May.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Formerly  possessed  some  reputation  for  the  cure  of 
whitlow. 

Draba  caroliniana  Walt. 
Whitlow  Grass. 

Rare.  Dry  sterile  soil:  Montville  and  Norwich  (W.  A. 
Setchell),  Waterford  (Graves),  East  Haven  (E.  B.  Wilson), 
Oxford  (Harger),  Kent  (H.  Mosher).     Mid- April  —  May. 

BERTEROA  DC. 

Berteroa  incana  (L.)  DC.  (hoary). 
Hoary  Alyssum. 

Rare  or  local.  Waste  places  and  fields:  Norwich  (Mrs. 
E.  E.  Rogers),  Putnam  (Harger),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett).  East  Windsor  (Bissell),  Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop). 
Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt), 
Bridgeport  and  Westport  (Fames),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Car- 
penter) .     June  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

LOBULARIA  Desv.         Sweet  Alyssum. 

Lobularia  maritima  (L.)  Desv.  (of  the  seaside). 
Alyssum  maritimum  Lam. 
Koniga  maritima  R.  Br. 
Sweet  Alyssum.    Sweet  Allison.    Madwort.     Snowdrift. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  waste 
places:  East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Southington  (An- 
drews), Bridgeport  (Fames).  July  —  Nov.  Fugitive  from 
Europe. 


20O  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

ALYSSUM  L. 
Alyssum  alyssoides  L.  (like  Alyssum). 
Alyssum  calycinuni  L. 
Small  Alyssum. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  wastes  in  dry  ground :  Branford 
(T.  j\I.  Prudden),  East  Haven  (Eames),  New  Haven  (Har- 
ger),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell).  May — June.  Fugi- 
tive or  adventive  from  Europe. 

Alyssum  saxatile  L.  (growing  among  rocks). 
Golden-tuft. 

Rare.  Griswold,  escaped  from  a  garden  to  field  (E.  F. 
Burleson).     June — July.     Native  of  Europe. 

THLASPI  L.         Penny  Cress. 
Thlaspi  arvense  L.  (of  cultivated  land). 

Eield  Penny  or  Bastard  Cress.     Dish,  Treacle  or  Mithridate 

Mustard. 

Rare.  Waste  places:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Southington  and  Plainville 
(Bissell),  Waterbury  (J.  M.  Richardson,  A.  E.  Blewitt), 
Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Bridgeport  (J.  Otis),  New  Mil- 
ford  (E.  H.  Austin).  May — June.  Fugitive  or  adventive 
from  Europe. 

LEPIDIUM  L.         Peppergrass.     Pepperwort. 
Lepidium  virginicum  L. 

Wild  Peppergrass.     Bird's  Pepper.     Tongue  Grass. 

Common.  Dry  roadsides,  fields  and  waste  grounds.  June 
—  Sept. 

Lepidium  apetalum  Willd.   (without  petals). 
Lepidium  iiitcrnicdiiuu  of  Gray's  Manual,  ed.  6. 
Bird's  Pepper.     Tongue  Grass.     Wild  Peppergrass. 

Frequent  or  common.  Fields  and  roadsides.  June  — 
Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe  or  the  West. 

Lepidium  ruderale  L.  (growing  among  rubbish). 
Roadside  Peppergrass. 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  in  waste  ground  (Eames).  June. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  20I 

Lepidium  sativum  L.  (sown). 

Garden  Cress.     Garden  or  Golden  Peppergrass.     Poor  Man's 

Pepper. 

Rare.  Southington,  about  an  old  garden  (Andrews)  ; 
Salisbury,  in  a  poultry  yard  and  probably  introduced  with 
grain  (A.  V.  Osmun).    June — July.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  cultivated  as  a  salad  plant. 

Lepidium  campestre  (L.)  R.  Br.  (of  fields). 

Field,    Bastard   or  Cow   Cress.      Mithridate   Mustard.      Poor 
Man's  Pepper. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Cultivated  fields,  sandy  roadsides 
and  waste  places.     June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

IBERIS  L. 

Iberis  amara  L.  (bitter). 

Candytuft.    Bitter  or  Annual  Candytuft.    Clown's  Mustard. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  places:  South- 
ington (Andrews),  Bridgeport  (Fames).  July  —  Aug. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

CAPSELLA  Medic.         Shepherd's  Purse. 

Capsella  Bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Medic,  (shepherd's  pouch). 
Bursa  Bursa-pastoris  Britton. 
Shepherd's    Purse   or    Sprouts.      Mother's    Heart.      Witches' 

Pouches. 

Common.  Cultivated  ground,  fields,  roadsides  and  waste 
places.     April  —  Oct.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Valued  as  a  pot-herb  because  of  its  earliness.  A  bad  weed 
in  cultivated  ground.     Medicinal. 

CAMELINA  Crantz.         False  Flax. 

Camelina  sativa  (L.)   Crantz  (sown). 

False  or  Dutch  Flax.     Gold-of-Pleasure.     Cheat.     Myagrum. 

Rare.  Oxford,  in  grain  fields  (Harger).  June — July. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

This,  like  the  following  species,  was  formerly  frequent 
among  flax,  of  which  it  was  believed  to  be  a  transmuted  or 
degenerate  form. 


202  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND  NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Camelina  microcarpa  Andrz.    (small-fruited). 
Camelina  silvcstris  Wallr. 

False  or  Dutch  Flax.  Gold-of-Pleasure.  Cheat.  Myagrum. 
Rare.  Roadsides,  grassland  and  grain  fields :  New  Lon- 
don (Graves),  Southington  (Andrews),  Waterbury  and 
Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Oxford  (Harger),  Fairfield 
(Fames),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson,  Bissell).  May 
—  July.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

NESLIA  Desv.         Ball  Mustard. 
Neslia  paniculata  (L.)  Desv.  (panicled). 
Ball  Mustard. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Litchfield 
(Miss  E.  H.  Thompson).  June  —  July.  Fugitive  from 
Europe. 

CAKILE  Ludwig.         Sea  Rocket. 
Cakile  edentula  (Bigel.)  Hook,   (toothless). 
Cakile  americana  Nutt. 
American  Sea  Rocket.     Sea  Cole  or  Rocket. 

Frequent  or  common  on  the  shores  of  the  Sound  and  of 
tidal  rivers  and  creeks.     Mid-June  —  Oct. 

RAPHANUS  L.         Radish. 
Raphanus  Raphanistrum  L. 

Wild  Radish.    Jointed  or  White  Charlock  or  Chadlock.    Char- 
lock.   Chadlock. 

Occasional,  frequent  or  common.     Cultivated  ground  and 
waste  places.    June  —  Oct.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Sometimes  very  troublesome  as  a  weed. 

Raphanus  sativus  L.  (sown). 
Radish.     Garden  Radish. 

Rare.  Cultivated  or  waste  ground:  Southington  (Bissell, 
Andrews),  Bridgeport  and  Fairfield  (Eames).  June  —  Oct. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

BRASSICA  L.         Mustard.     Turnip. 
Srassica  alba  (L.)  Boiss.  (white). 
Sinapis  alba  L. 
White  Mustard. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS  AND   FERNS  203 

Rare  or  local.  Waste  places:  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Ulewitt), 
Bridgeport,  in  several  places  and  plentiful  in  one  field  (I.  F. 
Moore,  Eames).    June  —  mid-Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  seeds  are  well  known  as  a  condiment  and  rubefacient, 
and  are  sometimes  used  to  preserve  cider  in  a  sweet  condition. 
Has  been  cultivated  for  at  least  2000  years. 

Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Kuntze  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Brassica  Sinapistrum  Boiss. 
Charlock.     Chadlock.     Cadlock.     Kedlock.     Kerlock.     Wild, 

Corn  or  Bastard  Mustard.    Field  or  Corn  Kale. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Waste  or  cultivated  ground.  June 
— July.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  a  bad  weed. 

Brassica  juncea  (L.)  Cosson  (like  Juncus,  the  Rush). 
Indian  or  Chinese  Mustard. 

Cultivated  fields  and  waste  places.  Frequent  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  coast ;  occasional,  local  or  rare  elsewhere.  June  —  Oct. 
Naturalized  from  Asia. 

The  seeds  are  used  like  those  of  White  and  Black  Mus- 
tard, and  the  young  leaves  for  greens.  A  bad  weed  in  grain 
fields  where  it  occurs. 

Brassica  japonica  Siebold. 

Curled  or  Pot-herb  Mustard.     California  Peppergrass. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  in  garden  soil  at 
Southington  (Andrews).  June  —  Sept.  Fugitive  from 
Asia. 

The  soft,   thin  leaves  make  excellent   "  greens." 

Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch   (black). 

Black  Mustard.    Cadlock.    Kedlock.    Kerlock. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Waste  ground  and  roadsides. 
June  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  young  plants  are  sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb.  The 
seeds  are  well  known  as  a  condiment  and  rubefacient  and  are 
officinal. 

Brassica  campestris  L.  (of  fields). 
Rutabaga. 

Occasional.  Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places.  Mid- 
May  — July.     Adventive  from  Europe. 


204  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Sometimes   a   bad   weed.      Extensively   cultivated    for   its 
roots. 
Brassica  Napus  L.  (classical  name). 
Rape. 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  ground.  June  — July.  Fugitive 
from  Europe. 

Sometimes  sown  for  forage. 

Brassica  Rapa  L.  (classical  name). 
Turnip. 

Occasional.  Waste  places  and  cultivated  ground.  June  ^- 
July.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Extensively  cultivated  as  a  vegetable. 

Brassica  oleracea  L.   (suitable  for  a  pot-herb). 
Cabbage. 

Rare.  Cultivated  or  waste  ground  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation.   June.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Well  known  as  a  vegetable. 

DIPLOTAXIS  DC. 

Diplotaxis  muralis  (L.)  DC.  (of  walls). 
Sand  Rocket  or  Mustard. 

Rare.  Cultivated  or  waste  ground:  Southington  (An- 
drews &  Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger),  Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt). 
June  —  Sept.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Diplotaxis  tenuifolia  (L.)  DC.   (slender-leaved). 
Wall  Rocket  or  Mustard. 

Local.  Plentiful  in  a  sandy  waste  in  Bridgeport  (Fames), 
and  about  chalk  piles  in  Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt).  July  — 
Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

CONRINGIA  Adans.     Flare's-ear  Mustard. 

Conringia  crientalis   (L.)  Dumort.   (of  the  Orient). 
Hare's-ear. 

Rare.  Waste  places:  Fairfield  (Fames),  Xew  Milford  (E. 
H.  Austin).  June.  Fugitive  from  the  Northwest  or  from 
Europe. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  20$ 

ALLIARIA  Adans.         Garlic  Mustard. 

AUiaria  officinalis  Andrz.  (of  the  shops). 
Alliaria  AUiaria  Britton. 
Sisymbrium  Alliaria  Scop. 
Hedge  Garlic. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Chester  (Mrs.  S.  I.  Smith),  Nauga- 
tuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Westport  (Harger).  May— June. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

SISYMBRIUM  L.         Hedge  Mustard. 

Sisymbrium  officinale  (L.)  Scop,  (of  the  shops). 
Bank  Cress. 

Local.     Fairfield,  where  it  is  plentiful  in  one  locality  in 
waste  ground  (Eames).     Mid-May  —  Oct.     Adventive  from 
Europe. 
Sisymbrium     officinale     (L.)     Scop.,     var,     leiocarpum    DC. 
(smooth-fruited) . 
Sisymbrium  officinale  of  Manuals. 
Bank  Cress. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places.  Mid-May 
—  Oct.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Sisymbrium  Loeselii  L. 

Rare.  In  mill  waste  at  Naugatuck  (B.  B.  Bristol), 
New  Milford  (Harger  &  Blewitt).  July.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Sisymbrium  altissimum  L.  (tallest). 
Tumble  Mustard. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Waste  places  about  roadsides  and 
along  railroads.  June  —  Aug.  Adventive  from  Europe  or 
the  West. 

Sisymbrium  canescens  Nutt.  (grov^ing  hoary) . 
Sophia  pinnata  Howell. 
Tansy  Mustard.    Hoary  Hedge  Mustard. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  :  Clinton  (J.  H.  Sperry,  1884).  May. 
Fugitive  from  the  South. 

Sisymbrium  Sophia  L. 

Sophia  Sophia  Britton. 


206  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  |  BulL 

Flixweed.    Herb  Sophia. 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (A.  E.  Blewitt).  June 
— Aug.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Sisymbrium  Thalianum  (L.)  J.  Gay. 

Stcnophragnia  ThaUana  Celak. 
Thale,  Mouse-ear  or  Wall  Cress. 

Rocky  banks,  ledges  and  dry  or  sandy  fields.  Rare  at 
Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  and  at  East  Haven  (Harger)  ; 
frequent  along  the  Housatonic  River  at  Oxford  (Harger), 
and  occasional  near  the  coast  throughout  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  state.  Mid-April  — June.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

HESPERIS  L.         Rocket. 

Hesperis  matronalis  L.  (suitable  to  a  matron). 

Dame's  or  Sweet  Rocket.     Damask  or  Dame's  Violet.     Sum- 
mer Lilac. 
Rare.      Escaped    from    gardens    to    roadsides    and    waste 

places.     Mid-May — Jnly.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

ERYSIMUM  L.         Treacle  Mustard. 

Erysimum    cheiranthoides    L.    (like    Cheiranthus,    the    Wall- 
flower). 
Wormseed  or  Treacle  Mustard. 

Rare  or  local.  Cultivated  and  waste  ground  or  rocky 
woods:  Southington  (Andrews),  East  Hartford  (C.  C.  Han- 
mer),  Waterbury  (Mrs.  C.  H.  Lyman,  Jr.),  Salisbury  (Mrs. 
C.S.Phelps).  June — ^July.  Fugitive  from  Europe  or  farther 
west,  except  at  Salisbury  where  it  seems  native. 

RADICULA  Hill.         \A^ater  Cress. 

Radicula  Nasturtium-aquaticum  (L.)  Britten  &  Rendle  (classi- 
cal name). 
Nasturtium  officinale  R.Br. 
Roripa  Nasturtium  Rusby. 
Water  Cress.    True  Water  Cress.    Crashes.    Brooklime. 

In  springs,  ditches  and  along  streams.  Local  and  in  all 
degrees  of  abundance  but  in  general  rare  eastward  and  fre- 
quent westward.   Late  May  —  Oct.   Naturalized  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  20/ 

Introduced  as  a  salad  plant  and  worthy  of  propagation  for 
family  use.    Flowers  rarely  purple. 

Radicula  sylvestris  (L.)  Druce  (of  woods). 
Nasturtium  sylvestre  R.Br. 
Roripa  sylvestris  Bess. 

Yellow  Cress.  Yellow  Water  Cress.  Creeping  Yellow  Cress. 
Local  and  rare  to  frequent  or  locally  common.  Moist 
ground  along  rivers,  and  in  fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places ; 
especially  common  in  the  upper  Connecticut  Valley.  May  — 
July,  even  Oct.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Radicula  palustris  (L.)  Moench  (of  marshes). 

Nasturtium  palustre  DC. 

Roripa  palustris  Bess. 

Yellow  Cress.    Marsh  Cress. 

Occasional,   rare  or  local.     Wet   meadows,  cultivated   or 

waste  ground,  ditches  and  banks  of  streams.    June  —  Sept. 
Radicula  palustris  (L.)  Moench,  var.  hispida  (Desv.)  Robin- 
son   (rough-hairy). 

Nasturtium  palustre  DC,  var.  hispidmn  Gray. 

Roripa  hispida  Britton. 

Hairy  Yellow  Cress. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Borders  of  streams  and  ponds, 

in  ditches  and  wet  places.    June  —  Aug. 

Radicula  Armoracia    (L.)    Robinson    (classical   name   for  this 

species). 
Nasturtium  Armoracia  Fries. 
Roripa  Armoracia  Hitchc. 
Horseradish. 

Occasional  throughout  as  an  escape  from  gardens.  Wet 
fields,  waste  places,  roadsides  and  ditches.  Mid-May  — June. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Roots  the  source  of  a  valued  condiment. 

BARBAREA   R.   Br.         Winter   Cress. 

Barbarea  vulgaris  R.  Br.   (common). 
Barbarea  Barbarea  MacM. 

Common  Winter,   Bitter,  Yellow,  or  Rocket  Cress.     Yellow 
Rocket. 


208  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull  | 

Meadows,  waste  places  and  along  streams,  usually  in  moist 
soil.  Frequent  or  common  except  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  state  where  it  is  rare.  May  — June.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Sometimes  used  as  a  salad  plant. 

Barbarea  striata  Andrz.  (straight  and  upright). 
Barbarea  vulgaris  R.Br.,  var.  stricta  Gray. 
Winter  Cress. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Roadsides,  waste  places,  fields 
and  along  streams.    May  — June. 

Barbarea  verna  (Mill.)  Asch.  (of  spring). 
Barbarea  praecox  Sm. 
Early  Winter  or  Belle  Isle  Cress.    Scurvy  Grass. 

Rare.  Cultivated  fields,  waste  places  and  roadsides : 
Waterford  (Graves),  New  Haven  and  Oxford  (Harger), 
Milford,  Stratford,  Bridgeport  and  Fairfield  (Fames).  May 
—  mid-June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

lODANTHUS  Torr.  &  Gray. 

lodanthus  pinnatifidus    (Michx.)    Steud.    (feather-cleft). 
Thclypodium  pinnatifidum  Wats. 
Purple  Rocket. 

Rare.  Middletown,  border  of  pond  (M.  Hitchcock,  iSjt;).; 
June.     Fugitive  from  the  West. 

LUNARIA  L.         Moonwort. 

Lunaria  annua  L.  (annual). 

Honesty.     Satin-flower.     Moonwort.     Money-plant. 

Rare.  Westport,  at  Green's  Farms,  in  a  dooryard  but  ap- 
parently self-sown  (C.  L.  Pollard).  Aug.  Fugitive  from 
Europe. 

Sometimes  cultivated  for  winter  bouquets. 

DENTARIA  L.         Toothwort.     Pepper-root. 

Dentaria  diphylla  Michx.    (two-leaved). 

Pepper-root.      Crinkle-root.      Tooth-root.      Toothwort. 

Rich,  moist,  wet  or  springy  woods,  banks  and  more  open 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  209 

places.  Occasional  or  local  except  near  the  coast  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state  where  it  has  not  been  reported.  Late 
April  —  late  May. 

The  fresh  rootstocks  are  sometimes  eaten  as  a  relish. 

Dentaria  maxima  Nutt.   (greatest). 
Large  Pepper-root  or  Toothwort. 

Rare.  Windsor,  plentiful  in  rich  soil  on  banks  and  alluvial 
bottoms  beside  a  woodland  stream  (Eames).  Late  April  — 
mid-May. 

Dentaria  incisifolia  Eames  (cut-leaved). 
Dentaria  incisa  Eames,  not  Small. 

Rare.  Rich,  damp,  hillside  woods  near  the  Housatonic 
River  in  Sherman  (E.  H.  Austin  &  Eames).  Late  April  — 
mid-May. 

Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.  (slashed). 
Cut-leaved  Pepper-root  or  Toothwort. 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  to  rather  dry  soil  of  rich  woods  and 
more  or  less  shaded  banks,  throughout,  but  especially  rare  in 
the  southeastern  part  of  the  state:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E. 
Rogers),  Old  Lyme  (Bissell).     Mid-April  —  early  May. 

Dentaria  anomala  Eames   (anomalous). 

Rare.  Moist,  rich  woods  and  banks:  Plainville  (Bissell), 
Orange  (Harger).     Late  April  —  early  May. 

This  species  occurs  at  stations  where  Dentaria  diphylla  and 
Dentaria  laciniata  grow  together,  and  is  possibly  a  hybrid. 

CARDAMINE  L.         Bitter  Cress. 

Cardamine  bulbosa   (Schreb.)    BSP.   (bulbous). 
Cardamine  rhonihoidea  DC. 
Spring  or  Bitter  Cress. 

Wet  woods  and  meadows.  Rare  near  the  coast  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state ;  occasional  elsewhere.  Mid- 
May  —  mid-June. 

Cardamine  Douglassii   (Torr.)    Britton. 

Cardamine  rliomboidca  DC,  var.  purpurea  Torr. 
Cardamine  purpurea  Britton. 


2IO  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Cardamiiie  bulbosa  BSP._,  var.  purpurea  BSP. 
Spring  or  Purple  Cress. 

Springy  places  and  swamps  in  woods  or  shaded  situations. 
Rare  at  Newtown  (I.  P.  Blackman,  J.  Pettibone)  ;  locally 
plentiful  in  New  Milford,  Sherman  and  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin 
&  Eames)  ;  many  plants  at  one  localit}^  in  North  Canaan  (Bis- 
sell).    Late  March  —  early  May. 

Cardamine  pratensis  L.  (of  meadows). 
Cuckoo  Flower.     Ladies'  Smock. 

Rare.  Bristol,  about  a  garden  but  formerly  plentiful  in  a 
meadow  (W.  A.  Terry),  Litchfield,  in  a  lawn  (Miss  E.  H. 
Thompson),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour),  Salisbury,  mar- 
gin of  a  lake  and  small  stream  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  May. 
At  least  in  part  adventive  from  farther  north. 

Cardamine  parviflora  L.   (small-flowered). 

Cardamine  hirsuta    L..    var.    sylvatica    of    some    American 

authors. 
Cardamine  arenicola  Britton. 
Small  Bitter  Cress. 

Occasional  or  local.  Ledges,  woods  or  open  situations  in 
barren  or  sterile  groimd.     Mid-April  — June. 

Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl. 

Cardamine  hirsuta  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  great  part. 
Bitter  Cress.    Brook,  Land  or  Lamb's  Cress. 

Frequent.  About  springs,  along  brooks  and  in  wet  shaded 
places.     May  — June. 

Sometimes  used  as  a  salad  plant  and  to  some  extent 
gathered  for  market. 

ARABIS   L.         Rock  Cress. 
Arabis  lyrata  L.  (lyre-shaped). 
Low  Rock  Cress.    Wall  Cress. 

Rocks,  ledges,  banks  and  sandy  places,  in  dry  ground. 
Occasional  in  most  districts  but  not  reported  from  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state.     May  — June. 

Arabis  glabra  (L.)  Bcrnh.   (smooth). 
Arabis  perfoliata  Lam. 
Tower  Mustard  or  Cress. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  2H 

Rare.  Fields  and  meadows:  Norwich  (W.  A.  Setchell), 
Windsor  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Farmington  (Andrews  &  Bissell, 
Weatherby),  Southbury  and  New  Milford  (Harger), 
Bridgeport  (E^mes).    June. 

Arabis  Drummondi  Gray. 

Arabis  cowdnis  Wats.,  in  great  part. 

Rare.  Dry  wooded  hillsides :  Montville,  Franklin,  Ledyard 
and  Old  Lyme  (Graves),  Lisbon  (Harger),  Branford  (A.  L. 
Winton),  West  Hartford  and  Bloomfield  (A.  W.  Driggs), 
Canaan  (C.  K.  Averill).     May — July. 

Arabis  hirsuta  (L.)  Scop,  (hairy). 
Hairy  Rock  Cress.    Wall  Cress. 

Rare.  Rocky  open  woods  and  sandy  ground :  Old  Lyme 
(Graves),  Bolton  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Oxford  (Harger),  Canaan 
(C.  K.  Averill),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  Mid-May  — 
early  June. 

Arabis  laevigata  (Muhl.)  Poir.  (smoothed). 
Smooth  Rock  Cress.    Wall  Cress. 

Rocky  woods  and  more  open  places.  Rare  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
Franklin  (Graves).  Occasional  or  frequent  elsewhere.  Mid- 
April  —  May. 

Arabis  canadensis  L. 

Sickle-pod.     Turkey-pod. 

Occasional.  Dry,  rich,  rocky  and  rather  open  woods.  June 
—  Aug. 

CAPPARIDACEAE.         CAPER    FAMILY. 
POLANISIA  Raf. 

Polanisia  graveolens  Raf.  (strong-smelling). 
False  Mustard.    Clammy-weed. 

Rare.  Gravelly  and  sandy  shores  of  the  Hockanum  River 
at  East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  and  of  the  Connecticut  River 
at  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs).    July  —  Aug. 

Polanisia  trachysperma  Torr.  &  Gray  (rough-seeded). 

Rare.     Alluvial  soil,  Glastonbury  (Mrs.  F.  W.  Starmer). 


212  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBuU. 

gravelly  and  sandy  margin  of  brook,  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C, 
S.  Phelps  &  Weatherby),  Sharon  (H.  S.  Clark).  Aug.—  Sept. 
Probably  introduced  from  the  West. 

CLEOME  L. 

Cleome  spinosa  L.  (prickly). 

Spider-flower.     Prickly  Cleome. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  grounds :  Bridge- 
port and  Fairfield  (Eames),  Norvvalk  (G.  P.  Ells).  July — 
Sept.    Fugitive  from  tropical  America. 

RESEDACEAE.         MIGNONETTE    FAMILY. 
RESEDA  L.         Mignonette.     Dyer's  Rocket. 

Reseda  Luteola  L.  (yellowish). 

Dyer's  Weed,  Weld,  or  Rocket.    Yellow-weed. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  places:  Guilford  (W.  R.  Dud- 
ley), New  Haven  (O.  Harger),  Monroe  (H.  C.  Beardslee). 
June  — July.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Reseda  lutea  L.  (yellow). 
Crambling  Rocket. 

Rare.  Roadsides,  fields  and  waste  places:  Preston  (E.  F. 
Burleson),  East  Windsor  (Bissell),  Bridgeport  (Eames), 
North  Canaan  (M.  B.  Toby,  Bissell),  SaUsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps,  A.  V.  Osmun).  May — June.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Reseda  odorata  L.  (fragrant). 
Common  or  Garden  Mignonette. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  in  Southington  (Andrews),  and 
Fairfield  (Eames).  July  —  Aug.  Fugitive  from  North 
Africa. 

Reseda  alba  L.  (white). 

White  or  Upright  Mignonette. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  ground  in  Water- 
bury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  and  Bridgeport  (Eames).  July  —  Sept. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING  PLANTS  AND  FERNS  213 

SARRACENIACEAE.    PITCHER-PLANT    FAMILY. 
SARRACENIA   L. 

Sarracenia  purpurea  L.  (purple). 

Side-saddle    Flower.       Pitcher-plant.      Huntsman's,    Adam's, 
Indian  or  Water  Cup.     Indian  Pitcher.     Dumb  Watches. 
Occasional,  local  or  frequent.     Sphagnum  bogs  or  some- 
times in  wet  meadows.     Late  May  — June. 
The  root  and  leaves  are  medicinal. 

DROSERACEAE.         SUNDEW    FAMILY. 
DROSERA  L.         Sundew. 

Drosera  rotundifolia  L.   (round-leaved). 
Round-leaved  Sundew.     Dew-plant. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Bogs,  wet  meadows  and  sandy 
swamps,  especially  in  sphagnum.     July  —  mid-Aug. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Drosera  longifolia  L.  (long-leaved). 
Drosera  intermedia  Hayne. 
Drosera  intermedia  Hayne,  var.  americana  DC. 
Long-leaved  Sundew.    Dew-plant. 

Rare,  local  or  occasional.  Sphagnum  bogs  and  swamps. 
Late  June  —  Aug. 

PODOSTEMACEAE.         RIVER    WEED    FAMILY. 
PODOSTEMUM  Michx.         River  Weed. 

Podostemum  ceratophyllum  Michx.   (horny-leaved). 
River  Weed.    Thread-foot. 

On  rocks,  stones  and  gravel  in  shallow  running  water. 
Rare  in  most  districts:  Shetucket  River  in  Sprague  and 
Franklin  (Graves),  Killingworth  (F.  W.  Hall),  Hartford 
(D.  C.  Eaton),  Windsor  (Harger).  Occasional  in  Oxford 
(Harger),  Newtown  (Fames),  and  throughout  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state.    Mid-June  —  Aug. ;  fruit  July  —  Sept. 


214  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

CRASSULACEAE.         ORPINE   FAMILY. 
PENTHORUM  L.         Ditch  Stonecrop. 

Penthorum  sedoides  L.   (like  Sedum,  the  Stonecrop). 
Ditch  or  Virginia  Stonecrop. 

Freqvtent.  Ditches,  wet  places  and  on  muddy  shores.  July 
—  Aug. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

TILLAEA  L. 

Tillaea  aquatica  L.  (aquatic). 
Tillaea  simplex  Nutt. 
Pygmy  Weed. 

Rare  or  local.  On  tidal  mud  of  rivers  and  creeks :  New 
Haven,  plentiful  about  the  upper  reaches  of  tidewater  in  Mill 
River,  and  Milford,  sparingly  along  Beaver  Creek  (Eames). 
Mid- June  — Jnly. 

SEDUM  L.         Stonecrop.     Orpine. 

Sedum  acre  L.  (acrid  or  biting). 

Mossy  or  Biting  Stonecrop.     Golden  Moss  or  Chain. 

Local.  "Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  banks,  rocky 
places  and  walls  in  all  quarters  of  the  state  and  plentiful  at 
some  stations.     Mid-June  — July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Sedum  ternatum  Michx.  (in  threes ;  referring  to  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves). 
Wild  Stonecrop. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  and  waste 
places:  Guilford  (W.  H.  Rowland),  East  Haddam  (Weath- 
erby),  Windsor  (Bissell),  Cheshire  and  Oxford  (Harger), 
Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour),  Kent  and  New  Milford 
(Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin),  Milford  (Eames),  Stamford  (W. 
H.  Hoyt).     May.    At  least  in  part  adventive  from  the  South. 

Sedum  triphyllum  (Haw.)  S.  F.  Gray  (three-leaved). 
Sedum  piirpureiim  Gray's  Manual  ed.  7. 
Sedum  Telephium  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Orpine.    Garden  Orpine.    Live-forever.    Live-long.    Aaron's 
Rod.     Bag-leaves.     Witches'  Money-bags.     Life-of-Man, 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  2I5 

Frequent.      Dry   or   moist   roadsides,   fields,   thickets   and 
about  old  dwellings.    Aug. —  Sept.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Rarely  seen  in  flower. 

SEMPERVIVUM  L.         Houseleek. 
Sempervivum  tectorum  L.    (of  dwellings). 
Houseleek.     Hen-and-chickens. 

Rare.  Milford,  long  persistent  and  spreading  from 
former  cultivation  (Eames).  July — Aug.  Introduced  from 
Europe. 

SAXIFRAGACEAE.         SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

SAXIFRAGA  L.         Saxifrage. 

Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  L. 
Swamp  Saxifrage. 

Swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Rare  near  the  coast,  occa- 
sional or  frequent  elsewhere.    May  — June. 

The  form  with  crimson  petals  has  been  collected  at 
New  Milford  by  Miss  S.  R.  Armington. 

Saxifraga  virginiensis  Michx.  " 

Saxifrage.     Early  or   Spring  Saxifrage.      Mayflower. 

Frequent  or  common.  Ledges,  banks  and  in  roclcy  woods. 
April  —  early  June. 

A  form  with  double  flowers  occurs  at  Kent  (H.  Mosher). 

TIARELLA  L.         False  Miterwort. 

Tiarella  cordifolia  L.  (having  heart-shaped  leaves). 
Foam-flower.     False  Miterwort.     Coolwort. 

Rich,  wet  and  often  rocky  woods.  Rare  or  local  in  most 
districts:  North  Branford  (F.  W.  Hall),  New  Haven  (D.  C. 
Eaton),  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Torrington  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps),  Kent  (C.  K.  Averill).  Frequent  in  Granby  and 
northern  Litchfield  County.     May  —  mid- June. 

A  beautiful  plant  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  Herb 
medicinal. 

HEUCHERA  L.         Alum  Root. 

Heuchera  americana  L. 

Common  Alum  Root.    American  Sanicle. 


2l6  COXNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Woods,  banks  and  fence-rows.  Occasional  in  the  Housa- 
tonic  Valley  in  Litchfield  County,  and  frequent  or  locally  com- 
mon in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  extending  eastward 
as  far  as  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Hamden  (J.  S.  Smith), 
Plainville   (J.  N.  Bishop).     Late  May  —  early  July. 

The  roots  are  very  astringent  and  are  of  value  medicinally. 

MITELLA    L.         Miterwort.     Bishop's   Cap. 

Mitella  diphylla  L.  (two-leaved). 

Miterwort.    Bishop's  Cap.    Fringe  or  Fairy  Cup. 

Moist  woods  and  shaded  banks.  Frequent  or  locally  com- 
mon northward  in  the  western  part  of  the  state ;  rare  in  north- 
eastern Connecticut  and  near  the  coast  westward ;  not  reported 
from  New  London  County.     Late  April  —  May. 

A  good  plant  for  cultivation  in  rocky  shaded  places. 

Mitella  prostrata  IMichx.  (prostrate). 

Rare.  Moist  rich  woods :  New  INIilford,  one  plant  only 
(C.  K.  Averill  &  E.  H.  Austin) .    Late  April  —  May. 

Very  little  is  known  of  Mitella  prostrata.  As  this  plant 
was  found  growing  where  Mitella  diphylla  is  plentiful,  it  is 
probable  that  the  specimen  represents  an  aberrant  form  of  that 
species,  even  though  it  is  a  good  match  for  the  type  specimen 
of  Mitella  prostrata. 

Mitella  nuda  L.  (naked). 

Rare.  Wet  mossy  woods  :  Litchfield  (W.  Buell),  Winches- 
ter and  Salisbury,  several  localities  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  May 
— June. 

CHRYSOSPLENIUM  L.         Golden  Saxifrage. 

Chrysosplenium  americanum  Schwein. 
Water  Carpet.    Golden  Saxifrage. 

Frequent  or  conmion.  Wet  or  swampy  woods,  springs  and 
rills.     Mid-March  — June. 

PARNASSIA  L.         Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Parnassia  caroliniana  Michx. 
Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Bogs  and  wet  meadows.     Frequent  or  locally  common  ex- 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  217 

cept  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  but  not  reported 
near  the  coast  west  of  New  Haven.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Worthy  of  cultivation  and  may  be  grown  in  any  sunny  or 
partly  shaded  moist  or  wet  situation.     The  plant  is  medicinal. 

PHILADELPHUS  L.         Mock  Orange.     Syringa. 

Philadelphus  inodorus  L.   (without  fragrance). 
Large-flowered   Syringa. 

Rare.  Escaped  about  an  old  nursery  at  Wethersfield 
(H.  S.  Clark  &  Bisscll).    June.     Fugitive  from  the  South. 

Philadelphus  coronarius  L.   (pertaining  to  a  crown). 
Syringa.     Mock  Orange.     Orange-flower  Tree. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  waste 
places:  Bridgeport  and  Westport  (Eames).  June.  Native  of 
Europe. 

Philadelphus  pubescens  Loisel.  (downy). 
Syringa. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  pasture  at  Wethersfield 
(H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).     June.     Adventive  from  the  South. 

DEUTZIA   Thunb. 

Deutzia  scabra  Thunb.   (rough). 
Deutzia. 

Rare.  Wethersfield,  escaped  about  an  old  nursery  (H.  S. 
Clark  &  Bissell),  New  London,  brush  lot  near  cemetery 
(Graves).     June.     Fugitive  from  Asia. 

RIBES    L.         Currant.     Gooseberry. 

Ribes  Cynosbati  L.  (classical  name). 
Prickly  Gooseberry.     Dogberry. 

Rocky  woods  and  thickets.  Occasional  in  northern  Litch- 
field County,  extending  southward  as  far  as  New  Milford 
(Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin)  and  eastward  to  New  Hartford 
(Bissell).  It  occurs  also  in  Stafford  and  Tolland  (A.  W. 
I^riggs).     May;  fruit  July. 

Ribes  gracile  Michx.  (slender). 
Ribes  missouriense  Nutt. 
Missouri  Gooseberry. 


2l8  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Rare.  Roadside  fence-row,  Norvvalk  (Eames  &  C.  L. 
Godfrey).     May.     Probably  introduced  from  the  West. 

Ribes  rotundifolium  Michx.  (round-leaved). 
Wild  Gooseberry. 

Rare.  Rocky  woods:  Meriden  (W.  H.  Patton),  Southing- 
ton  and  Salisbury  (Bissell).    May — July. 

Ribes  oxyacanthoides  L.  (Hawthorn-like). 
Northern,  Smooth  or  Wild  Gooseberry. 

Occasional.  Rocky  woods  and  thickets,  roadsides  and 
swamps.    May. 

Parent  of  some  forms  well  known  in  cultivation. 

Ribes  Grossularia  L.  (grossuhis,  a  small  unripe  fig). 
Ribes  Uva-crispa  L. 
Garden,  Common  or  European  Gooseberry.    Teaberry. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  fence-rows 
and  waste  places  :  Stonington  and  Groton  (Graves),  Old  Lyme 
(Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Orange,  Strat- 
ford and  Fairfield  (Eames),  New  Milford  (Eames  &  E.  H. 
Austin).     Late  April  — May;  fruit  July.     Native  of  Europe. 

Cultivated  in  many  kitchen  gardens  for  its  fruit,  which  is 
used  for  tarts  and  jam.  or  in  its  choicer  varieties  for  its  fine 
flavor  uncooked. 

Ribes  americanum  Mill. 
Ribes  floridum  L'Her. 
Wild  Black,  Black  or  Flowering  Currant.     Quinsy-berry. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Native  in  moist  woods  or  thickets 
except  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  where  it  occurs  as 
an  escape  from  cultivation  in  fence-rows,  roadsides  and  waste 
places.    May  —  mid-June  ;  fruit  mid-July  —  Aug. 
The  fruit  is  edible  but  rather  insipid. 

Ribes  nigrum  L.  (black). 

Garden  or  European  Black  Currant. 

Rare.  Bethany,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  ground 
(Eames).     May — June.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Ribes  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir.  (of  lakes  or  ponds). 
Swamp  Black  Currant.     Swamp  Gooseberry. 

Rare.     Meriden,   at   Lamentation   Mt.    (G.   H.   Cornwall, 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  2I9 

1842),    Salisbury,    wet    cold    woods    about    Bing-ham    Pond 
( Bissell) .     May  — ^June. 

Ribes  prostratum  L'Her.  (prostrate). 
Skunk,  Fetid  or  Mountain  Currant. 

Rare.  Swampy  woods:  Colebrook  (Weatherby),  Norfolk 
(J.  H.  Barbour),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  May — 
June. 

Ribes  vulgare  Lam.  (common). 

Ribes  rubruni  of  Britton's  Manual  in  part. 
Garden  Red  or  Red  Currant.     Wine  Currant. 

Occasional.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  fence-rows,  road- 
sides and  waste  places  throughout ;  also  occurs  in  rocky  woods 
and  on  borders  of  swamps  in  wild  and  remote  places  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  appearing  as  if  native  in  such  situa- 
tions, although  the  species  is  regarded  as  introduced  in 
America.  Late  April  —  May ;  fruit  mid- June  — July.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe. 

A  well  known  small  fruit  in  cultivation.  It  is  an  interest- 
ing fact  that  in  Southington  the  same  plant  is  growing  in  the 
same  rock  crevice  where  it  was  fifty-five  years  ago  (Andrews). 

Ribes  odoratum  Wendland  (fragrant). 
Ribes  aureiim  of  authors,  not  Pursh. 
Missouri,  BuflFalo,  Flowering,  Clove,  Sweet  or  Golden  Currant. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  about 
old  houses:  Montville  (Graves),  Scotland  (G.  Waldo),  Ox- 
ford (Harger),  Easton  and  Danbury  (Fames),  New  Milford 
(Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin).  Mid- April  —  May;  fruit  late  July 
—  Aug.    Adventive  from  the  West. 

The  fruit  is  edible.  Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental 
shrub. 

HAMAMELIDACEAE.     WITCH-HAZEL   FAMILY. 
HAMAMELIS   L.         Witch-hazel. 

Hamamelis  virginiana  L. 

Witch-hazel.    Spotted,  Witch  or  Snapping  Alder. 

Common.     Moist  or  wet  often  rocky  places.     Sept. —  Oct. 
In  some  situations  it  is  a  valuable  shrub  for  late-flowering 


220  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

and  foliage  effects.  The  twigs  were  once  popular  as  "  Divin- 
ing Rods  "  with  which  crafty  operators  were  wont  to  impose 
upon  the  credulous.  A  distilled  extract  of  the  bark  is  exten- 
sively used  as  a  toilet  and  medicinal  article  and  is  prepared  in 
large  quantities  in  some  parts  of  the  state.  The  bark,  the  twigs 
and  the  leaves  are  medicinal  and  are  officinal. 

LIQUIDAMBAR  L.         Sweet  Gum  Tree. 
Liquidambar  Styraciflua  L.  (flowing  with  storax). 
Sweet,  Star-leaved  or  Red  Gum.    Bilsted. 

Wet  woods,  fields  and  drier  open  places.  South  Norwalk 
(G.  P.  Ells,  Bissell),  and  occasional  or  frequent  westward 
near  the  shores  of  the  of  the  Sound.     May. 

The  wood  is  hard  and  close-grained  but  not  strong;  is 
inclined  to  warp  and  shrink  badly.  A  beautiful  tree  in  all 
stages  of  growth,  free  from  injury  by  insects  and  much 
planted.  Medicinal.  The  resinous  exudation  (liquidambar) 
is  used  in  the  preparation  of  chewing  gum. 

PLATANACEAE.         PLANE   TREE    FAMILY. 

PLATANUS    L.         Buttonwood.     Sycamore. 
Platanus  occidentalis  L.  (western). 

Buttonball.     Buttonwood.     Plane  Tree.     American  or   False 

Sycamore. 

Frequent.  Low  grounds  along  streams  or  sometimes  in 
drier  places.    May. 

The  wood  is  hard,  compact  and  difficult  to  split  or  work: 
used  for  butcher's  blocks,  ox-yokes,  small  wares  and  interior 
finish  of  houses.  When  well  grown  one  of  our  largest  trees. 
Sometimes  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

ROSACEAE.         ROSE    FAMILY. 

PHYSOCARPUS    Maxim.         Nine-bark. 
Physocarpus  opulifolius  (L.)  Maxim,  (maple-leaved). 
Opnlaster  opulifolius  Kuntze. 
Nine-bark. 

Rare.  River  shores:  Norwich  (Graves),  Preston  (W.  A. 
Setchell,  Graves).     June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  221 

SPIRAEA  L. 
Spiraea  japonica  L.f. 

Local.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  fields  and  roadsides: 
Norwich  and  Preston  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Groton  (Graves 
&  Bissell),  East  Haddam  (Bissell),  Fairfield  (Eames),  Stam- 
ford (W.  H.  Hoyt).     July.     Native  of  eastern  Asia. 

Spiraea  prunifolia  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (plum-leaved). 
Bridal  Wreath. 

Local.  Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  gardens :  Groton, 
Waterford  and  Montville  (Graves),  Southington  (Bissell), 
Milford  (Eames).     June — July.     Native  of  Asia. 

Spiraea  chamaedryfolia  L.  (germander-leaved),  var.  ulmifolia 
(Scop.)    Maxim,    (elm-leaved). 

Roadsides  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from  cultivation. 
Monroe  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Wilton  (Eames  &  G.  P. 
Ells),  and  occasional  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state 
(Graves).    Late  May — June.     Native  of  the  Old  World. 

Spiraea  latifolia  (Ait.)  Borkh.   (broad-leaved). 
Spiraea  salicifolia  of  Manuals  in  part. 
Meadow-sweet.    Queen  of  the  Meadow.    Bridewort.    Aaron's 

Beard. 

Frequent  or  common.  Low  wet  grounds,  thickets  and 
bushy  hillside  pastures,  or  sometimes  in  dry  ground.  July  — 
Aug. 

Spiraea  tomentosa  L.  (woolly). 

Hardback.     Steeple  Bush.     Purple  Hardback. 

Frequent  or  common.     Moist  fields  and  thickets,  old  pas- 
tures, or  sometimes  in  drier  places.    July  —  Aug. 
The  leaves  and  root  are  medicinal. 

SORBARIA  A.  Br. 

Sorbaria  sorbifolia  (L.)  A.  Br.  (having  leaves  like  Sorbus,  the 

Mountain  Ash). 
Spiraea  sorbifolia  L. 
Ash-leaved  Spiraea. 

Roadsides  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from  cultivation. 
Rare  in  most  districts:   Granby  and  Plainville  (Bissell),  Ox- 


222  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

ford    and     Seymour     (Harger).       Occasional     through    the 
southern  part  of  the  state.    Mid-June  —  mid-Aug.    Native  of  , 
northern  Asia. 

PYRUS  L. 

Pyrus  communis  L.  (common). 
Pear.    Choke  or  Wild  Pear. 

Occasional.  Roadsides,  fields  and  pastures  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation.    May.    Native  of  the  Old  World. 

Valued  in  cultivation  for  its  fruit ;  also  its  wood  is  used 
for  drawing  implements,  for  tools,  in  imitation  of  ebony,  and 
by  the  wood  engraver. 

Pyrus  baccata  L.  (berry-bearing). 

Crab  Apple.     Siberian  Crab.     Small  Crab  Apple. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  river  banks  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation: Windsor  (H.  S.  Clark),  Hampton  and  Hartford 
(Bissell),  BerHn  (Andrews).  May.  Native  of  the  Old 
World. 

X Pyrus  prunifolia  Willd.  (plum-leaved). 
Crab  Apple.    Large  Crab  Apple. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  fields:  Ledyard  (Graves),  Old 
Saybrook  (Harger),  Hartford  (Bissell).  May.  Native  of 
the  Old  World. 

This  species  is  supposed  to  be  of  hydrid  origin,  derived 
from  a  cross  between  Pyrus  baccata  and  Pyrus  Malus,  and  it 
is  the  parent  of  most  of  the  forms  in  cultivation. 

Pyrus  Malus  L.  (classical  name  for  the  Apple  Tree). 
Mains  Mains  Britton. 
Apple.    Wild  Apple. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides,  pastures  and  borders  of 
woods  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.  May.  Native  of  the 
Old  World. 

Our  most  valued  cultivated  fruit.  The  wood  is  close- 
grained,  hard  and  tough,  and  is  used  for  tool  handles,  shoe- 
makers' lasts  and  by  the  cabinet-maker. 

Pyrus  arbutifolia    (L.)    L.f.    (bearing  leaves   like   the   Arbute 
Tree'). 
Aronia  arbutifolia  Ell. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  223 

Chokeberry.     Red  Chokeberry.     Dogberry. 

Bogs  and  swamps  or  sometimes  in  dry  situations.     Rare 
or  occasional  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  from  Hunt- 
ington westward  (Eames).     May  —  early  June;  fruit  Sept., 
often  persisting  through  the  winter. 
Pyrus  arbutifolia  (L.)  L.f.,  var.  atropurpurea  (Britton)  Robin- 
son (dark-purple). 
Aronia  atropurpurea  Britton. 
Chokeberry.     Purple  Chokeberry. 

Shrubby  swamps  and  low  woods  and  thickets.    Apparently 

rare  in  northern  districts,  becoming  occasional  or  frequent 

near  the  coast.    May  —  mid-June;  fruit  Sept.,  long  persistent. 

Most  reports  of  Pyrus  arbutifolia  should  be  referred  to 

this  variety. 

Pyrus  melanocarpa   (Michx.)  Willd.   (black-fruited). 
Pyrus  arbutifolia  L.  f.,  var.  melanocarpa  Hook. 
Aronia  nigra  Britton. 
Chokeberry.     Black  Chokeberry. 

Occasional  to  common.  Bogs,  swamps  and  thickets,  some- 
times in  dry  or  sterile  soil,  even  on  exposed  ledges  at  all 
elevations.     May  —  early  June  ;    Fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

Pyrus  americana  (Marsh.)  DC. 

Sorbus  americana  Marsh. 

American  Mountain  Ash.     Rowan  or  Service  Tree.     Moun- 
tain Sumac.     Dogberry. 
Rare  or  local.     Swamps  and  about  ponds  or  sometimes  on 

dry   ledges   or   in   rocky   woods:      Stafford    (A.   W.    Driggs. 

Graves),  Durham  and  Meriden   (Harger),  Granby   (I.  Hol- 

comb),    Winchester    (W.    M.    Shepardson),    Norfolk    (Miss 

M.    C.    Seymour),    Canaan     (Bissell),    Salisbury     (A.    W. 

Driggs),  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin  &  Eames).     May — June. 
The    very    astringent    bark    and    berries    are    employed 

medicinally. 
Pyrus  Aucuparia  (L.)   Ehrh.  (used  in  bird-catching). 

Sorbus  Aucuparia  L. 

European  Mountain  Ash.     Rowan  Tree. 

Rare.    Escaped  from  cultivation  to  open  woodland  in  Kil- 

lingly  (Bissell).     June.     Native  of  Europe. 

The  bark  and  berries  are  employed  medicinally. 


224  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBulI. 

CYDONIA  Pers.         Quince. 
Cydonia  vulgaris  Pers.   (common). 
Pyrus  Cydonia  L. 
Common  Quince. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  and  wet  places  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  May ;  fruit  Oct.  Native 
of  Europe. 

The  fruit  is  valued  for  preserving.  The  raw  fruit  and 
mucilaginous  seeds  are  used  in  domestic  medicinal  practice. 

Cydonia  japonica  (Thunb.)  Pers. 
Japan  Quince. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  a  roadside  in  Strat- 
ford (Eames).     April.     Introduced  from  eastern  Asia. 

AMELANCHIER  Medic.         Juneberry. 

Amelanchier  canadensis  (L.)  Medic. 

Shad  Bush.     Service  Berry.     Sugar,  Indian  or  May  Pear. 

Frequent.  Dry  or  wet  thickets,  woods  and  banks.  Mid- 
April  —  May ;    fruit  June  —  early  July. 

The  berries  are  edible  but  seldom  found  in  good  condition. 
The  wood  is  heav}%  very  hard,  close-grained  and  strong,  and 
is  sometimes  used  for  tool  handles  and  small  implements. 
Amelanchier   canadensis    (L.)    Medic,    var.   tomentula    Sarg.  | 

(w^oolly). 
Amelanchier    canadensis    Medic,    var.    Botryapium    Gray's  j 

Manual  ed.  7. 
Shad  Bush. 

Rare.  Open  or  deep  woods:  Southington  (Bissell), 
Colebrook  (M.  L.  Fernald),  New  Milford  and  Kent  (Eames), 
New  Fairfield  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).    Mid-April  —  May. 

Amelanchier   oblongifolia    (Torr.    &    Gray)    Roem.    (oblong- 
leaved). 

Amelanchier  canadensis  Medic,  var.    (  ?)    oblongifolia  Torr.  , 
&  Gray. 

Amelanchier  Botryapium  of  Britton's  Manual. 

Amelanchier  spicata  of  many  authors,  not  K.  Koch. 

Shad  Bush.     Service  Berry. 

Common.     Swamps,  wet  or  dry  woods,  fields,  sand  plains  [ 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  225 

and  in  dry,  rocky  or  sterile  places.    Late  April  —  May ;   fruit 
June  —  early  July. 

The  fruit  is  edible,  often  better  than  that  of  the  previous 
species. 
Amelanchier  oblongifolia  (Torr.  &  Gray)  Roem.,  var.  micro- 

petala  Robinson   (small-petaled). 

Rare.  Dry  plains  and  in  sterile  places :  Waterford 
(Graves),  Southington  (Bissell),  Oxford  and  Seymour  (Har- 
der).    May. 

CRATAEGUS  L.         Hawthorn.     White  Thorn. 

This  genus  has  received  much  attention  from  botanists  in 
recent  years  and  many  new  species  have  been  proposed.  More 
careful  study  of  these  may  show  that  a  part  of  them  would  more 
properly  be  regarded  as  varieties  or  hybrids  than  as  true  species. 

Because  of  this  uncertainty  as  to  the  proper  treatment  of  some 
forms,  in  the  following  list  the  recognized  species  are  given  first 
in  the  group  to  which  they  belong.  Following  them  will  be 
found  the  names  of  any  proposed  species  of  uncertain  status  that 
may  belong  there,  the  names  being  printed  in  italics,  instead  of 
full-faced  t3^pe. 

Oxyacanthae  Loud. 
Crataegus  monogyna  Jacq.  (having  one  pistil). 

Crataegus  Oxyacantha  of  American  authors,  not  L. 
Hawthorn.      English    Hawthorn.      Hedge    Thorn.      Haw    or 

May  Tree  or  Bush. 

Rare  or  local.  Roadsides  and  old  pastures.  Waterford 
(Graves),  East  Hartford  and  West  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs), 
New  Haven  (Harger),  Bridgeport,  Fairfield  and  Norwalk 
(Fames),  Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt),  Sharon,  a  great  many 
trees  over  a  wide  area  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell).  Mid- 
May  —  early  June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Often  cultivated  for  ornament.    The  berries  are  medicinal. 

Crus-galli  Loud. 
Crataegus  Crus-galli  L.  (cockspur). 

Cockspur  or  Newcastle  Thorn.    Red  Haw. 

Pastures,  roadsides  and  fence-rows.     Occasional  or  fre- 


226  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

quent  near  the  coast  and  in   the  valley   of  the   Connecticut 
River ;    rare  elsewhere.     Early  June ;    fruit  Oct. 

The  var.  exigua  (Sarg.)  Eggleston  (small),  Crataegus 
exigua  Sarg.,  occurs  in  Stonington,  Waterford,  Lyme  and 
East  Haven  (Graves)  and  in  Southington   (Andrews). 

Punctatae  Loud. 
Crataegus  punctata  Jacq.  (dotted). 

Rare  or  local.  Fence-rows  and  borders  of  woods: 
Canaan,  North  Canaan  and  Salisbury  (Bissell).  Early  June; 
fruit  late  Sept. 

Forms  of  uncertain  status. 
Crataegus  iimhratilis  Sarg.   (living  in  the  shade). 

Rare.  Border  of  thickets:  Litchfield  (Bissell).  Late 
May  —  early  June ;    fruit  late  Oct. 

Intricatae  Sarg. 
Crataegus  foetida  Ashe  (fetid). 
Crataegus  Baxteri  Sarg. 

Local.  Old  pastures  in  moist,  heavy  soil:  Windsor  (Bis- 
sell).    Late  May;    fruit  early  Oct. 

Crataegus  apposita  Sarg.  (apposite). 

Crataegus  intricata  Sarg.,  not  J.  Lange. 

Crataegus  coccinea  Britton,  not  L. 

Crataegus  coccinea  L.,  var.  viridis  Torn  &  Gray  in  part. 

Occasional.     Roadsides  and   pastures.      Mid-May  —  early 

June ;    fruit  late  Sept. —  early  Oct. 
Crataegus  apposita  Sarg.,  var.  Bissellii  (Sarg.)  Eggleston. 

Crataegus  Bissellii  Sarg. 

Rare.     Old  pastures:     Colchester  (Graves),  Southington 

(Andrews  &  Bissell),  Trumbull   (Fames).     Late  Alay ;    fruit 

late  Sept. 

Crataegus  coccinea  L.  (scarlet). 

Crataegus  coccinea  L.,  var.  viridis  Torr.  &  Gray  in  part. 
Crataegus  modesta  Sarg. 
Crataegus  premora  Ashe. 
Crataegus  intricata  J.  Lange. 

Old  pastures,  fields  and  thickets.     Rare  in  most  districts: 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  22/ 

Preston  (Graves),  Trumbull  (Eames),  Oxford  (Harger), 
Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell).  Occasional  in  the  northern 
Connecticut  Valley  and  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state. 
Late  May  —  early  June ;   fruit  Oct. 

Crataegus  Stonei  Sarg. 

Rare.  Old  pasture  at  Southington  (Andrews).  Late 
May  —  early  June;    fruit  Oct. 

Forms  of  uncertain  status. 
Crataegus  Hargeri  Sarg. 

Local.  Fields  and  roadsides:  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett), 
Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Trumbull  (Eames),  and 
frequent  in  Southbury,  Oxford  and  Ansonia  (Harger).  Late 
May  —  early  June  ;  fruit  early  Oct. 

Probably  a  form  of  Crataegus  apposita. 

Rotundifoliae  Eggleston. 
Crataegus  rotundifolia  Moench  (round-leaved). 
Crataegus  coccinea  L.,  var.  rotundifolia  Sarg. 
Crataegus  Gravesii  Sarg. 
Crataegus  Dodgei  Ashe. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Roadsides,  pastures  and  hedge- 
rows.   Late  May  ;   fruit  late  Sept. —  early  Oct. 

Tenuifoliae   Sarg. 
Crataegus  macrosperma  Ashe  (large-seeded). 

Crataegus  tenella  Ashe. 

Local.  Moist  pastures  and  thickets :  Griswold,  Franklin, 
Waterford  and  East  Lyme  (Graves),  Stratford  (Eames), 
Oxford  (Harger).     Last  half  of  May;    fruit  Sept. 

The  var.  pentandra  (Sarg.)  Eggleston  (having  five 
stamens),  Crataegus  pentandra  Sarg.,  occurs  at  Waterford 
(Graves). 

The  var.  demissa  (Sarg.)  Eggleston  (hanging  down), 
Crataegus  demissa  Sarg.,  is  occasional  throughout. 

The  var.  matura  (Sarg.)  Eggleston  (full-grown), 
Crataegus  matura  Sarg.,  occurs  at  Groton  (Graves). 

Crataegus  Grayana  Eggleston. 

Crataegus  Uabcllata  Sarg.,  not  Mespilus  flabellata  Bosc. 
Rare.     East  Lyme  (Graves).     Late  May;  fruit  Sept. 


228  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Forms  of  uncertain  status. 
Crataegus  dissimilis  Sarg.  (dissimilar). 

Rare.     East  Lyme    ((iraves).     Last  half  of  May;    fruit 
late  Sept. 
Crataegus  Forbesae  Sarg. 

Occasional  in  the  towns  of  New  London,  Lebanon  and 
East  Lyme  (Graves).     Late  May;    fruit  early  Oct. 
Crataegus  genialis  Sarg.   (pleasant). 

Rare.     Thickets:     Litchfield   (Bissell).     Late  May;  fruit 
Sept. 
Crataegus  glaucophylla  Sarg.   (glaucous-leaved). 

Rare.      Fields:     Griswold    (Graves),   North   Canaan   and 
Cornwall  (Bissell).    Last  half  of  May;  fruit  Sept. 
Crataegus  monstrata  Sarg.  (remarkable). 

Locally  plentiful  in  moist  thickets  in  Oxford,  Middlebury, 
Southbury  and  Woodbury  (Harger).  Late  May;  fruit  Sept. 
Crataegus  Napaea  Sarg.  (of  a  wooded  dell). 

Rare.      Thickets    in    Litchfield    and    Cornwall    (Bissell). 
Late  May ;  fruit  late  Sept. 
Crataegus  viridimontana  Sarg.   (of  the  Green  Mountains). 

Rare.  Thickets:  Litchfield  (Bissell).  Last  half  of  May ; 
fruit  early  Sept. 

Pruinosae  Sarg. 
Crataegus  pruinosa  (Wendl.)  K.  Koch  (frosted). 

Rare.  Oxford,  moist  thicket  (Harger).  Late  May  :  fruit 
early  October. 

The  forma  dissona  (Sarg.)   Eggleston   (confused),  Cra- 
taegus dissona  Sarg.,  occurs  at  New  London,  Waterford  and 
East  Lyme  (Graves),  East  Windsor  (Bissell),  Oxford  (Har- 
ger), Trumbull  (Fames). 
Crataegus  pruinosa  (Wendl.)  K.  Koch,  var.  latisepala  (Ashe) 

Eggleston  (broad-sepaled). 
Crataegus  latisepala  Ashe. 
Crataegus  cognata  Sarg. 

Frequent   in   the   shore   towns   of   New   London    County 
(Graves)  ;    occurs  also  at  Windsor  and  Stratford   (Bissell). 
Late  May  —  early  June ;    fruit  Oct. 
Crataegus  pruinosa  (Wendl.)  K.  Koch,  var.  conjuncta  (Sarg.) 

Eggleston  (connected). 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  229 

Crataegus  conjuncta  Sarg. 

Rare.     Pastures:     Stratford    (Eames),   Oxford   and   An- 
sonia  (Harger).    Late  May;   fruit  Oct. 
Crataegus  pruinosa  (Wendl.)  K.  Koch,  var.  Porteri  (Britton) 

Eggleston. 
Crataegus  Porteri  Britton. 
Crataegus  levis  Sarg. 

Rare  or  local.  Old  pastures :  Torrington  and  Litchfield 
(Bissell).     Late  May;    fruit  early  Oct. 

Crataegus  Jesupi  Sarg. 

Rare.  Fence-rows  and  pastures  :  East  Windsor  (Bissell). 
Last  half  of  May ;  fruit  late  Sept. —  early  Oct. 

Forms  of  uncertain  status. 
Crataegus  f estiva  Sarg.   (pretty). 

Rare.    East  Lyme  (Graves).    Last  of  May;   fruit  Oct. 
Crataegus  incisa  Sarg.  (cut  or  notched). 

Rare.     Stratford,  in  rocky  pastures  (Eames).     Late  May 
—  early  June ;  fruit  Oct. 
Crataegus  litt oralis  Sarg.  (of  the  sea-shore). 

Rare.    New  London,  Waterford  and  East  Lyme  (Graves). 
Last  half  of  May ;  fruit  Oct. 
Crataegus   Pequotorum    Sarg.      (pertaining    to    the    Pequot 

Indians). 

Rare.     Groton  (Graves).    Last  half  of  May;   fruit  Oct. 
Crataegus  qiiinebaugensis  Sarg. 

Rare.  Griswold,  at  Hopeville  (Graves).  Late  May  :  fruit 
Oct. 

Coccineae   Loud. 
Crataegus  Holmesiana  Ashe. 

Rare.  Fields  and  roadsides:  Milford  (Eames).  Litch- 
field  (Bissell).     Last  half  of  May;    fruit  Sept. 

Crataegus  Pringlei  Sarg. 

Rare.  Cornwall,  in  fields  (Bissell).  Mid-May;  fruit 
Sept. 

The  var.  lobulata  (Sarg.)  Eggleston  (with  small  lobes), 
Crataegus  lobulata  Sarg.,  Crataegus  cristata  Ashe,  occurs  at 
Lyme  (Graves  &  Bissell). 


230  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Crataegus  pedicellata  Sarg.   (borne  on  a  pedicel). 

Crataegus  f retails  Sarg. 
Crataegus  sejuncta  Sarg. 

Rare  or  local.  Fields  and  roadsides:  Groton  (Graves), 
Beacon  Falls,  Oxford  and  Middlebury  (Harger),  Litchfield 
and  Cornwall  (Bissell).    Last  half  of  May;    fruit  early  Sept. 

Crataegus  polita  Sarg.  (polished). 

Rare.  East  Lyme  (Graves).  Last  half  of  May;  fruit 
late  Aug. —  early  Sept. 

This  and  the  three  preceding  species  are  well  shaped  trees 
with  handsome  foliage,  beautiful  both  in  flower  and  fruit,  and 
are  well  worthy  of  cultivation  for  ornament. 

Forms  of  uncertain  status. 
Crataegus  Eamesii  Sarg.  ' 

Rare.     Dry  banks:     Stratford    (Fames),  Ansonia    (Har- 
ger).   Last  half  of  May;  fruit  late  Aug. —  early  Sept. 
Crataegus  neo-londinensis  Sarg. 

Occasional  near  the  coast  in  Groton  and  East  Lyme 
(Graves).    Late  May;    fruit  early  Sept. 

Molles   Sarg. 
Crataegus  Arnoldiana  Sarg. 

Rare.    East  Lyme  (Graves).     Mid-May;    fruit  early  Sept. 

Anomalae  Sarg. 
Crataegus  Brainerdi  Sarg. 

In  its  typical  form  not  known  in  Connecticut.  The  var. 
SCABRIDA  (Sarg.)  Eggleston  (rough),  Crataegus  seabrida 
Sarg.,  occurs  in  thickets  at  Litchfield  (Bissell).  Late  May; 
fruit  late  Sept. 

Macracanthae   Loud. 
Crataegus  macracantha  Lodd.  (long-thorned). 

Crataegus  coccinea  L.,  var.  macracantha  Dudley. 

Rare  or  local.  Fields  and  pastures :  East  Windsor,  Litch- 
field and  Cornwall  (Bissell).  Late  May  —  early  June;  fruit 
Sept. 

The  van  rhombifolia  (Sarg.)  Eggleston  (having 
lozenge-shaped  leaves),   Crataegus  rhombifolia   Sarg.,  occurs 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  23I 

at  Norwich  and  Griswold  (Graves),  and  at  Southington  (Bis- 
sell,  Andrews). 

Forms  of  uncertain  status. 
Crataegus  ferentaria  Sarg.  (armed). 

Rare.    Franklin  (Graves).    Last  half  of  May ;   fruit  early- 
Sept. 
Crataegus  fulgens  Sarg.  (shining). 

Rare.      Stratford,   ledges   on  bank   of   Housatonic   River 
(Fames).    Early  June;    fruit  late  Sept. —  early  Oct. 
Crataegus  pellucida  Sarg.   (transparent). 

Rare.     Litchfield,  in  pastures  (Bissell).     Late  May;    fruit 
late  Sept. 
Crataegus  spatiosa  Sarg.   (spacious;    ample). 

Rare.  Groton  (Graves).  Last  half  of  May;  fruit  Sept. 
Crataegus  stratfordensis  Sarg. 

Rare.  Stratford,  dry  bank  on  the  coast  (Fames).  Early 
June;   fruit  Sept. 

FRAGARIA   L.         Strawberry. 

Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne. 

Fragaria  canadensis  Michx.  in  part. 
Fragaria  terrae-novae  Rydb. 
Wild  or  Field  Strawberry. 

Common.  Fields,  pastures  and  roadsides.  Late  April  — 
May. 

Berries  delicious.     Hybrids  and   derivatives  are   common 
and  valuable  in  cultivation.    The  leaves  are  medicinal. 
Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne,  var.  illinoensis  (Prince)  Gray. 
Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne,  var.  Grayana  Rydb. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Southington  (Bissell),  Oxford 
(Harger),  Bridgeport  (Fames).  Apparently  an  escape  from 
cultivation.     Late  April  —  May.     Introduced  from  the  West. 

Fragaria  vesca  L.  (small  or  weak). 
European  Wood  Strawberry. 

Rare  or  local.  Grassy  places :  New  London  and  Gris- 
wold (Graves),  Hartford  (Bissell),  Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fer- 
nald).  May  —  June.  In  Connecticut  apparently  naturalized 
from  Europe. 


232  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBuU.  • 

The  var.  alba  (Ehrh.)  Rydb.  (white)  occurs  at  Southing-' 
ton  (Bissell). 
Fragaria  vesca  L.,  var.  americana  Porter. 
Fragaria  americana  Britton. 
Wild  or  American  Wood  Strawberry. 

Rocky  woods.  Rare  near  the  coast :  FrankHn  and  Preston 
(Graves),  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton).  Frequent  northward. 
May  — June. 

DUCHESNEA  Smith.         Indian  Strawberry. 

Duchesnea  indica  (Andr.)  Focke. 
Fragaria  indica  Andr, 
Yellow,  Indian  or  Mock  Strawberr}-. 

Rare.     Escaped  from  cultivation  to  lawns:     New  London 
.  (Graves),  Stratford  (Mrs.  R.  H.  Russell),  Fairfield  (Fames). 
April  —  Sept.    Adventive  from  India. 

Often  grov/n  in  hanging-baskets  for  its  yellow  flowers  and 
handsome  but  insipid  berries. 

WALDSTEINIA  Willd. 

Waldsteinia  fragarioides  (Michx.)  Tratt.  (strawberry-like). 
Barren,  Dry  or  Yellow-flowered  Strawberrry. 

Rare.  Rocky  woods  or  thickets :  Norfolk  and  Colebrook 
(H.  C.  Beardslee),  Torrington  (Miss  B.  A.  Parker).  Late 
April  —  May. 

POTENTILLA    L.         Cinquefoil.     Five-finger. 

Potentilla  arguta  Pursh  (sharp). 
Drymocallis  arguta  R}'db. 
Tall  Cinquefoil. 

Rare  or  local.  Open  sterile  soil  and  on  dry  rocky  hills. 
June  —  Aug. 

Potentilla  monspeliensis  L. 

Potentilla  norvegica  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 

Rough  Cinquefoil. 

Frequent.     Fields,   roadsides   and   waste  places.     June  — 

Sept. 
Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.,  var.  norvegica  (L.)  Rydb. 

Potentilla  norvegica  L. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING  PLANTS  AND  FERNS.  233 

Rare.  East  Granby,  rocky  slopes  of  Peak  Mt.  (A.  W. 
Drig-gs).     June— July. 

Potentilla  argentea  L.  (silvery). 
Silvery  or  Hoary  Cinquefoil. 

Frequent  to  common.  Dry,  sterile  or  sandy  open  places. 
Mid-May —  Sept. 

Potentilla  intermedia  L.  (intermediate). 
Downy  Cinquefoil. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground  in  Glastonbury  (Bis- 
sell),  East  Haven  (Harger),  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt). 
June — July.     Native  of  Europe. 

Potentilla  recta  L.  (upright). 
Potentilla  sulphurea  Lam. 

Rare.  Dry  fields  and  wastes:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E. 
Rogers),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Bristol  (W.  A. 
Terry),  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Newtown  (J.  M.  Otis), 
Kent  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).  June — July.  Adventive 
from  Europe. 

Potentilla  palustris   (L.)   Scop,   (of  marshes). 
Comarum  palustrc  L. 

Marsh   or   Purple   Cinquefoil   or   Five-finger.      Bog   Straw- 
berry.   Purple-wort. 

Rare  or  local.  Boggy  swamps  and  borders  of  lakes : 
New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  East  Granby  (Weatherby),  Ham- 
den,  Litchfield  and  Danbury  (Harger),  Salisbury,  plentiful 
about  Twin  Lakes  (Bissell,  Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  et  al.),  June  — 
July. 

Potentilla  fruticosa  L.  (shrubby). 
Dasiphora  fruticosa  Rydb. 
Hardback.     Goshen  Llardhack.     Shrubby  Cinquefoil. 

Low  fields,  wet  pastures  and  boggy  swamps.  Rare  near 
the  coast:  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Guilford  (G.  H. 
Bartlett),  New  Haven  (G.  W.  Hawes).  Occasional  elsewhere, 
except  in  Litchfield  County,  where  it  is  common  and  often  a 
serious  pest  in  low  pastures.     June  —  Sept. 

Potentilla  tridentata  Ait.  (three-toothed). 
Sibbaldiopsis  tridentata  Rydb. 
Three-toothed  or  Mountain  Cinquefoil  or  Five-finger. 


234  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBuU. 

Rare  or  local.  Exposed  ledges  and  bleak  mountain  tops: 
Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour,  Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Corn- 
wall (E.  E.  Brewster),  Salisbury  (Bissell  et  al.).  May  — 
July. 

Potentilla  pacifica  Howell. 

Potentilla  Anserina  of  American  authors  in  part,  not  L. 
Argentina  Anserina  Rydb.,  var.  grandis  Rydb. 
Silver  Weed.     Argentina.     Wild  Tansy. 

Inner  edges  of  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.  Milford, 
locally  plentiful  (Eames),  New  Haven  (Bissell),  East  Haven 
(Harger),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett)  ;  and  common  eastward. 
Mid-May  — July. 

Potentilla  pumila  Poir.   (dwarf). 

Frequent.      Roadsides    and    fields.      April  —  May. 
The  comparative  distribution  of  this  and  the  species  next 
following  has  not  been  worked  out. 

Potentilla  canadensis  L. 

Yellow     Strawberry.       Cinquefoil.       Five-finger.       Running 

Buttercup. 

Common.       Dry,     open     places,     especially    on     hillsides. 
April  —  Aug. 
Potentilla  canadensis  L.,  var.  simplex  (Michx.)  Torr.  &  Gray 

(simple). 
Potentilla  simplex  Michx. 
Cinquefoil.    Five-finger. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  fields  and  roadsides. 
May  —  Aug. 

FILIPENDULA  Hill. 

Filipendula  rubra  (Hill)  Robinson  (red). 
Ulmaria  rubra  Hill. 
Spiraea  lohata  Gronov. 
Queen  of  the  Prairie. 

Rare  or  local.  Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation: 
Groton  and  Sprague  (Graves),  Monroe,  Trumbull  and  Fair- 
field (Fames).     June — July.     Naturalized  from  the  West. 

Filipendula  Ulmaria  (L.)  Maxim.  (Ulmus,  the  Elm). 
Ulmaria  palustris  Moench. 


No.     14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  235 

Ulmaria  Ulmaria  Barnh. 
Spiraea  Ulmaria  L. 

Meadow-sweet,  Honey-sweet.  Mead-sweet.  Queen  of  the 
Meadow.  Meadow  Queen.  Bridewort.  English  Meadow- 
sweet. 

Rare  or  local.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and 
waste  places:  East  Windsor  and  Southington  (Bissell),  Ox- 
ford (Harger),  Trumbull,  Norwalk  and  Ridgefield  (Eames). 
July  —  mid-Aug.     Native  of  Europe. 

Filipendula  hexapetala  Gilib.   (six-petaled). 
Spiraea  Filipendula  L. 
Pride  of  the  Meadow.     Dropwort. 

Rare.  Southington,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  a  road- 
side (Andrews).     May — June.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

GEUM  L.        Avens. 
Geum  canadense  Jacq. 

Gemn  alhnm  J.  F.  Gmel. 
White  Avens.     Herb  Bennet. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  thickets  and  shaded  places. 
Mid-June  —  Aug. 

Geum  flavum  (Porter)  Bicknell  (yellow). 
Cream-colored  Avens. 

Occasional.  Rocky  woods,  thickets  and  partially  shaded 
places.    Mid-June  —  Aug. 

Geum  virginianum  L. 

Rough  or  White  Avens.     Herb  Bennet.     Chocolate-root.  . 

Frequent.  Wet  meadows,  low  thickets  and  along  streams. 
Mid-June  — July. 

Geum  striatum  Ait.  (strict  or  straight). 
Yellow  or  Field  Avens.     Herb  Bennet. 

Rare  or  local.  Open  swamps,  wet  pastures  or  sometimes  in 
dry  ground.     Late  June  —  mid-Aug. 

Geum  rivale  L.  (of  brook-sides). 

Purple,  Water  or  Drooping  Avens.     Chocolate-root.     Indian 
Chocolate-root. 
Wet  or  boggy  meadows.     Rare  near  the  coast :     Griswold 


236  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

(E.  F.  Burleson,  Graves),  Sprague  (Miss  Smith),  Guilford 
(G.  H.  Bartlett),  New  Haven  and  Orange  (D.  C.  Eaton). 
Occasional  or  local  northward  and  usually  plentiful  where  it 
occurs.     May  — June. 

The  root  is  used  medicinally. 

KERRIA  DC. 

Kerria  japonica   (Thunb.)   DC. 
Japanese.  Rose.     Globeflower. 

Rare.  Ledyard,  roadside  as  an  escape  from  garden 
(Graves).    Late  May — June.    Introduced  from  eastern  Asia. 

RUBUS  L.         Bramble. 

Rubus  idaeus  L.  (of  Mt.  Ida.) 
European  Red  Raspberry. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  fence-rows :  Southington,  escaped 
from  an  old  garden  (W.  H.  Blanchard),  Oxford  (Harger), 
Bridgeport,  plentiful  in  one  locality  (Eames).  Mid-May  — 
June;    fruit  Jul}-.     Adventive  from  the  Old  World. 

Formerly  much  cultivated  and  represented  by  the  Antwerp, 
Fontenay,  etc. 
Rubus  idaeus   L.,  var.  aculeatissimus  Regel   &  Tiling   (very 

prickly). 
Rubus  idaeus  L.,  var.  strigosiis  Maxim. 
Rubus  strigosus  Michx. 
Red  or  Wild  Red  Raspberry. 

Fence-rows,  pastures  and  thickets.  Rare  in  the  coast  re- 
gion of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state ;  occasional  or 
frequent  elsewhere.    Mid-May  — June ;   fruit  late  June  — July. 

Valued  for  its  fruit  in  cultivation.  The  Cuthbert  and 
other  light  red  berries  of  gardens  are  of  this  type. 

X  ?  Rubus  neglectus  Peck  (neglected). 
Purple  Wild  Raspberry. 

Rare.  Moist  thicket:  Oxford  (Harger).  Mid-May  — 
June. 

Thought  to  be  a  hybrid  between  Rubus  idaeus  var. 
aculeatissimus  and  Rubus  occidentalis.  The  Shafifer,  Glad- 
stone and  Philadelphia  are  cultivated  forms  of  this  species. 


N'O.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  237 

Rubus  phoenicolasius  Maxim,  (having  purple-red  hairs). 
VVineberry. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  fields  and  roadsides: 
Southington  (Andrews),  Fairfield  (Eames),  Norwalk  (E.  H. 
Baldwin).     June- — Aug.     Adventive  from  Japan. 

Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  and  for  its  fruit. 

Rubus  occidentalis  L.  (western). 

Black  Raspberry.     Thimbleberry.     Black-cap. 

Common.  Thickets,  fence-rows,  roadsides  and  pastures. 
Mid-May — June;    fruit  late  June — July. 

The  Ohio,  Gregg,  etc.,  are  cultivated  forms  of  this  species. 
Both  wild  and  cultivated  its  fruit  is  valued  for  dessert  and 
preserving. 

The  forma  pallidus  (Bailey)  Robinson  (pale)  has  been 
found  in  Bridgeport  (Eames)  and  Oxford  (Harger).  The 
Golden  Queen  of  the  gardens  is  a  derivative  of  this  form. 

Rubus  odoratus  L,  (fragrant). 
Purple  Flowering  Raspberry. 

Rocky  woods.  Rare  near  the  coast;  becoming. occasional 
or  frequent  northward.    June  —  Aug. ;    fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

Rubus  triflorus  Richards,  (three-flowered). 
Rubus  americanus  Britton. 
Dwarf  or  Running  Raspberry. 

Wet,  often  rocky  woods,  and  in  wooded  swamps.  Rare 
near  the  coast;  becoming  occasional  or  frequent  northward. 
May ;    fruit  June. 

Sometimes  occurs  with  pink  flowers. 
Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter. 

Rubus  villosus  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  large  part,  not  Ait. 
Rubus  nigrobaccus  Bailey. 
High-bush  or  Mulberry  Blackberry. 

Common  in  woods,  thickets  and  pastures  in  the  hilly  and 
mountainous  parts  of  the  state;  occasional  or  local  at  low 
elevations  and  in  sandy  soil  elsewhere.  Mid-May  — June ; 
fruit  late  July  —  Sept. 

One  of  our  most  valued  wild  berries  and  often  cultivated, 
the  Taylor  being  a  representative.     The  fruit- juice  and  root- 


238  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

bark  of  this  and  other  species  are  valued  in  domestic  medical 
practice  for  their  astringent  properties  and  are  also  officinal. 
Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter,  var.  Gravesii  Fernald. 

Rare.  Moist  or  dry  thickets:  Groton  (Graves),  South- 
ington  (Andrews),  New  Milford  (Eames).  June;  fruit 
early  Aug. 

Rubus  frondosus  Bigel.  (leafy). 

Rubus  villosus  Ait.,  var.  frondosus  Torr. 
Rubus  philadelphicus  Blanchard. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Open  pastures  and  dry  hillsides.  Mid- 
May  — June. 

Rubus  pergratus  Blanchard  (very  pleasant). 
Rubus  orarius  Blanchard. 
Rubus  amnicolus  Blanchard. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  thickets:  Southington  (Bissell), 
Winchester  and  Colebrook  (M.  L.  Fernald).  Late  May  — 
early  June  ;   fruit  July. 

Rubus  recurvans  Blanchard  (recurving). 
Rubus  arimdelanus  Blanchard. 

Fields  and  open  woods.  Occasional  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  state ;  frequent  elsewhere.  Mid-May  —  June ; 
fruit  July. 

Rubus  Randii  (Bailey)  Rydb. 

Rubus  argutus  Link,  var.  Randii  Bailey. 
Rubus  recurvicaulis  Blanchard. 

Woods  and  shaded  places  in  moist  or  wet  ground.  Rare 
or  occasional  in  central  and  northern  Connecticut ;  its  exact 
range  unknown.     June. 

Rubus  laciniatus  Willd.  (slashed). 
Cut-leaved  or  Evergreen  Blackberry. 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  spontaneous  along  a  sandy  roadside  and 
in  an  adjoining  field  (E.  H.  Baldwin).  June — July. 
Probably  native  of  Europe. 

Cultivated  for  ornament. 

Rubus  cuneifolius  Pursh  (wedge-leaved). 

Sand  or  Knee-high  Blackberry.     Ankle  Brier. 

Dr\'  open  sandy  or  sterile  places.     Occasional  or  frequent 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  239 

in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  sometimes  covering 
large  areas ;  becoming  rare  northward  and  eastward,  reaching 
Newtown  (Eames),  Southbury  (Harger),  Farmington 
(W.  H.  Blanchard),  Glastonbury  (Mrs.  F.  W.  Starmer), 
Colchester  (Graves).  June  —  early  July;  fruit  mid- July  — 
Sept. 

The  fruit  is  delicious.  The  bark  of  the  rootstock  is  medi- 
cinal and  is  officinal. 

Rubus  Andrewsianus  Blanchard. 
High-bush  Blackberry. 

Dry  or  moist  open  or  shaded  situations.  Occasional  or 
frequent  over  most  of  the  state,  but  apparently  absent  from 
the  mountainous  areas.     June ;    fruit  mid- July  —  Sept. 

The  fruit  of  this  species  is  commonly  of  good  size  and 
quality  and  is  the  High-bush  Blackberry  usually  gathered  in 
some  parts  of  the  state. 

Rubus  floricomus  Blanchard  (covered  with  flowers). 

Local.  Woods  and  pastures  in  heavy  soils :  Southington 
and  Meriden   (W.  H.  Blanchard).     June;    fruit  Aug. 

Rubus  setosus  Bigel.  (bristly). 
Rub  Its  nigricans  Rydb.  in  part. 

Occasional    or    frequent.      Usually  in    swamps    and    wet 

ground,  but  sometimes  in  drier  places.  June  — July. 

Rubus  nigricans  Rydb.  (blackish). 

Rubus  hispidus  L.,  var.  suberectiis  Peck. 
Rubus  setosus  of  authors  in  part,  not  Bigel. 
Rubus  vermontamis  Blanchard. 
Rubus  semlsetosus  Blanchard    (?). 

Dry  hills  and  plains.  Apparently  rare  or  occasional,  but 
its  distribution  is  not  known.     June  — July. 

Rubus  hispidus  L.    (rough-hairy). 
Running  Swamp  Blackberry. 

Common.  Swamps,  bogs,  wet  woods  and  fields,  or  some- 
times in  drier  places.     Mid-June  — July. 

Rubus  villosus  Ait.  (hairy). 

Rubus  canadensis  of  authors,  not  L. 

Rubus  procumbens  Muhl. 

Dewberry.    Running  Brier.     Running  or  Low  Blackberry. 


240  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Dry,  especially  open  situations.  Frequent  or  common  at 
low  elevations,  but  rare  or  absent  in  mountainous  districts. 
Late  May  — June ;    fruit  July  —  Aug. 

Its  berries  are  the  best  of  the  low  vines  and  are  not  ex- 
celled by  those  of  any  blackberry.  The  Lucretia  Dewberry  is 
a  cultivated  form  derived  from  a  variety  of  this  species. 
Several  recently  proposed  species  not  included  in  this  list  are 
obviously  closely  related  to  Rubus  villosus  and  await  further 
study. 
Rubus  villosus  Ait.,  var.  humifusus  Torr.  &  Gray  (spreading 

over  the  ground). 
Rubus  Enslenii  Trattinick. 
Rubus  Baileyanus  Britton. 
Rubus  subuniilorus  Rydb. 

Frequent  or  common.  Dry  soil  in  open  situations,  nearly 
throughout,  but  especially  plentiful  at  low  elevations  and  near 
the  coast.     Late  May — June;    fruit  July  —  Aug. 

The  fruit  is  inferior  in  quality  to  that  of  the  typical  form 
of  the  species. 

DALIBARDA  Kalm. 

Dalibarda  repens  L.  (creeping). 
Dalibarda. 

Rare.  Moist  rich  woods:  Winchester  (Andrews,  Bissell), 
Colebrook  (J.  W.  Robbins),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour). 
Mid- June  —  mid- Aug. 

AGRIMONIA  L.         Agrimony. 

Agrimonia  gryposepala  Wallr.  (having  bent  or  hooked  sepals). 
Agrimonia  Eupaforia  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part,  not  L. 
Agrimonia  hirsuta  Bicknell. 
Stickseed.     Cocklebur.    Beggar-ticks.    Hairy  Agrimony. 

Frequent.  Roadsides,  thickets  and  borders  of  woods.  Late 
June  —  Aug. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Agrimonia  striata  Michx.  (grooved). 

Agrimonia  Eupatoria  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part,  not  L. 
Agrimonia  Brittoniana  Bicknell. 
Stickseed.    Beggar-ticks. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  24I 

Rocky  woods,  thickets  and  more  open  places.  Rare  near 
the  coast  and  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state ;  frequent 
elsewhere.    Late  June  —  Sept. 

Agrimonia  mollis  (Torr.  &  Gray)  Britton  (soft). 

Agrimonia  puhescens  Wallr.   (  ?) 
Soft  Agrimony. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  woods,  thickets  and  more 
open  places.     July  —  Aug. 

Agrimonia  parviflora  Ait.  (small-flowered). 
Small  or  Many-flowered  Agrimony. 

Rare.  Fairfield,  edge  of  wet  meadow  (Eames),  South- 
bury,  roadside  (Harger,  Bissell),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps).     Aug. 

Agrimonia  rostellata  Wallr.  (having  a  little  beak). 
Agrimonia  striata  Bicknell,  not  Michx. 
Woodland  Agrimony. 

Dry  rich  or  rocky  woods.  Occasional  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state,  extending  northward  as  far  as  Middletown  and 
Southington  (Bissell).     July  —  Aug. 

SANGUISORBA  L.         Burnet. 
Sanguisorba  canadensis  L. 

Poterimn  canadense  Gray. 

Canadian,  Wild  or  Great  American  Burnet. 

Locally  plentiful  along  the  borders  of  tidal  marshes  and 
about  fresh-water  swamps  and  streams  near  the  coast;  also 
occurs  in  low  grounds  along  the  Farmington  River  in  Windsor 
(H.  S.  Clark),  Farmington  (Bissell),  and  Simsbury  (A.  W, 
Driggs)  ;  and  has  been  collected  at  Berlin  (J.  N.  Bishop). 
Mid-July  —  mid-Oct. 

Sanguisorba  minor  Scop,  (smaller). 
Poterimn  Sanguisorba  L. 
Sanguisorba  Sanguisorba  Britton. 
Garden  or  Salad  Burnet.     Bloodwort.     Bibernel.     Pimpernel. 

Toper's-plant. 

Rare.  Monroe,  in  dry  rocky  ground  (H.  C.  Beardslee). 
July  —  Sept.     Fugitive  from  Europe  or  Asia. 

Formerly  cultivated  as  a  salad  plant. 


242  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

ROSA  L.      »  Rose. 
Rosa  setigera  Michx.   (bristle-bearing). 
Climbing  or  Prairie  Rose. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  waste  places 
and  thickets:  Voluntovvn  (Graves),  Farmington  (H.  S. 
Clark),  Stratford  and  Bridgeport  (Eames).  June — July. 
Adventive  from  the  West. 

Rosa  blanda  Ait.  (smooth). 

Meadow,  Thornless  or  Early  Wild  Rose. 

Sandy  soil.  Rare  in  most  districts  :  Hartford  (H.  J.  Koeh- 
ler),  Milford  (Andrews).  Occasional  along  the  Housatonic 
River  from  Oxford  (Harger)  northward.    Late  May — June. 

Rosa  spinosissima  L.  (very  spiny). 
Scotch  or  Burnet  Rose. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  in  Preston 
and  Franklin  (Graves).  June — July.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Rosa  cinnamomea  L.  (cinnamon-scented). 
Cinnamon  or  Kitchen  Rose. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides 
and  waste  places  near  old  houses ;  in  the  hills  of  Salisbury 
sometimes  forming  dense  thickets  (Bissell).  June — July. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Rosa  rugosa  Thunb.  (wrinkled). 
Japanese  Rose. 

Rare.  Milford,  escaped  from  cultivation  about  old  house- 
sites  (Eames  &  C,  C.  Godfrey)  ;  occurs  also  at  Bridgeport  and 
Greenwich    (Eames).     June  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  Asia. 

Rosa  canina  L.  (of  a  dog). 

Dog,  Canker,  Hip  or  Brier  Rose. 

Rare.  Pastures  and  roadsides:  Bolton  (C.  C.  Hanmer), 
Southington  (Andrews).  June — July.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Rosa  rubiginosa  L.  (rusty). 

Sweetbrier.     Eglantine.     Hip  or  Kitchen  Rose. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Thickets,  pastures  and  roadsides. 
June — July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  243 

Rosa  rubiginosa  L.,  var.  micrantha  (Sm.)  Lindl.  (small-flow- 
ered.) 

Small-flowered  Sweetbrier. 

Rare.  Granby,  along  a  roadside  (H.  S.  Clark,  Weatherby 
&  Bissell),  New  Haven  (A.  L.  Winton).  June — July.  Ad- 
ventive  from  England. 

Rosa  gallica  L. 

French,  Provence  or  Red  Rose. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  about 
old  house-sites:  Ledyard  and  Franklin  (Graves),  Thompson 
(Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell,  Weatherby),  West- 
port  (Fames),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter).  June.  Ad- 
ventive  from  Europe. 

An  old-fashioned  garden  rose.  The  dried  petals  are  medici- 
nal and  are  officinal. 

Rosa  nitida  Willd.  (shining). 
Shining  or  Northeastern  Rose. 

Rare,  In  swamps :  Thompson  (R.  W.  Woodward  & 
Weatherby),  Stafford  (Graves).    June — July. 

Rosa  Carolina  L. 

Swamp  Wild  Rose. 

Frequent  or  common.  Swamps  and  in  low  ground.  June 
-July. 

Rosa  virginiana  Mill. 
Rosa  lucida  Ehrh. 
Wild  or  Large  Wild  Rose. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Low  grounds,  banks  of  streams, 
fields  and  thickets.    June  — July. 

Rosa  humilis  Marsh,  (low). 

Wild  Rose.    Dwarf,  Low  or  Pasture  Wild  Rose. 

Frequent  or  common.  Pastures,  thickets  and  open  woods, 
often  in  dry  ground.  June — July.  An  apparent  hybrid  of 
this  with  Rosa  nitida  occurs  at  Stafford  (Weatherbv  &  Bis- 
sell). 

PRUNUS  L.         Plum.     Cherry. 
?runus  serotina  Ehrh.  (late). 

Wild,  Rum,  Whiskey  or  Cabinet  Cherry.    Wild  Black  Cherry. 


244  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBuU. 

Common.  Woods,  pastures,  fence-rows  and  roadsides. 
Mid-May  — June  ;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

The  bark  is  officinal  under  the  name  "  Prnnus  virginiana,'' 
and  is  vakied  for  its  tonic  as  well  as  sedative  properties,  the 
latter  due  to  its  hydrocyanic  acid,  a  constituent  also  of  all  other 
parts  of  the  plant.  The  foliage  of  this  and  probably  that  of  re- 
lated species  is  believed  to  be  poisonous  to  cattle  when  wilted, 
although  harmless  when  fresh.  The  kernels  of  the  seeds,  inad- 
vertently swallowed  by  children,  have  been  fatally  poisonous. 
The  wood  is  light,  strong,  hard  and  close-grained,  valued  for 
cabinet  work  and  interior  finish.  The  tree  is  ornamental  and 
worthy  of  planting  in  some  situations. 

Prunus  virginiana  L. 

Choke  Cherry. 

Thickets,  woods,  fence-rows  and  roadsides.  Rare  near  th® 
coast  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  but  frequent  o» 
common  elsewhere.     Mid-May  — June  ;  fruit  mid- July  —  Augf 

Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.  f. 

Wild  Red  Cherry.    Bird,  Pin  or  Fire  Cherry. 

Occasional.  Found  in  various  soils  and  situations,  but 
especially  in  rocky  woods  and  clearings.    May ;  fruit  July. 

The  wood  is  light,  soft  and  close-grained. 

Prunus  alleghaniensis  Porter.. 

Alleghany  or  IMountain  Plum.     Sloe. 

Rare.  Lisbon,  sandy  bottoms  along  the  Quinnebaug  River, 
and  Lyme,  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River  (Graves)  ;  Bridge- 
port, w-et  thicket  bordering  a  small  stream,  and  Monroe,  hill- 
side pasture  (Fames)  ;  Southlmry,  roadside  in  sandy  soil 
(Harger).     May;  fruit  Aug. 

Prunus  instititia  L.  (grafted). 

Prunus  spinosa  L.,  var.  instititia  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
Damson.     Bullace  Plum. 

Rare.  Old  Lyme,  escaped  from  a  hedge  (Graves),  Fair- 
field, rocky  hillside  (Fames).  May;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept.  Ad- 
ventive  from  Furope. 

Prunus  maritima  Wang,  (of  the  sea-coast). 
Beach  Plum. 


Xi>.     14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  245 

In  sandy  soil.  Frequent  or  common  on  the  shores  of  the 
Sound  and  about  tidal  streams  and  marshes,  also  occasional 
in  dry  places  a  few  miles  inland.  Mid-May  —  mid-June  ;  fruit 
late  Aug. —  Sept. 

The  fruit  is  sometimes  gathered  for  preserves. 

Prunus  Mahaleb  L.  (Arabic  name). 

Mahaleb,  St.  Lucie  or  Perfumed  Cherry. 

Rare  or  local.  Fields,  pastures  and  roadsides :  New  Lon- 
don and  Groton  (Graves),  Norwalk  (E.  H.  Baldwin).  May 
— June.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Is  largely  imported  and  used  for  cherry-tree  stocks. 

Prunus  Gravesii  Small. 
Beach  Plum. 

Rare.  Groton,  gravelly  ridge  near  the  Sound  (Graves). 
Last  week  in  May ;  fruit  first  week  in  Sept. 

Prunus  cuneata  Raf.  (wedge-shaped). 

Prunus  pumila  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Sand  or  Dwarf  Cherry. 

Sand  plains  and  tops  of  rocky  hills.  Norwich  (W.  A. 
Setchell.  Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  and  rare,  local  or  occasional  in 
the  northern  two-thirds  of  the  state.     May ;  fruit  Aug. 

Prunus  avium  L.  (of  birds). 

Cherry.    Sweet,  Black,  Bird  or  Mazzard  Cherry. 

Frequent.  Roadsides,  fence-rows,  woods  and  thickets. 
Late  xApril  —  ]\Iay  ;  fruit  mid-June— July.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

In  its  cultivated  forms  valuable  for  its  fruit,  that  of  the 
wild  plants  being  also  sometimes  used.  The  wood  is  valued 
for  cabinet  work. 

Prunus  Cerasus  L.  (classical  name  for  the  Cherry-tree). 

Sour,  Pie,  Red,  Morello  or  Old-fashioned  Cherry.     Griottes. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides :  Ledyard, 
New  London  and  Waterford  (Graves),  Thompson  and  Bristol 
(Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Stratford  (Fames). 
May  ;  fruit  July.    Native  of  Europe. 

Cultivated  for  its  fruit. 


•246  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuUl 

Prunus  nigra  Ait.  (black). 

Wild,  Canada  or  Horse  Plum. 

Rare.  Norfolk,  a  few  trees  about  an  abandoned  garden 
(A.  W.  Driggs),  Oxford  (Harger).    May ;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept 

Has  given  rise  to  some  choice  fruit-bearing  varieties  in 
cultivation. 

Prunus  americana  Marsh. 

Wild  Plum.    Wild  Yellow,  Red  or  Goose  Plum. 

Wet  or  dry  soils  in  various  situations,  especially  along 
streams.  Rare  in  southern  districts,  becoming  occasional 
northward.  May ;  fruit  mid-Aug.  Apparently,  in  part,  intro 
duced  near  the  coast. 

It  is  the  most  prolific  source  of  cultivated  native  Plums 
suited  to  the  cold  North, 

Prunus  domestica  L.  (domestic). 
Garden  Plum. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  waste 
places:  New  London  (Graves),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  & 
Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger), 
Fairfield  (Eames  &  C.  K.  Averill).  May;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 
Native  of  the  Old  World. 

Frequently  cultivated. 

Prunus  Persica  (L.)  Stokes. 
Amygdalus  Persica  L. 
Peach. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  fence-rows 
and  waste  places  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  Late  April 
—  May ;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept.    Native  of  Asia. 

A  valued  fruit  in  cultivation.  Some  forms  are  occasionally 
cultivated  for  ornament.    Medicinal. 

LEGUMINOSAE.         PULSE   FAMILY. 
GLEDITSIA  L.         Honey  Locust. 

Gleditsia  triacanthos  L.  (three-thorned). 
Honey  Locust. 

Rare,  occasional  or  local.     Pastures,  roadsides  and  fence- 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  247 

rows  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.    May  — June.  Naturalized 
from  the  West  or  South. 

The  wood  is  coarse-grained  but  strong  and  durable.  The 
name  Honey  Locust  is  supposed  to  refer  to  the  sweetness  of 
the  pulp  surrounding  the  seeds  in  the  pod.  Often  planted  for 
hedges  or  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

CASSIA  L.         Senna. 
Cassia  marilandica  L. 

Wild  or  American  Senna. 

Roadsides  or  alluvial  soil,  usually  in  moist  ground.  Rare 
or  occasional  in  most  sections,  but  frequent  along  the  Housa- 
tonic  River.     July  —  Aug. 

The  leaves  have  medicinal  properties  like  those  of  officinal 
Senna  and  are  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute. 

Cassia  Chamaecrista  L.  (ground  cock's-comb). 
Partridge  Pea. 

Sandy  fields  and  railroad  banks.  Common  on  and  near  the 
coast,  extending  inland  as  far  as  Glastonbury  (H.  S.  Clark), 
and  Seymour  (Harger).    July  —  Sept. 

Cassia  nictitans  L.  (winking). 

Wild  Sensitive  Plant.    Sensitive  Pea. 

Common.  Sandy  fields  and  dry  sterile  ground.  July  — 
Sept. 

CERCIS  L.         Redbud.     Judas  Tree. 

Cercis  canadensis  L. 
Redbtid. 

Rare.  Sparingly  escaped  about  an  old  nursery  at 
Wethersfield  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).  *  April.  Fugitive  from 
the  South. 

BAPTISIA  Vent.         False  Indigo. 
Baptisia  tinctoria  (L.)  R.  Br.  (used  for  dyeing). 
Wild  Indigo.     Horsefly-weed. 

Common.  Dry  wastes,  pastures,  thickets  and  open  woods 
in  sandy  or  poor  soils.    July  —  Aug. 

The  leaves  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  Indigo  and 
the  young  shoots  are  sometimes  eaten  like  Asparagus.  The 
roots  and  leaves  have  medicinal  value. 


248  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBllll. 

CROTALARIA  L.         Rattle-box. 
Crotalaria  sagittalis  L.  (shaped  like  an  arrow-head). 
Rattle-box. 

Frequent  to  common.  Dry  sandy  or  sterile  ground.  Jul\ 
—  Sept. 

This  plant  when  present  in  hay  is  known  to  cause  seriou- 
and  fatal  poisoning-  of  horses  and  sometimes  of  cattle,  its  mod- 
of  action  being  similar  to  that  of  the  western  Loco-weeds. 

CYTISUS  L.         Broom. 
Cytisus  scoparius  (L.)  Link  (broom-like). 
Scotch  Broom. 

Rare.     Meriden^   one  colony  by  a  roadside    (Miss  E.  J. 
Leonard).    July  —  Aug.    Fugitive  from  Europe, 
The  dried  tops  are  medicinal  and  are  officinal. 

LUPINUS  L.         Lupine. 
Lupinus  perennis  L.  (perennial). 
Wild  Lupine.    Blue  Bean.     Sundial. 

Dry  or  sandy  soil.  Found  nearly  throughout,  though 
ver}'  local  and  uneven  in  its  distribution,  but,  in  general,  rare 
westward  and  occasional  or  frequent  eastward.     May — June. 

TRIFOLIUM  L.         Clover.     Trefoil. 
Trifolium  arvense  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Rabbit-foot  or  Stone  Clover. 

Common.  Dry  fields  and  roadsides.  June  —  Sept. 
Naturalized    from    Europe. 

Trifolium  incarnatum  L.  (flesh-colored). 
Crimson  or  Italiari"  Clover. 

Rare.  Fields  and  cultivated  ground  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation.    June  — July.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Often  grown  as  a  cover-crop.  Very  brilliant  when  in  full 
bloom.  All  the  clovers,  through  the  agency  of  bacterial 
nodules  on  their  roots,  are  exceedingly  valuable  as  storers  of 
nitrogen  in  the  soil. 

Trifolium  pratense  L.   (of  meadows). 

Red,  Common  Red,  Meadow  or  Pea-vine  Clover. 


X().    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  249 

Common.  Meadows,  fields  and  roadsides.  May — June. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Extensively  cultivated  for  fodder  and  for  fertilizer.  The 
blossoms  are  used  medicinally. 

Trifolium  repens  L.  (creeping). 
White  or  Honeysuckle  Clover. 

Common.  Fields,  meadows,  roadsides  and  lawns.  May  — 
June.  Probably,  at  least  for  the  most  part,  introduced  from 
Europe. 

Valuable  for  pasturage,  for  lawns  and  as  a  honey  plant. 
Some  authorities  regard  this  species  as  the  true  Irish  Sham- 
rock. 

Trifolium  hybridum  L.  (mongrel). 
Alsike  or  Swedish  Clover. 

Frequent.  Cultivated  fields,  roadsides  and  waste  ground, 
usually  in  moist  places.  June  —  Aug.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Valuable  for  hay  and  as  a  honey  plant,  thriving  best  on 
heavy  soils. 

Trifolium  agrarium  L.  (of  fields). 

Trifolium  aureum  at  least  of  American  authors. 
Yellow  or  Hop  Clover. 

Common.  Fields  and  roadsides.  June  —  Aug.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.     Of  little  value  as  a  forage  plant. 

Trifolium  procumbens  L.  (trailing). 
Low  Hop  Clover. 

Dry  fields.  Occasional  to  frequent  near  the  coast ;  rare 
elsewhere.     June  — July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

MELILOTUS  Hill.         Sweet  Clover. 

Melilotus  officinalis  (L.)  Lam.  (of  the  shops). 
Yellow  Melilot  or  Sweet  Clover. 

Occasional  or  local.  Waste  places.  June  —  Aug.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe. 

The  leaves  and  flowering  tops  are  medicinal. 

Melilotus  alba  Desr.  (white). 

White  Melilot  or  Sweet  Clover.    Bokhara  Clover. 


250  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBull. 

Local  or  frequent.  Roadsides  and  waste  places.  June  — 
Aug.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  grown  for  forage  or  as  a  honey  plant.  The 
leaves  and  flowering  tops  are  sometimes  used  medicinally. 

MEDICAGO  L.         Medick. 
Medicago  sativa  L.  (sown). 
Lucerne.    Alfalfa. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Fields  and  roadsides  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation.    June  —  Aug.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

In  some  parts  of  the  United  States  of  great  value  as  a 
forage  plant  and  important  as  a  source  of  honey,  but  not  often 
successfully  grown  in  Connecticut. 

Medicago  lupulina  L.  (hop-like). 
Hop  or  Black  Medick.    Nonesuch. 

Frequent.  Waste  places  and  roadsides.  June  — July. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  seed  is  a  common  adulteration  in  clover  seed. 

Medicago  arabica  (L.)  Huds. 
Medicago  macnlata  Sibth. 
Spotted  Medick. 

Rare.    New  London,  in  cultivated  ground  (Graves).  June 

—  Aug.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Medicago  hispida  Gaertn.  (rough-hairy). 
Medicago  denticulata  Willd. 
Toothed  Medick.     Bur  Clover. 

Rare.  Hartford,  in  waste  ground  (H.  S.  Clark).  Sept. — • 
Oct.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

HOSACKIA  Dougl. 
Hosackia  americana  (Nutt.)  Piper. 
Hosackia  Purshiana  Benth. 
Lotus  americanus  Bischoff. 

Rare.    Bridgeport,  a  waif  in  waste  ground  (Fames).    June 

—  Aug.    Fugitive  from  the  western  United  States. 

LOTUS   L.         Bird's-foot  Trefoil. 
Lotus  corniculatus  L.  (horned). 

Bloom-fell.     Bird's-foot  Trefoil.     Ground  Honeysuckle. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  25I 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  ground:  Naugatuck  (Mrs.  C.  H. 
Lyman  &  B.  B.  Bristol),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  June  —  Sept. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

AMORPHA  L. 

Amorpha  fruticosa  L.  (shrubby). 
False  or  Bastard  Indigo. 

Rare.  Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation:  Middle- 
town  (Harger),  Southington  (Andrews),  New  Haven  (D. 
C.  Eaton),  Hartford  and  Wethersfield  (Bissell).  May — July. 
Adventive  from  the  West. 

TEPHROSIA  Pers.         Hoary  Pea. 

Tephrosia  virginiana  (L.)   Pers. 
Cracca  virginiana  L. 
Goat's  Rue.    Catgut. 

Rare  or  local.     Dry  sandy  or  rocky  soils.     June. 

The  roots  are  sometimes  used  medicinally. 

ROBINIA  L.         Locust. 

Robinia  Pseudo-Acacia  L.  (false  Acacia). 
Common  or  Black  Locust.    False  Acacia. 

Frequent.  Fields  and  roadsides  as -an  escape  from  cultiva- 
tion.   June.    Naturalized  from  the  South. 

Cultivated  for  ornament  and  sometimes  planted  to  cover 
sand-blows.  The  wood  is  hard  and  very  durable,  used  for 
fence-posts  and  railroad  ties.  The  bark  of  the  root  is 
medicinal. 

Robinia  viscosa  Vent,  (sticky). 
Clammy  Locust. 

Occasional.  Roadsides,  fields  and  woods,  usually  in  sandy 
ground.    June  — July.    Naturalized  from  the  South. 

Robinia  hispida  L.  (rough -hairy). 

Rose  Acacia.     Flowering  or  Bristly  Locust. 

Rare.  Dry  or  sandy  roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultiva- 
tion: Groton  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  South 
Windsor  (Weatherby),  North  Haven  (Harger),  Berlin  and 
Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Seymour  and  South  Nor- 


252  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  f  Bllll. 

walk  (Eames),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).     May — June. 
Adventive  from  the  Southwest. 

Cultivated  as  as  ornamental  shrub. 

GLYCYRRHIZA  L.         Liquorice. 
Glycyrrhiza  lepidota    (Nutt.)    Pursh   (scaly). 
Wild  Liquorice. 

Rare.  New  Haven,  formerly  well  established  on  a  road- 
side (D.  C.  Eaton)  ;  now  apparently  exterminated.  May  — 
Aug.    Fugitive  from  the  West. 

CORONILLA  L. 

Coronilla  varia  L.   (variable). 

Crown  Vetch.    Russian  Clover.    Axwort. 

Occasional.  Roadsides,  waste  places  and  in  open  fields  as 
an  escape  from  cultivation.  June  —  Sept.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Very  persistent  and  difficult  to  eradicate. 

DESMODIUM   Desv.         Tick  Trefoil. 
Desmodium  nudiflorum  (L.)  DC.  (naked-flowered). 
Meibomia  nudiHora  Kuntze. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Dry  woods.    July  —  Aug. 

Desmodium  grandifiorum  (Walt.)  DC.  (large-flowered). 
Desmodium  acuminatum  DC. 
Meibomia  grandiiiora  Kuntze. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  rocky  woods,  usually  in  rich 
soil.     July  —  Aug. 

Desmodium  rotundifolium  (Michx.)  DC.  (round-leaved). 
Meibomia  Michauxii  Vail. 

Occasional  or  local.  Dry  woods  and  hillside  thickets.  July 
—  Aug. 

Desmodium  glabellum  (Michx.)  DC. 
Desmodium  huuiifusum  Beck. 
Meibomia  glabella  Kuntze. 

Rare.     Waterford,  in  dry  woods  (Graves).     Aug. 

Desmodium  canescens  (L.)  DC. 
Meibomia  canescens  Kuntze. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  253 

Dry  woods  and  sandy  fields.  Occasional  or  frequent  in 
the  southern  half  of  the  state  and  in  the  Connecticut  Valley; 
rare  or  local  elsewhere.     July  —  Aug. 

Desmodium  bracteosum    (Michx.)    DC.    (having  conspicuous 

bracts). 
Desmodium  cuspidatum  Hook. 
Meibomia  bracteosa  Kuntze. 

Dry  wooded  banks  and  in  thickets.  Occasional  or  frequent 
in  the  Connecticut  Valley  and  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
state  ;  rare  or  absent  elsewhere.    July  —  Aug. 

Desmodium  Dillenii  Darl. 
Meibomia  Dillenii  Kuntze. 

Occasional.  Dry  woods  and  thickets  in  either  sandy  or 
rich  ground.     July  —  Aug. 

Desmodium  paniculatum  (L.)  DC.  (panicled). 
Meibomia  paniciilata  Kuntze. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  woods  and  copses.  July  — 
Aug. 

Desmodium  canadense  (L.)  DC. 
Meibomia  canadensis  Kuntze. 
Showy  Tick  Trefoil, 

Common.  Sandy  fields,  roadsides  and  open  waste  places. 
July  —  Aug. 

Flowers  rarely  pure  white. 

Desmodium    sessilifolium     (Torr.)     Torr.    &    Gray     (sessile- 
leaved). 
Meibomia  scssilifolia  Kuntze. 

Dry  open  or  thinly  wooded  banks  and  sandy  railroad  fill- 
ings. Local  or  occasional  in  the  valleys  of  the  Thames  River 
system:  Montville,  Norwich,  Preston  and  Windham  (Graves), 
Franklin  and  Bozrah  (R.  W.  Woodward).    July  —  Aug. 

Desmodium  rigidum   (Ell.)  DC.   (stifif  or  rigid). 
Meibomia  rigida  Kuntze. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  banks  and  sandy  roadsides. 
July  —  Aug. 


254  CONNECTICUT  GEOL,   AND   NAT.   HIST.    SURVEY.  fBllll. 

Desmodium  obtusum  (Muhl.)  DC.  (blunt). 
Desmodium  ciliare  DC. 
Meihomia  obtiisa  Vail. 

Dry  open  ground  and  waste  places.  Occasional  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  northward,  reaching 
Glastonbury  (Mrs.  F.  W,  Starmer),  and  Manchester  (Weath- 
erby) .     July  —  Aug. 

Desmodium  marilandicum  (L.)  DC. 
Meihomia  marilandica  Kuntze. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  hillsides  and  sandy  plains. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

LESPEDEZA  Michx.         Bush  Clover. 

Lespedeza  procumbens  Michx.  (trailing). 

Occasional.  Dry  woods  or  thickets  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

Lespedeza  repens  (L.)  Bart,  (creeping). 

Rare.  Dry  woods:  New  Haven  (R.  W.  Woodward). 
Aug. —  Sept. 

Lespedeza  violacea  (L.)   Pers.  (violet-colored). 
Bush  Clover. 

Dry  open  woods.  Occasional  in  most  districts  but  not 
reported  from  New  London  County.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Lespedeza  Nuttallii  Darl. 

Rare.  Dry  wooded  banks  or  in  open  ground,  mostly  in 
sandy  soil:  Lyme  and  Windham  (Graves),  Southington  (Bis- 
sell),  Seymour  and  Oxford  (Harger).    Aug. 

Lespedeza  Stuvei  Nutt. 

Dry  woods  and  rocky  banks.  Occasional  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  northward  and  east- 
ward, reaching  Southington  (Andrews),  Windsor  (Bissell), 
and  Waterford  (Graves).    Aug. 

Lespedeza  virginica  (L.)  Britten. 

Lespedeza  reticulata  Pers. 

Rare  or  local.    Dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil.    Aug. —  Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  255 

Lespedeza  frutescens  (L.)  Britton  (shrubby). 
Lespedeza  Sttivci  Nutt.,  var.  intermedia  Wats. 

Frequent.    Dry  woods  and  sandy  banks.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Lespedeza  simulata  Mackenzie  &  Bush  (imitating). 

Rare.    Dry  sandy  ground:  Groton  (Graves),  Southington 
(Bissell).    Aug. 

Lespedeza  hirta  (L.)   Hornem,   (hairy), 
Lespedeza  polystachya  Michx. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Dry  sandy  soil.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Lespedeza  capitata  Michx.   (having  a  head,  referring  to  the 
compact  flower  clusters). 
Common.     Dry  fields  and  sandy  places.    Aug. 
Lespedeza  capitata  Michx.,  var.  velutina   (Bicknell)   Fernald 
(velvety). 
Lespedeza  velutina  Bicknell, 
Lespedeza  Bicknellii  House. 
I  Dry  sandy  or  sterile  places.     Rare  or  perhaps  occasional 

j      growing  with  the  typical  form,    Aug. 

I  CICER  L.         Chick  Pea, 

Cicer  arietinum  L.  (ram's-head,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the 
flowers). 

Rare.     One  plant  in  waste  ground :  Waterbury   (A,  E, 
Blewitt),    July.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

VICIA  L.        Vetch.     Tare, 
/icia  sativa  L.  (sown). 
Spring  Vetch. 

Rare.    Waste  ground  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.    June 
{     — Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 
1  Sometimes  cultivated  as  a  forage  plant  or  for  a  cover-crop. 

^cia  angustifolia  Reichard   (narrow-leaved). 
Common  Vetch  or  Tare. 

Roadsides  and  waste  ground.    Rare  in  its  typical  form. 
The  var.   segetalis    (Thuillier)    Koch    (of  corn   fields), 
Vicia  sativa  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L.,  is  occasional  or 
frequent  near  the  coast,  becoming  rare  northward.     June  — 
Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe, 


L 


256  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Vicia  Faba  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
European  Garden  Bean. 

Rare.  Waste  or  ballast  ground:  Southington  (Bissell), 
Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blevvitt),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  July  — 
Sept.    Fugitive  from  the  Old  World. 

From  prehistoric  times  has  been  cultivated  for  food.     In 
the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada  it  is  grown  for  fodder,  but 
in  most  parts  of  the  United  States,  where  the  summers  are  hot 
and  dry,  it  does  not  thrive. 
Vicia  tetrasperma  (L.)  Moench  (four-seeded). 
Slender  Vetch. 

Dry  grassland.  Rare  or  local  in  most  districts:  Norwich 
(W.  A.  Setchell),  Southington  (Andrews),  Hamden  (Har- 
ger).  Becoming  occasional  from  Milford  (Eames,  C.  K. 
Averill)  westward  along  the  coast.  Late  May — June. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Vicia  hirsuta  (L.)   S.  F.  Gray   (hairy). 
Hairy  Vetch  or  Tare. 

Rare.  Stamford,  in  waste  ground  (W.  H.  Hoyt).  May  — 
Sept.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Vicia  Cracca  L.  (classical  name  for  some  leguminous  plant). 
Cow,  Tufted  or  Blue  Vetch. 

Fields,  meadows  and  roadsides.  Frequent  along  the  Con- 
necticut River;  rare,  local  or  occasional  elsewhere.  June  — 
Aug.  For  the  most  part  introduced  from  the  West  or  North 
or  from  Europe. 

Inclined  to  be  troublesome  in  grassland  wherever  estab- 
.lished. 

Vicia  villosa  Roth   (hairy). 
Hairy  or  Winter  Vetch. 

Rare.  Borders  of  fields  as  an  escape  from  cultivation: 
Southington  (Andrews),  Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fernald).  June  — 
Sept.     Adventive  from  the  Old  World. 

Grown  to  a  considerable  extent  as  a  cover-crop. 

LENS  Hill.         Lentil. 
Lens  esculenta  Moench  (fit  for  eating). 
Ervum  Lens  L. 
Lentil. 


No.     14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  257 

Rare.  Waste  places:  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Stamford  (W. 
H.  Hoyt) .    July  —  Aug.    Fugitive  from  the  Old  World. 

This  is  one  of  the  oldest,  and  is  still  one  of  the  important 
food-plants  for  man,  especially  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
Old  World  and  the  Orient,  although  but  little  cultivated  in 
this  country. 

LATHYRUS  L.        Vetchling.     Everlasting  Pea. 

Lathyrus  maritimus  (L.)  Bigel.  (of  the  sea). 
Beach  Pea. 

Common  on  beaches  and  sand  dunes  along  the  coast.  June 
—  Aug. 

Is  found  rarely  with  pure  white  flowers.  The  young  spring 
shoots  make  an  excellent  pot-herb. 

Lathyrus  palustris  L.  (of  marshes),  var.  linearifolius  Ser,  (very 

narrow-leaved). 
Marsh  Pea. 

Local.  Borders  of  salt  marshes  in  Groton,  Waterford  and 
Old  Lyme  (Graves),  Old  Saybrook  (Harger).     June — July. 

Lathyrus  latifolius  L.  (broad-leaved). 
Perennial  or  Everlasting  Pea. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides :  Groton, 
Norwich  and  Preston  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett), 
Southington  (Bissell),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  June  —  Aug. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

An  old-fashioned  garden  flower,  hardy  under  almost  all 
conditions  of  soil  and  light. 

Lathyrus  pratensis  L.  (of  meadows). 
Yellow  Vetchling. 

Rare.  In  grassland:  Hartford,  well  established  in  and 
near  an  old  cemetery  (H.  S.  Clark).  July.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

PISUM  L.         Pea. 

Pisum  sativum  L.  (sown). 
Garden  Pea, 

Rare.  Waste  places  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.  June 
— July.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 


258  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Pisum  sativum  L.,  var.  arvense  (L.)  Poir.  (of  fields). 
Field  Pea. 

Rare.  Waste  places :  Bridgeport  (Eames).  July.  Fugi- 
tive from  Europe. 

Sometimes  grown  for  forage. 

APIOS  Ludwig.         Groundnut.     Wild  Bean. 

Apios  tuberosa  Moench   (bearing  tubers). 
Apios  Apios  MacM. 
Groundnut.    Wild  Bean. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Moist  thickets  and  near  streams. 
July  —  Sept. 

The  tubers  are  said  to  be  edible. 

PHASEOLUS  L.         Kidney  Bean. 

Phaseolus  polystachyus   (L.)   BSP.   (many-spiked). 
Phaseolus  perennis  Walt. 
Wild  Bean. 

Rare.  Rocky  woods  and  dry  banks:  Franklin  (R.  W. 
Woodward),  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton,  R.  W.  Woodward), 
Huntington  (Harger),  Norwalk  (Miss  M.  D.  Lockwood,  G. 
P.  Ells,  Bissell).    Aug. 

Phaseolus  vulgaris  L.   (common). 
Common  or  Kidney  Pole  Bean. 

Rare.  Sometimes  occurs  as  an  escape  in  waste  ground. 
July  —  Aug.  Native  of  Central  and  South  America.  A  fugi- 
tive, not  persistent  here. 

The  var.  nanus  (L.)  Taubert  (dwarf).  Field  or  Bush 
Bean,  rarely  occurs  in  similar  situations. 

STROPHOSTYLES  Ell. 

Strophostyles  helvola   (L.)   Britton   (yellowish). 
Strophostyles  angulosa  Ell. 
Trailing  Wild  Bean. 

Open  ground  in  sandy  soil.  Common  along  the  coast,  be- 
coming rare  or  local  northward.    Aug. —  Sept. 


No.    14. j  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  259 

AMPHICARPA   Ell.         Hog  Peanut. 

Amphicarpa  monoica  (L.)  Ell.  (monoecious). 
Falcata  comosa  of  American  authors. 
Wild  or  Hog  Peanut. 

Common.  Woods  and  thickets,  more  often  in  rich  moist 
soil.     July  —  Sept. 

Amphicarpa  Pitcheri  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Falcata  Pitcheri  Kuntze. 
Hog  Peanut. 

Low  woods  and  thickets.  Southington  (Andrews),  Fair- 
field (Eames),  Norwalk  (Harger,  Bissell),  and  probably  occa- 
sional or  local  near  the  coast  eastward.    July  —  Sept, 

LINACEAE.         FLAX   FAMILY. 

LINUM  L.        Flax. 

Linum  usitatissimum  L.   (most  useful). 
Common  Flax.    Linseed. 

Rare.  Roadsides,  fields  and  waste  places.  June  —  Sept. 
Introduced  from  Europe,  its  nativity  unknown. 

Well  known  as  a  cultivated  plant  from  time  immemorial; 
invaluable  for  its  fibre  and  oil.  The  fibre  of  the  inner  bark  is 
very  strong  and  tough,  is  valuable  for  spinning,  and  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  fine  linen  threads  and  cloths,  also  a 
great  variety  of  coarser  cords  and  fabrics.  The  seeds  are  the 
source  of  linseed  oil,  and  the  residue,  under  the  name  of  "  oil 
cake,"  is  considered  a  valuable  food  for  stock.  Linseed  meal 
has  important  medicinal  uses. 

Linum  sulcatum  Riddell  (furrowed). 

Rare.  Dry  ground:  Granby  (Bissell),  New  Haven,  An- 
sonia,  Oxford,  Southbury  and  Woodbury  (Harger),  Milford 
(Eames),  Kent  (Weatherby),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
July  —  Aug. 

Linum  striatum  Walt,   (grooved). 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Moist  open  or  shaded  places.  July 
—  Aug. 


26o  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bttll. 

Linum  virginianum  L. 
Wild  Yellow  Flax. 

Frequent.  Dry  woods  and  more  open  places,  usually  in 
sandy  soil.    July  —  Aug. 

Linum  medium  (Planch.)  Britton  (intermediate). 

Rare.  Dry  sandy  fields :  Waterford  and  Old  Lyme 
(Graves),  Ledyard  (Harger),  Milford  (Fames).  July  — 
Sept. 

OXALIDACEAE.         WOOD   SORREL   FAMILY. 
OXALIS  L.        Wood  Sorrel. 

Oxalis  Acetosella  L.  (somewhat  sour). 
Common  or  White  Wood  Sorrel. 

Rare  or  local.  Rich  moist  woods:  Granby  (L  Holcomb), 
Barkhamsted  and  Colebrook  (Bissell),  Winchester  (An- 
drews), Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps  ) .    June  — July. 

This  and  other  species  of  the  genus  contain  a  compound  of 
oxalic  acid,  and  if  eaten  in  excess  may  give  rise  to  poisoning. 
They  are  somewhat  medicinal. 

Oxalis  violacea  L.  (violet-colored). 
Violet  Wood  Sorrel. 

Woods  and  moist  or  dry  shaded  places.  Rare  or  local,  but 
apparently  well  distributed  throughout  the  state.    May  — June. 

Oxalis  striata  L.  (straight). 

Oxalis  corniculata  L.,  var.  stricta  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in 

part. 
Yellow  Wood  Sorrel. 

Fields,  roadsides  and  sandy  places.  Rare  or  local  in 
northern  districts,  becoming  frequent  near  the  coast.  May  — 
Sept. 

Oxalis  filipes  Small  (with  thread-like  stems). 
Oxalis  Brittoniae  Small. 
Slender  Yellow  Wood  Sorrel. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  fields  and  roadsides :  Farmington  (H. 
S.  Clark  &  Bissell),  Newington,  Litchfield  and  Cornwall  (Bis- 


No.     14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  26I 

sell).  Orange  (Eames),  Southbury  (Harger),  Salisbury  (M. 
L.  Fernald).     May  —  Sept. 

Oxalis  corniculata  L.  (horned). 

Oxalis  corniculata  L.,  var.  stricta  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  ia 

part. 
Oxalis  stricta  of  many  authors,  not  L. 
Oxalis  Bushii  Small. 
Oxalis  rufa  Small. 
Oxalis  cymosa  Small. 
Lady's  Sorrel.    Tall  Yellow  Wood  Sorrel. 

Common.  Woods  and  fields  in  various  soils  and  situations. 
May  —  Sept. 

Oxalis  repens  Thunb.  (creeping). 

Oxalis  corniculata  L.  in  part,  and  of  many  later  authors. 

Rare  or  local.  Florist's  grounds,  greenhouses  and  street 
gutters:  New  London  (Graves).  May — June.  A  cosmo- 
politan species,  in  Connecticut  probably  adventive  from 
Europe. 

GERANIACEAE.         GERANIUM    FAMILY. 
GERANIUM  L.         Cranesbill. 

Geranium  maculatum  L.  (spotted). 
Wild  Cranesbill. 

Common.     Fields,  roadsides  and  woods.     May — June. 
The  very  astringent  root  is  medicinal  and  is  officinal. 

Geranium  pratense  L.  (of  meadows). 
Meadow  Geranium  or  Cranesbill. 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (B.  B.  Bristol).  July. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Geranium  Robertianum  L. 
Herb  Robert.    Red  Robin. 

Rpcky  ledges,  usually  in  shade.  Rare  in  eastern  districts, 
becoming  occasional  or  frequent  westward.     May  —  Sept. 

Geranium  carolinianum  L. 

Occasional.  Rocky  woods,  dry  fields  and  waste  ground. 
May  — July. 


262  CONiNECTICUT   GliOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Geranium  pusillum  Burm.  f.  (very  small). 
Small-flowered  Geranium  or  Cranesbill. 

Rare.  In  lawns  and  grasslands:  New  Haven  (Harger), 
Bridgeport  (liames),  Monroe  (H.  C.  Beardslee),  Litchfield 
(Miss  E.  H.  Thompson).  June — July.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Geranium  dissectum  L.  (finely  cut). 
Cut-leaved  Geranium  or  Cranesbill. 

Rare.  Oxford,  in  newly  seeded  ground  (Harger).  June. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Geranium  molle  L.  (soft). 

Dove's-foot  Geranium  or  Cranesbill. 

Rare.  Lawns  and  cultivated  ground :  Southington  (An- 
drews), Stratford  (Mrs.  R.  H.  Russell),  Bridgeport  (Eames), 
Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson).  May — June.  Fugitive 
from  Europe. 

ERODIUM  L'Her.         Storksbill. 

Erodium  cicutarium  (L.)  L'Her.  (like  Cicuta,  the  Poison  Hem- 
lock). 

Storksbill.     Heron's-bill. 

Rare.     Waste  ground:  New  London  (Graves),  Norwich 

(Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Glastonbury   (Mrs.  F.  W.  Starmer), 

Bridgeport  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter),  Norwalk  (G.  P.  Ells). 

May  — June.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Erodium  moschatum  (L.)  L'Her.  (smelling  of  musk). 
Musk  Erodium  or  Storksbill. 

Rare.  Hartford,  in  waste  grounds  (H.  S.  Clark).  Sept 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

RUTACEAE.         RUE    FAMILY.    ' 

ZANTHOXYLUM  L.         Prickly  Ash. 
Zanthoxylum  americanum  Mill. 

Northern  Prickly  Ash.     Prickly  Ash.     Toothache  Tree. 

Thickets,  fence-rows  or  open  fields,  often  in  rocky  ground. 
Rare  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  occa- 
sional northward  and   westward   and   frequent   in   Litchfield 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  263 

County.      April  —  May.       Probably    southward    largely    an 
escape  from  cultivation. 

The  bark  is  medicinal  and  is  officinal ;  the  berries  are  also 
sometimes  used  medicinally. 

PTELEA  L.         Shrubby  Trefoil.     Hop  Tree. 

Ptelea  trifoliata  L.  (three-leaved). 
Shrubby  Trefoil.     Hop  Tree. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation:  Southington  (Andrews),  Seymour  (Harger), 
Ansonia  (C.  K.  Averill),  Woodbury  (Eames),  Huntington 
(Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson). 
June.     Adventive  from  the  West. 

The  bark  of  the  root,  the  leaves  and  the  fruit  are  medicinal. 

SIMARUBACEAE.         QUASSIA    FAMILY. 
AILANTHUS  Desf.        Tree  of  Heaven. 

Ailanthus  glandulosa  Desf.  (glandular), 
Ailanthus.     Tree  of  Heaven. 

Occasional.  Waste  places,  fence-rows  and  along  roadsides. 
June;  fruit  Oct.     Naturalized  from  China. 

A  tree  of  rapid  growth,  well  adapted  to  cultivation.  It 
propagates  freely  from  seed  and  from  root  suckers  and  readily 
accommodates  itself  to  any  soil.  It  was  formerly  supposed  to 
counteract  malarial  influences  arising  from  the  soil  in  which  it 
grew.  The  staminate  tree,  however,  on  account  of  its  dis- 
agreeable odor  when  in  flower,  is  not  desirable.  The  bark  is 
medicinal. 

POLYGALACEAE.         MILKWORT    FAMILY. 
POLYGALA  L.         Milkwort. 

Polygala  paucifolia  Willd.  (few-leaved). 

Fringed  Polygala.     Flowering  Wintergreen. 

In  woods,  usually  in  light  soil.  Rare  in  New  London 
County,  frequent  elsewhere.     May — June. 

A  form  with  white  flowers  has  been  found  at  New  Milford 
(C.  K.  Averill). 


264  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBuU. 

Polygala  polygama  Walt,  (polygamous). 
Milkwort. 

Local  or  occasional.  Dry  sandy  ground,  often  on  sand 
plains.     July  —  Aug. 

A  form  with  white  flowers  occurs  at  Milford  (Eames). 

Polygala  Senega  L.  (from  Seneca  Indians). 
Seneca  or  Senega  Snakeroot. 

Rare.  Kent,  a  small  colony  in  thinly  shaded,  dr}'  and 
poor  soil  on  the  bank  of  the  Housatonic  River  (C.  K.  Averill 
&  E.  H.  Austin)  ;  occurs  also  at  New  Milford  (C.  D.  Bishop). 
May  — ^June. 

The  plant  is  valued  medicinally  and  is  officinal. 

Polygala  sanguinea  L.  (blood-red). 
Polygala  viridescens  L. 
Purple  Milkwort. 

Common.  Moist  or  sometimes  dry  fields,  pastures  and 
thin  woods.    July  —  Sept. 

Occurs  occasionally  with  white  flowers. 

Polygala  Nuttallii  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Rare  or  local.  Open  ground  in  sandy  soil:  Groton 
(Graves),  Cheshire  and  Southington  (Andrews),  Plainville 
(Bissell).    July  —  Aug. 

Polygala  cruciata  L.  (cross-shaped). 

Open  swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Occasional  or  frequent 
near  the  coast,  but  rare  or  wanting  inland.     July  —  Sept. 

Polygala  verticillata  L.  (whorled). 

Whorled  Polygala. 

Common.    Dry  or  sterile  fields.    July  —  Aug. 
Polygala  verticillata  L.,  var.  ambigua  (Nutt.)  Wood  (doubt- 
ful). 

Polygala  ambigua  Nutt. 

Apparently  rare.     Dry  places,  growing  with  the  typical 

form.     The  distinctions  between  this  variety  and  the  species 

have  been  little  recognized,  and  its  distribution  is  not  known. 

July  —  Aug. 


i 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  265 

EUPHORBIACEAE.         SPURGE   FAMILY. 
CROTONOPSIS  Michx. 

Crotonopsis  linearis   Michx.    (very  narrow;  referring  to   the 
leaves). 

Local.  Sandy  fields  and  wastes :  Milford,  plentiful  in  one 
locality  (Eames).     July  —  Sept. 

ACALYPHA  L.        Three-seeded  Mercury. 

Acalypha  virginica  L. 

Frequent  or  common.  Open  woods,  fields  and  meadows. 
July  —  Sept. 

Sometimes  a  weed  in  lawns  and  cultivated  ground. 

Acalj^jha  gracilens  Gray  (slender). 

Acalypha  virginica  L.,  var.  gracilens  Muell.  Arg. 
Frequent.     Dry  fields  and  roadsides.    July  —  Sept. 

RICINUS   L.         Castor-oil   Plant. 

Ricinus  communis  L.  (growing  in  colonies). 
Castor-oil  Plant. 

Rare.  A  fugitive  in  waste  grounds  in  Bridgeport  and 
Fairfield  (Eames).     Sept.  —  Oct.     Native  of  India  or  Africa. 

Cultivated  for  ornament.  The  oil  expressed  from  the 
seeds  is  medicinal  and  is  officinal. 

EUPHORBIA  L.         Spurge. 

Euphorbia  polygonifolia  L.    (having  leaves  like  Polygonum, 

the  Knotweed). 
Seaside  Spurge. 

Frequent  along  the  coast  on  sea  beaches  and  sand  dunes. 
July  —  Sept. 

Euphorbia  Preslii  Guss. 

Euphorbia  nutans  of  Britton's  Manual. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Fields  and  roadsides,  especially 
in  sandy  soil.    July  —  Sept. 

The  plant  has  medicinal  properties  and  is  locally  known  as 
Fluxweed.  All  species  of  the  genus  are  more  or  less  medi- 
cinal and  some  are  strong  irritants. 


266  COxXNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Euphorbia  hirsuta  (Torr.)  Wiegand  (hairy). 

Frequent  or  common.  Sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and  in 
waste  places,     July  —  Sept. 

Euphorbia  maculata  L.  (spotted). 
Milk  Purslane. 

Frequent.  Sandy  fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places. 
July  —  Sept. 

Euphorbia  marginata  Pursh  (having  a  distinct  border). 
Snow-on-the-Mountain. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Bridgeport  (Eames).  Aug. — 
Sept.    Adventive  from  the  West. 

Often  cultivated  for  ornament. 

Euphorbia  corollata  L.  (having  a  corolla). 
Flowering  Spurge. 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  ground:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E. 
Rogers),  Milford  (Eames),  Oxford  (Harger).  May  —  Aug. 
Adventive  from  the  South  or  West. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

Euphorbia  Ipecacuanhae  L.  (Brazilian  Indian  name). 
Wild  Ipecac.    Ipecac  Spurge. 

Rare.  There  is  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  Boston  Natural 
History  Society  a  specimen  of  this  plant  collected  at  East 
Windsor  by  Dr.  M.  M.  Reed.  It  has  no  date,  but  from  what 
is  known  of  Dr.  Reed  it  must  have  been  collected  between 
1825  and  1830;  not  otherwise  reported  from  the  state. 
May  —  Oct. 

The  root  is  medicinal.  All  species  of  spurge  yield  a  very 
acrid,  milky  juice  which  is  irritant  to  the  skin.  Domestic 
animals  are  sometimes  poisoned  by  eating  these  plants,  and  the 
milk  of  such  animals  is  also  rendered  poisonous. 

Euphorbia  Esula  L.  (Pre-Linnean  name  for  certain  species  of 
spurge). 
Faitour's  Grass.    Leafy  Spurge. 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  ground :  New  London  (Graves), 
Manchester  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Norwalk  (G.  P.  Ells).  May  — 
June.    Adventive  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  267 

Euphorbia  Cyparissias  L.  (classical  name  for  some  species  of 

spurge). 
Cypress  Spurge.    Spurge. 

Occasional.  Roadsides  and  fields  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation, usually  near  dwellings  or  old  cemeteries.  June. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  plant  yields  a  yellow  dye. 

Euphorbia  Peplus  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
Petty  Spurge. 

Rare.  New  London,  well  established  in  one  yard  for  at 
least  twelve  years  (Graves).  June  —  Oct.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Euphorbia  Lathyrus  L.  (classical  name  for  some  spurge). 
Caper  or  Myrtle  Spurge.     Mole  Plant. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  well  established  in  Trumbull  and 
Bridgeport  (Eames).    July  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

CALLITRICHACEAE. 

WATER   STARWORT   FAMILY. 

CALLITRICHE  L.         Water  Starwort. 

Callitriche  deflexa  A.  Br.  (bent  downward),  var.  Austini  (En- 

gelm.)   Hegelm. 
Callitriche  Austini  Engelm. 

Moist  shaded  ground,  usually  in  cart  paths  and  little  used 
roads.  Local  or  occasional  except  near  the  coast  eastward, 
where  it  is  not  reported.    June  —  Aug. 

Callitriche  palustris  L.  (of  marshes). 
Callitriche  verna  L.  in  part. 

Pools  and  slow  running  streams.  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett),  Windsor  (Bissell),  and  occasional  or  frequent  westward. 
June —  Sept. 

Callitriche  heterophylla  Pursh  (various-leaved). 

Ponds  and  slow  running  streams:  Woodstock  (Weath- 
erby  &  Harger),  East  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Southington 
(Andrews,  Bissell),  and  occasional  or  frequent  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  coast.    June  —  Sept. 


268  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

LIMNANTHACEAE. 
FALSE  MERMAID  FAMILY. 

FLOERKEA  Willd.         False  Mermaid. 
Floerkea  proserpinacoides  Willd.  (like  Proserpinaca,  the  Mer- 
maid-weed). 

Rare.  Damp  shaded  ground:  North  Haven  (A.  H. 
Graves),  Orange  (Fames  &  C.  C.  Gadfrey),  Oxford  (G.  H. 
Bartlett),  Southbury  (Harger).     May. 

ANACARDIACEAE.         CASHEW    FAMILY. 
RHUS  L.        Sumach. 
Rhus  typhina  L.  (like  Typha,  the  Cat-tail). 

Rhus  hirta  Sudworth. 
Staghorn  Sumach. 

Occasional.     Open  fields,  thickets  and  fence-rows.     June. 

The  bark  and  berries  have  properties  similar  to  those  of 
Rhtis  glabra. 

Rhus  glabra  L.  (smooth). 
Smooth  Sumach. 

Frequent  or  common.  Pastures  and  roadsides,  usually  in 
dry  ground.    June. 

Sometimes  forms  troublesome  colonies  by  its  running  root- 
stocks.  The  leaves  and  bark  are  sometimes  used  in  tanning. 
Galls  found  on  its  leaves  are  very  astringent  and  are  used  as 
a  substitute  for  the  imported  galls.  All  species  of  the  genus 
are  handsome,  especially  in  their  autumnal  foliage,  and  the  in- 
nocuous species  are  particularly  ornamental  when  grown  in 
suitable  places. 

Rhus  copallina  L.  (producing  copal). 
Dwarf,  Black  or  Shining  Sumach. 

Occasional,  frequent  or  common.  Pastures  and  rocky 
woods.    July  —  Aug. 

The  bark  and  leaves  have  properties  similar  to  those  of 
Rhus  glabra. 

Rhus  Vernix  L.  (varnish). 
Rhus  venenata  DC. 
Poison  Sumach,  Dogwood  or  Elder. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  269 

Swamps  and  wet  ground  or  sometimes  in  drier  places. 
Occasional  in  most  districts,  becoming  frequent  near  the  coast. 
June  — July. 

All  parts  of  the  plant  are  poisonous  to  the  touch,  etc.,  as 
in  the  following  species,  only  more  actively  so. 

Rhus  Toxicodendron  L.  (poison  tree). 

Poison  Ivy,  Oak  or  Vine.    Mercury.    Marcury. 

Frequent  or  common.  Fence-rows,  fields,  woods  and 
meadows,  in  either  moist  or  dry  ground,  often  climbing  trees 
and  posts.    May — June. 

The  var.  radicans  (L.)  Torr.  (rooting),  Rhus  radicans 
L.,  is  often  more  plentiful  than  the  typical  form. 

A  pernicious  shrub  or  vine  that  is  far  too  plentiful.  To 
most  persons  all  parts  of  the  plant  at  all  seasons  are  poisonous 
to  the  touch;  and  its  exhalations,  even  at  some  distance,  are 
equally  poisonous  to  some,  especially  in  a  humid  atmosphere 
or  during  free  perspiration.  The  poisonous  principle  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  peculiar  oil  which  is  present  in  all  parts  of  the 
plant  and  which  in  the  minutest  quantity  is  intensely  irritant. 
Cattle  and  horses  are  not  afifected  by  it.  The  leaves  are  valued 
medicinally  and  were  formerly  officinal. 

Rhus  canadensis  Marsh. 
Rhus  aromatica  Ait. 
Sweet-scented  Sumach. 

Rare.  Guilford,  on  a  small  outcrop  of  rock  in  a  salt  marsh 
(G.  H.  Bartlett).    May. 

The  bark  of  the  root  is  an  active  medicinal  agent. 

AQUIFOLIACEAE.         HOLLY    FAMILY. 
ILEX  L.         Holly. 

Ilex  opaca  Ait.  (opaque). 
American  Holly. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  thickets:  Waterford  (Miss  A.  H. 
Morgan),  Milford  (J.  D.  Dana),  Wolcott  (H.  J.  Bassett). 
May — June;  fruit  Oct.,  lasting  into  the  winter.  Escaped 
from  cultivation  or  possibly  native. 

Plentiful  in  parts  of  the  South,  where  it  is  extensively 


270  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

gathered  for  use  in  Christmas  decorations.     The  leaves  and 
bark  are  medicinal. 

Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray  (whorled). 

Black  Alder.    Winterberry. 

Common.    Moist  woods  and  swamps,  or  sometimes  in  drier 

places.    June  — July. 

The  berries  turn  brilliant  red  in  autumn  and  continue  on 

the  bushes  far  into  the  winter.    The  bark  and  berries  are  used 

medicinally. 
Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray,  var.  tenuifolia  (Torr.)  Wats,  (thin- 
leaved). 

Ilex  bronxensis  Britton. 

Winterberry. 

Low   grounds,   growing   with   the    species.      Frequent   in 

southwestern  Connecticut    (Eames)  ;    occasional  about   New 

London  (Graves).    Rare  elsewhere :  Southington  (Andrews), 

Litchfield  (Bissell).    June — July. 
Ilex  verticillata    (L.)    Gray,  var.  padifolia   (Willd.)    Torr.   & 
Gray  (having  leaves  like  Padus,  the  Cherry). 

Winterberry. 

Occasional.     Low  woods  and  swamps,  growing  with  the 

species.    June  — July. 

Ilex  laevigata  (Pursh)   Gray  (smoothed). 
Smooth  Winterberry. 

Swamps  and  wet  woods.  Rare  in  the  northern  and  western 
parts  of  the  state:  South  Windsor  and  Litchfield  (Bissell), 
Monroe  and  Middlebury  (Harger),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps).  Occasional  in  southeastern  Connecticut,  chiefly  in 
White  Cedar  swamps  (Graves).     June;    fruit  Sept. 

Ilex  glabra  (L.)  Gray  (smooth). 
Inkberry. 

Local.  In  and  about  swamps:  Voluntown  (Harger), 
Groton,  New  London  and  Waterford  (Graves),  Guilford 
(W.  R.  Dudley).    June. 

NEMOPANTHUS  Raf.         Mountain  Holly. 

Nemopanthus  mucronata   (L.)  Trel.   (having  a  short  abrupt 
point). 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  27I 

Nemopanthes  fascicularis  Raf. 
Ilicioides  inner onata  Britton, 
Mountain  Holly. 

Low  woods  and  shaded  swamps.  Rare  near  the  coast,  be- 
coming occasional  or  frequent  northward.     May. 

CELASTRACEAE.         STAFF  TREE  FAMILY. 
EVONYMUS  L.        Spindle  Tree. 

Evonymus  atropurpureus  Jacq.  (dark  purple). 
Burning  Bush.     Waahoo.     Indian  Arrow-wood. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  fence- 
rows:  Southington  (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Milford  (Eames 
&  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Stratford,  Bridgeport  and  Easton  (Eames). 
June  — July ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct.  Adventive  or  fugitive  from 
the  West. 

Planted  for  ornament.  The  bark  of  the  root  is  medicinal 
and  is  officinal. 

Evonymus  alatus  (Thunb.)  Rupr.  &  Maxim,  (winged). 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides:  Plainfield 
(Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Milford  (Eames),  Oxford,  Hunting- 
ton and  Monroe  (Harger).  June — July.  Adventive  from 
eastern  Asia. 

Planted  for  ornament. 

Evonymus  europaeus  L. 

European  Spindle  Tree. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadside  in  Stratford 
(Eames),  and  Bridgeport  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter).  June  — 
July.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Planted  for  ornament. 

CELASTRUS  L.         Staff  Tree.     Shrubby  Bitter-sweet. 

Celastrus  scandens  L.  (climbing). 
Waxwork.     Climbing  Bitter-sweet. 

Frequent.  Thickets,  fence-rows  and  along  streams.  May 
— June ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct.,  persisting  into  the  winter. 

The  dried  pods  are  often  gathered  for  home  decorations. 
A  highly  ornamental  plant  and  worthy  of  cultivation.  The 
bark  of  the  plant  and  root  are  medicinal. 


272  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

STAPHYLEACEAE.        BLADDER   NUT    FAMILY. 

STAPHYLEA  L.         Bladder  Nut. 
Staphylea  trifolia  L.  (three-leaved). 
American  Bladder  Nut. 

Rocky  woods  and  thickets.    Rare  in  Ne\V  London  County, 
occasional  elsewhere.     Late  May ;    fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 
Desirable  to  plant  as  an  ornamental  shrub. 

ACERACEAE.         MAPLE    FAMILY. 
ACER  L.         Maple. 

Acer  pennsylvanicum  L. 

Striped  Maple.     Moosewood. 

Rocky  woods  in  rich  soil.  Occasional  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  eastward  and  southward, 
reaching  Ashford  (Bissell),  East  Haddam  (Graves),  Hunt- 
ington and  Redding  (Eames).     May. 

An  attractive  tree  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

Acer   Pseudo-platanus    L.    (simulating    Platanus,    the    Plane 
Tree). 

Sycamore  Maple. 

Rare.  Sparingly  escaped  from  an  old  nursery  to  a  pasture 
at  Wethersfield  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).  May.  Introduced 
from  Europe. 

Sometimes  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

Acer  spicatum  Lam.  (spiked). 

Mountain  Maple. 

Cool,  rocky  woods.  Occasional  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
state,  becoming  rare  southward,  reaching  East  Haddam 
(Graves),  Guilford,  at  Bluff  Head  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Meriden 
(D.  C.  Eaton),  Redding  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).    May. 

Acer  saccharum  Marsh,  (sugar). 
Acer  saccharimim  Wang.,  not  L. 
Sugar  or  Rock  Maple. 

Rocky  woods,    roadsides   and    fence-rows.      Frequent  or 
common  in  northern  districts,  becoming  rare  near  the  coast, 
except  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.    May. 
♦ 


N(\    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  273 

A  popular  shade  tree,  very  common  in  cultivation.  Very 
valuable  for  its  wood,  which  is  extensively  used  in  cabinet 
work,  for  floors  and  for  fuel.  "  Bird's-eye  Maple  "  is  of  this 
species.  It  is  also  the  source  of  genuine  maple  sugar.  The 
autumnal  foliage  is  very  brilliant. 
Acer    saccharum    Marsh.,    var.    nigrum    (Miclix.    f.)    Britton 

(black). 
Acer  saccharinum  Wang.,  var.  nigrum  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
Acer  nigrum  Michx.  f. 
Black  Sugar  Maple, 

Rare.  Roadside  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  May.  Adventive  from  the  North  or 
West. 

Acer  platanoides  L.  (like  Platanus,  the  Plane  Tree). 
Norway  Maple. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadside  thickets  in 
Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).  May.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Frequent  and  well  known  in  cultivation. 

Acer  saccharinum  L.  (sugary). 

Acer  dasycarpum  Ehrh. 

White,  Silver  or  Soft  Maple. 

River   banks    and    swamps.      Frequent    inland    along   the 

larger    streams ;      rare     elsewhere.       March  —  April,     rarely 

earlier. 
I  Often  planted  for  shade  or  ornament. 

Acer  rubrum  L.  (red). 

Red,  Swamp  or  Soft  Maple. 

Common.  Swamps,  low  woods  or  sometimes  in  dry 
ground.      March  —  April. 

The  wood  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture 
and  wooden  ware  and  for  fuel.  A  beautiful  tree  at  all  seasons 
and  one  of  the  most  brilliant  in  spring  and  fall ;  it  is  worthy 
of  much  more  extensive  cultivation.     The  bark  is  medicinal. 

Acer  Negundo  L.  (an  Indian  name). 
Negundo  aceroides  Moench. 
Box  Elder.     Ash-leaved  Maple. 


274  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND  NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Rare  or  local.  River  banks  or  roadsides.  Apparently 
native  along  the  Housatonic  River  from  Oxford  (Harger) 
to  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps)  ;  escaped  from  cultivation 
at  Putnam  (Harger),  Groton  (Graves),  Southington  (An- 
drews), Wethersfield  (Bissell),  and  Norwalk  (Miss  A.  E. 
Carpenter).    April  —  May. 

It  is  a  rapid  grower,  thriving  best  in  moist  ground.  Often 
planted  as  a  shade  tree  and  in  the  West  grown  for  wind-breaks. 

SAPINDACEAE.         SOAPBERRY    FAMILY. 
CARDIOSPERMUM  L. 

Cardicspermum  Halicacabum  L.   (classical  name). 
Balloon  Vine.     Heart-seed. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  waste  ground  in  Bridge- 
port (Eames).     Oct.     Fugitive  from  the  Tropics. 

AESCULUS    L.         Horse-chestnut.     Buckeye. 

Aesculus  Hippocastanum  L.   (horse-chestnut). 
Common  Horse-chestnut. 

Rare.  Southington,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  a  fence- 
row  (Andrews).    June.     Native  of  Asia. 

Extensively  planted  for  shade  or  ornament. 

BALSAMINACEAE.       TOUCH-ME-NOT    FAMILY. 
IMPATIENS  L.         Balsam.     Jewelweed. 

Impatiens  pallida  Nutt.  (pale). 
Jmpatiens  aurea  Muhl.   (  ?) 
Pale  Touch-me-not. 

Damp,  rocky  woods.  Rare  in  most  districts,  becoming 
occasional  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state.  July  — 
Sept. 

The  herb  possesses  the  same  properties  as  the  following 
species. 

Impatiens  biflora  Walt,  (two-flowered). 

Impatiens  fulva  Nutt. 

Spotted  Touch-me-not.     Snap-weed.     Silver  Weed. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  275 

Common.  Moist  or  wet,  mostly  shaded  places.  July  — 
Sept. 

A  form  with  pale  yellow  flowers  occurs  at  Thompson 
(Weatherby  &  Bissell). 

The  plant  bjsars  cleistogamous  fertile  flowers  in  the  earlier 
stages  of  its  growth.  Medicinal;  it  is  said  also  to  be  effica- 
cious in  relieving  the  effects  of  poisoning  by  species  of  Rhus 
and  stinging  nettles. 

RHAMNACEAE.         BUCKTHORN    FAMILY. 
RHAMNUS  L.         Buckthorn. 
Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'Her.  (alder-leaved). 
Dwarf  Alder. 

Rare  or  local.  In  swamps:  Litchfield  (Weatherby  & 
Bissell),  Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brewster),  Norfolk  (Bissell), 
Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fernald),  East  Granby  (Harger).    May. 

Rhamnus  cathartica  L.  (cathartic). 

Common  Buckthorn. 

Rare  or  local.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and 
pastures :  Stonington,  Lebanon,  Woodstock  and  Stafford 
(Graves),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Middletown  (J. 
D.  Cochrane),  East  Hartford  (C.  C.  Hanmer),  Water- 
bury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  New  Milford  and  Kent  (C.  K. 
Averill),  Cornwall  and  Norfolk  (Bissell),  Salisbury  (Mrs. 
C.  S.  Phelps).     May  —  June.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  good  hedge  plant.  The  berries  and  bark  are  actively 
cathartic.  Another  species  of  this  genus,  Rhamnus  Purshiana 
DC.  of  western  North  America,  furnishes  the  well  known 
Case  at  a  sagrada. 

CEANOTHUS  L.         Red-root. 
Ceanothus  americanus  L. 

New  Jersey  Tea.     Red-root. 

Common.  Dry,  open  woods  and  fields  in  sterile  soil. 
June  — July. 

The  leaves  are  said  to  have  been  used  during  the  American 
revolution  as  a  substitute  for  tea.  The  root  and  leaves  were 
formerly  used  for  dying  wool  red.     Medicinal. 


276  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

VITACEAE.         VINE    FAMILY. 

PSEDERA  Neck.         Virginia   Creeper.     Woodbine. 
« 
Psedera  quinquefolia  (L.)  Greene  (five-leaved). 

Aiiipclopsis  quiiiqiiefolia  Michx. 

Parthcnocissus  quinquefolia  Planch. 

Woodbine.    American  Ivy. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  thickets  and  fence-rows. 
June.    " 

Often   cultivated,   and   very   attractive   as    an   ornamental 
plant,  especially  in  autumnal   foliage.     The  bark  and   young 
twigs  have  medicinal  properties. 
Psedera    quinquefolia     (L.)     Greene,    var.    hirsuta     (Donn) 

Rehder  (hairy). 

Woods  and  thickets.  Occasional  or  frequent  in  Litchfield 
County,  not  reported  elsewhere.     June. 

Psedera  vitacea  (Knerr)   Greene  (like  Vitis,  the  Grape). 
Woodbine. 

Woods  and  thickets.  Apparently  occurs  in  most  parts  of 
the  state,  but  its  exact  distribution  and  frequency  are  not 
known.     June. 

VITIS  L.         Grape. 

Vitis  labrusca  L.  (classical  name). 

Northern  Fox  Grape.     Fox  or  Skunk  Grape. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  swamps  and  thickets. 
June ;    fruit  mid-Aug. —  Sept. 

The  fruit  is  often  gathered  for  making  jelly  and  preserves. 
The  cultivated  Isabella,  Catawba,  Concord  and  Brighton 
grapes  are  derived  from  this  species,  and  it  is  the  parent  of 
the  greater  part  of  American  cultivated  grapes.  Rarely 
occurs  with  fruit  amber-green  or  reddish  brown  in  color.  The 
Niagara  and  some  other  so-called  White  Grapes  are  deriva- 
tives of  this  form. 
Vitis  aestivalis  Michx.  (belonging  to  summer). 
Summer,  Pigeon  or  Bunch  Grape. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods  and  thickets.  June ;  fruit 
Sept.—  Oct. 

Hvbridizes  to  some  extent  with  Vitis  labrusca  and  is  next 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  277 

in  importance  to  that  species  as  a  source  of  cultivated  varieties. 
Its  derivatives  are  largely  wine  grapes. 

Vitis  bicolor  Le  Conte  (two-colored). 
Summer  or  Blue  Grape. 

Rare.  In  thickets:  Southington  and  Colebrook  (Bissell). 
June ;    fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

Vitis  vulpina  L.  (pertaining  to  a  fox). 
Vitis  riparia  Michx. 
River-bank  or  Frost  Grape. 

Frequent  on  banks  of  rivers  and  streams ;  rare  or  occa- 
sional in  other  situations.     June ;    fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

The  leaves,  tendrils  and  fruit  are  somewhat  medicinal,  as 
are  those  of  other  species  of  the  genus. 

TILIACEAE.         LINDEN    FAMILY. 
TILIA   L.         Linden.     Basswood. 
Tilia  americana  L. 

Basswood.    American  Linden.     Whitewood. 

Occasional.     Woods,  fence-rows  and  fields.     June  — July. 

The  wood  is  light,  white  and  soft,  but  is  durable,  and  well 
adapted  for  carriage  bodies,  cabinet  work,  interior  finish  of 
houses,  and  light  boxes,  such  as  honey  boxes.  It  also  makes 
a  fine  grade  of  charcoal.  The  fibrous  inner  bark  is  made  into 
mats  and  cordage.  It  is  an  important  honey  plant  and  the 
saps  yields  sugar.  The  flo'wers  and  bark  are  sometimes  used 
medicinally. 

Tilia  Michauxii  Nutt. 

Tilia  pubescens  of  Gray's  Manual,  ed.  6,  not  Ait. 
Basswood. 

Rare.  Wooded  hillsides:  Ledyard  (Graves),  Franklin 
(Graves,  R.  W.  Woodward),  Old  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon). 
Late  June  —  early  July. 

Tilia  vulgaris  Hayne  (common). 
European  Linden. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  in  Hartford 
(H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).    June.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

This  is  the  species  so  much  esteemed  for  street  decoration 
in  Berlin. 


278  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  fBull. 

MALVACEAE.         MALLOW    FAMILY. 
ABUTILON    Mill.         Indian    Mallow. 

Abutilon  Theophrasti  Medic. 
Abutilon  Aviccnnae  Gaertn. 
Abutilon  Abutilon  Rusby. 
Velvet  Leaf. 

Occasional.  Waste  places  and  roadsides.  Aug. —  Sept. 
Naturalized  from  Asia. 

Abutilon  pictum  (Gill.)  Walp.  (painted). 
Abutilon  striatum  Dicks. 
Flowering  Maple.    Tassel  Tree. 

Rare.  Salisbury,  a  few  plants  in  waste  ground  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation  (H.  S.  Clark).  June  —  Aug.  Fugitive  from 
Brazil. 

SIDA  L. 
Sida  spinosa  L.  (spiny). 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  several  plants  in  a  dry  sandy  waste 
(Fames).     Sept.     Fugitive  from  the  Tropics. 

ALTHAEA   L.         Marsh   Mallow. 

Althaea  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 

Marsh  Mallow.     Sweatweed.     Mortification  Root. 

Rare.  Borders  of  marshes  :  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett  &  Bissell).  July  — Aug.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe. 

The  root,  the  leaves  and  the  flowers  are  medicinal,  the  first 
named  officinal.  The  root  is  very  mucilaginous  and  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  confectionery. 

Althaea  rosea  (L.)  Cav.  (rose-colored). 
Hollyhock. 

Rare.  Waste  places  and  street  gutters  as  an  escape  from 
gardens:  New  London  (Graves),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  & 
Bissell),  New  Britain  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Meriden  (Andrews), 
Bridgeport  and  Fairfield  (Fames).  July  —  Aug.  Adventive 
from  southern  Europe. 

An  old  and  deservedly  popular  garden  plant. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  279 

MALVA  L.         Mallow. 

Malva  rotundifolia  L.  (round-leaved). 
Common  or  Dwarf  Mallow.    Cheeses. 

Common.  Waste  places  and  cultivated  fields.  May  —  Oct. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  troublesome  as  a  weed.  The  plant  is  medicinal, 
and  like  most  species  of  this  family  abounds  in  mucilage. 

Malva  crispa  L.  (curled). 
Curled  Mallow. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  cultivated  ground :  East 
Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Oxford  (Harger).  June  —  Aug. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

Malva  sylvestris  L.  (of  woods). 
High  Mallow. 

Rare  or  local.     Roadsides  and  waste  ground :   Norwich 
(Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  New 
Haven  (O.  D.  Allen),  Southington  (Bissell),  Oxford  (Har- 
ger), Bridgeport   (Eames),  Litchfield   (Miss  E.  H.  Thomp- , 
son).    Aug. —  Sept.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Malva  moschata  L,  (musky). 
Musk  Mallow  or  Rose. 

Rare,  but  found  throughout  the  state.  Escaped  from 
gardens  to  roadsides  and  waste  ground.  June  —  Aug.  Ad- 
ventive from  Europe. 

Malva  Alcea  L.  (classical  name  for  some  mallow). 
European  Mallow. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground  as  an  escape  from 
gardens:  Oris  wold  and  East  Lyme  (Graves),  Stafford  and 
Southington  (Bissell),  East  Granby  (H.  S.  Clark),  Trumbull 
(J.  P.  Coles),  Weston  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    June  —  Sept.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

HIBISCUS  L.         Rose  Mallow. 

Hibiscus  syriacus  L. 

Rose  of  Sharon.    Shrubby  Althaea. 

Rare.      Meriden,    ballast    ground    (Andrews),    Fairfield, 


28o  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

freely  escaped  to  a  shrubby  hillside  (Eames),  Salisbury   (C. 
C.  Godfrey).     Aug.     Naturalized  from  Asia. 

Hibiscus  Moscheutos  L.   (producing  offsets). 
Wild  or  Swamp  Rose  Mallow. 

Frequent  along  the  coast  in  brackish  and  saline  marshes ; 
rare  inland  as  at  Woodbury  (Harger).    Aug. —  Sept. 

The  root  is  sometimes  used  medicinally.  Will  thrive  in  any 
garden  soil  and  is  well  worthy  of  cultivation. 

Hibiscus  Trionum  L. 

Bladder  Ketmia.     Flower-of-an-Hour. 

About  old  gardens  and  in  waste  places  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation.  Rare  in  most  districts:  Ledyard  (Graves), 
Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  East  Windsor  (Bissell),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews).  Occasional  in  the  southw^estern  part  of  the 
state.     July  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Hibiscus  esculentus  L.  (edible). 
Okra.     Gumbo. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  in  Fairfield  (Eames).  Aug. —  Sept. 
Fugitive  from  tropical  Asia. 

Much  cultivated  in  the  South  for  its  young  pods  which 
are  added  to  soups  and  stews.  It  can  be  grown  successfully 
in  southern  Connecticut. 

HYPERICACEAE.       ST.   JOHN'S-WORT   FAMILY. 
HYPERICUM   L.         St.  John's-Wort. 

Hypericum  Ascyron  L.    (classical  name  for  some  species  of 

St.  John's-wort). 
Great  St.  John's-wort. 

Alluvial  soil  on  banks  of  streams.  Rare  in  most  districts : 
Wethersfield  and  Simsbury  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Southington 
(Andrews).  Occasional  along  the  Housatonic  River  through- 
out its  course.    July  —  Aug. 

Hypericum  perforatum  L.  (perforated). 
Common  St.  John's-wort. 

Common.  Waste  places,  open  fields  and  roadsides.  May 
— June.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  herb  is  medicinal  and  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  Arnica. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  28I 

Hypericum  punctatum  Lam.  (dotted). 

Hypericum  maculatum  Walt.,  not  Crantz. 
Hypericum  corymbosum  Muhl. 

Hypericum  maculatum  Walt.,  var.  subpetiolatum  Bicknell. 
Frequent.     Moist  ground.     July  —  Aug. 

Hypericum  prolificum  L.  (prolific;  fertile). 
Shrubby  St.  John's-wort. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  fields  and  roadsides: 
Woodstock  (Graves  &  Harger),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
June  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  the  South. 

Hypericum  adpressum  Bart,   (appressed). 

Rare.  Wet  shores:  Lisbon  (W.  A.  Setchell  &  Graves), 
Lebanon  (Mrs.  C.  B.  Graves),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M. 
Ryon) .    June  — July. 

Hypericum  Bissellii  Robinson. 

Rare.  Open  rocky  woods  :  Southington  (Bissell).  July  — 
Aug. 

Hypericum  ellipticum  Hook.  (oval). 
Pale  St.  John's-wort. 

Common.  Moist  places  and  along  streams.  Late  June  — 
July. 

Hypericum  boreale   (Britton)   Bicknell   (northern). 

Hypericum  canadense  L.,  var.  minimum  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
Wet  or  moist  sandy  soil.     Probably  occasional  or  frequent 
throughout  but  its  exact  distribution  is  not  known.     July  — 
Sept. 

Hypericum  mutilum  L.  (mutilated). 
Dwarf  St.  John's-wort. 

Common.  Moist  or  wet  sandy  ground  along  streams  and 
in  ditches  and  about  ponds.    July  —  Sept. 

Hypericum  majus  (Gray)  Britton  (larger). 
Hypericum  canadense  L.,  var.  majus  Gray. 

Moist  sandy  ground,  usually  along  streams.  Rare  or  local 
in  most  parts  of  the  state:  Groton  (Graves),  Union  (Bissell), 
Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell).  Occasional  along  the  Con- 
necticut River  and  in  parts  of  New  Haven  and  Fairfield 
Counties.    July  —  Aug. 


282  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND  NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Hypericum  canadense  L. 

Common.  Sandy  ground,  usually  in  moist  or  wet  but  some- 
times in  dry  places.     July  —  Sept. 

Hypericum  gentianoides   (L.)    BSP.   (gentian-like). 
Hypericum  nudicaide  Walt. 
Sarothra  gentianoides  L. 
Orange  Grass.    Pineweed. 

Common.  Dry  sandy  or  rocky  ground,  often  plentiful  on 
sand  plains.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Hypericum  virginicum  L. 

Triadenum  virginicum  Raf. 
Elodea  campanulata  Pursh. 
Marsh  St.  John's-wort. 

Frequent.     Swamps  and  in  shallow  water.     July  —  Sept. 

ELATINACEAE.         WATERWORT    FAMILY. 
ELATINE  L.         Waterwort. 

Elatine  americana  (Pursh)  Arn. 
Mud  Purslane. 

Muddy  shores  and  in  shallow  water.  Rare  or  local  in  most 
districts:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Groton,  Lyme  and 
Old  Lyme  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Southington 
(Andrews  &  Bissell),  Middlebury  (Harger),  Kent  (Fames 
&  E.  H.  Austin).  Local  or  occasional  in  southwestern  Con- 
necticut.    July  —  Aug. 

CISTACEAE.         ROCKROSE   FAMILY. 
HELIANTHEMUM  Mill.         Rockrose. 

Helianthemum  canadense  (L. ?)  Michx. 
Frostweed. 

Frequent.    Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  places.   Mid-May  — July. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Helianthemum  majus  BSP.   (larger). 
Frostweed. 

Frequent.  Dry  open  ground  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil. 
June  — July. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  283 

HUDSONIA  L. 

Hudsonia  tomentosa  Nutt.  (woolly). 
False  Heather.     Poverty  Grass. 

Rare,  occasional  or  local  on  sand  dunes  along  the  coast 
from  Groton  (Graves),  westward  as  far  as  Westport  (Eames 
&  C.  C.  Godfrey)  ;  occurs  also  inland  at  Ledyard  (Graves). 
Late  May — June. 

LECHEA  L.         Pinweed. 

Lechea  villosa  Ell.   (hairy). 
Lechea  major  Michx.,  not  L. 
Hairy  Pinweed. 

Common.  Roadsides,  fields  and  waste  ground  in  sterile 
soil.    July —  Aug. 

Lechea  minor  L.  (smaller). 
Lechea  thymifolia  Michx. 

■  Rare  or  local.  Dry  open  ground  or  in  half-shade :  New 
London  and  East  Lyme  (Graves),  Middletown  and  Enfield 
(Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews),  Kent  (Eames),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).     July  — Aug. 

Lechea  intermedia  Leggett  (intermediate). 
Lechea  minor  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6. 
■  Open  ground  or  thin  woods  in  sterile  soil.    Rare  near  the 

coast,  becoming  frequent  or  common  northward.    July  —  Aug. 

Lechea  maritima  Leggett  (of  the  seaside). 
Lechea  minor  L.,  var.  maritima  Gray. 
Beach  Pinweed. 

Frequent  on  sandy  beaches  and  dunes  along  the  coast. 
July  —  Aug. 
Lechea  maritima  Leggett,  var.  interior  Robinson  (inland). 

Dry  sandy  or  sterile  soil.    Rare  or  occasional  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state,  extending  to  Sterling  (Graves),  East 
Hartford   (Weatherby),  and  Southington   (Andrews).     July 
•        —  Aug. 

Lechea  tenuifolia  Michx.  (fine-leaved). 

Frequent.     Dry  sandy  or  sterile  ground.     July  —  Aug. 


I 


284  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Lechea  Leggettii  Britton  &  Hollick. 
Lechea  moniliformis  Bicknell. 

Dry  or  sandy  places.  Occasional  or  local  in  New  London 
County   (Graves);    not  reported  elsewhere.     July  —  Aug. 

VIOLACEAE.         VIOLET    FAMILY. 
VIOLA   L.         Violet.     Heart's-ease. 

Viola  pedata  L.  (like  a  bird's  foot;  referring  to  the  form  of 

the  leaves). 
Viola  pedata  L.,  var.  bicolor  Pursh. 
Bird-foot  Violet. 

Dry  sandy  or  rocky  ground.  Rare  in  its  typical  form: 
New  Milford  (Miss  S.  Hartwell),  Branford  (Miss  R.  Doo- 
little),  and  rarely  near  the  coast  eastward   (Graves). 

The  var.  lineariloba  DC.  (very  narrow-lobed),  Viola 
pedata  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L.,  is  frequent  in  most 
parts  of  the  state  and  is  sometimes  common  on  sandy  plains. 
May  and  sometimes  again  in  Sept. 

Occasionally  occurs  with  white  or  pink  flowers. 

Viola  cucullata  Ait.  (hooded). 

Viola  palmata  L.,  var.  cucullata  Gray  in  part. 
Marsh  Blue  Violet. 

Frequent  or  common.  Wet  meadows,  swamps  and  banks 
of  streams.     May — June. 

Sometimes  occurs  with  white,  pale  or  variegated  flowers. 

A  hybrid  with  Viola  Hmhriatula  is  frequent ;  a  h}brid  with 
Viola  pahnata  occurs  at  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon)  ; 
hybrids  with  Viola  papilionacea  and  Viola  sororia  are  occa- 
sional ;  a  hybrid  with  Viola  Brittoniana  occurs  locally  along 
the  coast  westward  (Fames)  ;  a  hybrid  with  Viola  septcn- 
trionalis  occurs  at  Killingly  (Weatherby  &  Bissell)  ;  a  hybrid 
with  Viola  sagittata  occurs  at  Windsor  (Bissell)  and  Fair- 
field  (Fames). 

This  and  the  twelve  species  immediately  following  consti- , 
tute  a  group  of  closely  related  species  that  hybridize  freely 
when  growing  together.    These  hybrids  show  characters  more 
or  less  intermediate  between  those  of  the  parents,  and  many  of 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  285 

them  have  been  described  as  species.  They  are  often  plentiful 
locally  and  vigorous  in  growth,  but  show  impaired  fertility, 
a  large  proportion  of  the  ovules  never  forming  seeds. 

Viola  nephrophylla  Greene  (kidney-leaved). 
Viola  vagula  Greene. 

Rare.  Rich  humus  about  a  cold  spring  on  a  wooded  hill- 
side, Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell),  New  Milford, 
moist  ledges  on  river  bank  (Bissell).     May. 

Viola  affinis  Le  Conte  (related). 
Viola  vcnustida  Greene. 
Viola  obliqua  of  Britton's  Manual. 

Rich  woods  and  thickets,  mostly  in  alluvial  soil.  East 
Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Windsor  (Weatherby),  Plainville 
(Andrews).  Southington  (Bissell),  and  occasional  along  the 
Housatonic  River  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state.  May 
— June. 

Viola  latiuscula  Greene  (somewhat  broad). 
■  Rare.     Rich  woods  or  moist  grassland :  Southington  and 

Cornwall    (Bissell).     May. 

Viola  papilionacea  Pursh  (butterfly-like). 

Viola  pahnata  L.,  var.  cucullata  Gray  in  part. 

Common.  Meadows,  pastures  and  open  places.  May  — 
June. 

A  hybrid  with  Viola  sagittata  occurs  at  Glastonbury  (Bis- 
sell) ;    a  hybrid  with  Viola  sororia  is  occasional  throughout. 

Sometimes  found  with  pure  white  flowers,  or  white  flecked 
with  blue. 

Viola  palmata  L.  (palmate). 

Dry  woods.  Rare  in  New  London  County :  Ledyard 
(Graves),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon).  Occasional  else- 
where.    May  — June. 

A  hybrid  of  this  with  Viola  papilionacea  is  sometimes 
found. 

Viola  triloba  Schwein.   (three-lobed). 

Viola  palmata  L.,  var.  dilatata  Pollard,  not  Ell. 

Occasional.  Rich  woods  either  dry  or  moist.  May  — 
June. 


286  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Viola  sororia  Willd.  (sisterly). 

Viola  palniata  L.,  var.  sororia  Pollard. 
Woolly  Blue  Violet. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Woods  and  dry  open  ground. 
May  — June. 

Viola  septentrionalis  Greene  (northern). 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  shaded  banks  :  Union,  East  Windsor, 
Plainville,  New  Hartford  and  Winchester  (Bissell).  May  — 
June. 

Viola  fimbriatula  J.  E.  Smith  (finely  fringed). 
Viola  sagittata  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Viola  ovata  Nutt. 

Common.     Dry  fields  and  woods.     April  —  May. 

Hybrids  of  this  with  Viola  palmata,  Viola  papilionacea, 
Viola  sagittata  and  Viola  sororia  are  occasional.  A  hybrid 
with  F/o/ff  Brittoniana  is  reported  from  Southington 
(Andrews),  and  occurs  at  Fairfield  (Eames). 

Rarely  seen  with  white  flowers. 

Viola  sagittata  Ait.   (arrow-head  shaped). 
Viola  subsagittata  Green. 

Moist  or  dry  sandy  or  heavy  soils.  Generally  rare:  East 
Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Glastonbury,  Windsor  and  Bloom- 
field  (Bissell),  Plainville  and  Southington  (Andrews).  Occa- 
sional along  the  coast  in  Fairfield  County  (Eames).  May 
—June. 

A  hybrid  of  this  with  Viola  Brittoniana  is  reported  from 
Southington  (Andrews),  and  occurs  along  the  coast  in  Fair- 
field County  (Eames). 

Viola  Brittoniana  Pollard. 

Viola  septemloha  of  authors,  not  LeConte. 
Viola  atlantica  Britton,  not  Pomel. 

Meadows  or  sometimes  dry  open  places.  Occasional  or 
local  along  the  coast  from  New  Haven  westward  (Eames). 
May  — June. 

Viola  pectinata  Bicknell  (comb-like). 

Rare.  Stratford,  inner  edge  of  salt  meadows  (C.  C.  God- 
frey).    May — June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  287 


I 


A  hybrid  of  this  with  Viola  Brittoniana  occurs  at  Strat- 
ford  (Eames). 

Viola  lanceolata  L.  (lance-shaped). 
K      Lance-leaved  Violet. 

Low  meadows,  swamps  and  wet  places  about  ponds.  Rare 
or  occasional  in  Litchfield  County  but  frequent  or  common 
elsewhere.    May  — June. 

Viola  primulifolia  L.   (primrose-leaved). 

^.      Primrose-leaved  Violet. 

■  Moist  sandy  woods,  meadows  and  open  swamps.     Occa- 

sional over  most  of  the  state  but  not  reported  from  Litchfield 
County.     May  — June. 

Viola  pallens  (Banks)  Brainerd  (pale). 

Viola  blanda  of  recent  American  authors,  not  Willd. 
Sweet  White  Violet. 

Common.  Moist  or  wet  fields  and  woods  or  in  swamps. 
May  — June. 

Viola  blanda  Willd.  (mild). 
Viola  amoena  LeConte. 
Viola  blanda  Willd.,  var.  palustriformis  Gray. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Moist  or  wet  woods  in  rich  soil. 
May  — June. 

Viola  incognita  Brainerd  (unknown). 

Rare.  Deep  moist  or  wet  woods:  North  Canaan  (Bis- 
sell),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps,  Weatherby),  Colebrook 
(Weatherby).     May. 

Viola  rotundifolia  Michx.  (round-leaved). 
Early  Yellow  Violet.    Round-leaved  Violet. 

Damp  woods  and  cool  shaded  banks.  Rare  or  local  in 
New  London  County:  Waterford  and  Franklin  (Graves), 
Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers).  Becoming  occasional  or  fre- 
quent northward  and  westward.     April  —  May. 

Viola  odorata  L.  (fragrant). 
English  or  Sweet  Violet. 

Rare.  About  gardens  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  New 
London  (Graves),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  East  Wind- 


L 


288  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

sor  (Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews),  Waterbury  (A,  E. 
Blewitt),  Oxford  (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpen- 
ter).    April  —  May.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  herb  and  the  flowers  are  medicinal. 
Viola  pubescens  Ait.  (downy). 
Downy  Yellow  Violet. 

Occasional   or   frequent.      Rich   woods.      Alay  — June. 

Viola  scabriuscula  Schwein.  (slightly  rough). 

Viola  pubescens  Ait.,  var.  scabriuscula  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Smooth  Yellow  Violet. 

Rare  or  occasional.     Rich   woods   usually   in   moist   soil. 

Late  April  —  May, 
Viola  canadensis  L. 

Canada  Violet. 

Rare.      Rocky    woods    in    moist    rich    soil :    New    Haven, 

station  now   obliterated    (H.   W.   Bailey),   Guilford    (W.   R. 

Dudley),  Torrington    (Miss   B.  A.   Parker),   Colebrook    (H. 

C.  Beardslee) .    May  — July. 

Viola  conspersa  Reichenb.  (sprinkled). 
Viola  canina  L.,  var.  Muhlenbergii  Gray. 
Viola  labradorica  of  recent  American  authors,  not  Schrank. 
Viola  Muhlenbergii  Torr. 
Dog  Violet. 

Frequent.     Moist  or  dry  woods  and  fields.     May — June. 

Viola  rostrata  Pursh  (beaked). 
Long-spurred   Violet. 

Rich  woods.  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Meriden  (D.  C. 
Eaton),  Wilton  (G.  P.  Ells)  ;  becoming  occasional  northward 
in  western  Connecticut.     May. 

Viola  tricolor  L.  (three-color). 

Heart's-ease.    Johnny-jump-up.     Pansy. 

Rare  or  occasional.  An  escape  about  old  gardens.  May 
— ^July.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

One  of  the  oldest  of  garden  flowers,  of  which  the  modern 
Pansy  is  an  improved  form. 
Viola  arvensis  Alurr.   (of  cultivated  land). 
Field  or  Wild  Pansy. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  289 


Rare.  Cultivated  ground,  meadows  and  waste  places : 
Southington  (Mrs.  J.  Dunham),  Oxford  (Harger),  Bridge- 
port (Eames).    May  —  Oct.    Adventive  from  Europe. 


I  CACTACEAE.         CACTUS   FAMILY. 

OPUNTIA  Mill.         Prickly  Pear.     Indian  Fig. 
Opuntia  vulgaris  Mill,   (common), 
Opuntia  Opuntia  Coult. 
Prickly  Pear.    Indian  Fig. 

Exposed  rocks  and  in  sandy  soils.  Occasional  along  the 
coast;  rare  inland,  reaching  Scotland  (G.  Waldo),  Guilford, 
at  North  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Naugatuck  and  Beacon 
Falls  (J.  K.  Goodrich),  Seymour  and  Oxford  (Harger). 
June  — July. 

THYMELAEACEAE.         MEZEREUM    FAMILY. 

DIRCA  L.         Leatherwood.     Moosewood. 
Dirca  palustris  L.  (of  marshes). 

Wicopy.     Leatherwood.      Moosewood. 

Damp  rich  woods.  Rare  near  the  coast  and  in  eastern 
Connecticut:  Scotland  (G.  Waldo),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett), Orange  (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  Becoming 
occasional  northward  and  westward.     April  —  May. 

The  bark  is  very  tough  and  was  formerly  used  by  the 
Indians  for  thongs.    Medicinal. 

LYTHRACEAE.         LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY. 
ROTALA  L. 
Rotala  ramosior  (L.)   Koehne  (very  branching). 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  meadows  and  shores  of  ponds :  Gris- 
wold  (Harger  &  Graves),  Stratford,  Milford  and  Bridgeport 
(Eames) .    July  —  Sept. 


I 


DECODON  J.  F.  Gmel.         Swamp  Loosestrife. 

Decodon  verticillatus  (L.)  Ell.  (whorled). 
Water  Willow,     Swamp  Loosestrife. 

Local  or  frequent.     Shallow  water  of  swamps  or  edges 
19 


290  COXNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

of  ponds  and  streams,  sometimes  plentifully  bordering  such 
places.    July  —  Sept. 

A  form  with  double  flowers  occurs  at  Plainville  (J.  N. 
Bishop). 

LYTHRUM    L.         Loosestrife. 
Lythrum  alatum  Pursh  (winged). 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  fields  and  open  swamps :  Norwich 
(Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Farmington  (,A.  W.  Driggs  &  Weath- 
erby),  Fairfield  (Fames),  Orange  and  Norfolk  (Bissell), 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    June  —  Aug. 

Lythrum  Salicaria  L.   (willow-like). 
Spiked  or  Purple  Loosestrife. 

Rare  or  local.  River  banks  and  moist  meadows :  East 
Haddam  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bis- 
sell), Bristol  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Fairfield  (Eames),  Woodbury 
(H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson), 
Danbury  (C.  K.  Averill),  New  Milford  (E.  H.  Austin),  Sahs- 
bury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  July  —  Aug.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

CUPHEA  P.   Br. 
Cuphea  petiolata  (L.)  Koehne  (having  leaf-stalks). 
Cuphea  viscosissima  Jacq. 
Parsonsia  petiolata  Rusby. 
Clammy   Cuphea. 

Moist  or  dry  open  ground  and  pastures.  Rare  in  most 
districts:  Groton  (Harger  &  Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett  &  Bissell),  East  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs  &  Weatherby), 
Wallingford  and  Oxford  (Harger),  Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop), 
Danbnry  (Miss  G.  L.  Northrop).  Local  throughout  south- 
western Connecticut  (Eames).     Aug. —  Sept. 

MELASTOMACEAE.  MELASTOMA    FAMILY. 

RHEXIA  L.         Deergrass.     Meadow  Beauty. 
Rhexia  virginica  L. 

Meadow  Beauty. 

Low  fields  and  meadows.  Rare  or  absent  in  northwestern 
Connecticut,  becoming  occasional  eastward  and  southward  and 
frequent  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast.     July  —  Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  29I 

ONAGRACEAE.     EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 
LUDVIGIA  L.         False  Loosestrife. 

Ludvigia  alternifolia  L.  (alternate-leaved). 
Seedbox. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Moist  places  and  about  swamps. 
June  —  Aug. 

Ludvigia  sphaerocarpa  Ell.  (globular-fruited). 

Rare.  Guilford^  shallow  water  of  ponds  (W.  H.  Dudley^, 
G.  H.  Bartlett).    Aug.;   fruit  Sept.— Oct. 

Ludvigia  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter  (many-fruited). 

Local.  Hartford,  plentiful  about  shallow  ponds  in 
meadows  along  the  Connecticut  River  (C.  Wright,  H.  S.  Clark 
&  Bissell).     July  — Aug. 

Ludvigia  palustris  (L.)  Ell.  (of  marshes). 
Isnardia  palustris  L. 

t      Marsh  or  Water  Purslane. 
Frequent  or  common.    In  streams,  on  muddy  shores  or  in 
shallow  water.     June  —  Sept. 

'  EPILOBIUM   L.         Willow-herb. 

Epilobium  angustifolium  L.  (narrow-leaved), 

Chaiiiaenerion  angustifolium  Scop. 
Great  Willow-herb.    Fireweed. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Woodlands  and  pastures,  more 
often  in  newly  cleared  land.    July  —  Sept. 

The  leaves  and  roots  are  used  medicinally. 

Epilobium  molle  Torr.  (soft). 
Epilohium  strictum  Muhl.  (?), 

Open  bogs  and  swamps.  Rare  or  local  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  state,  extending  eastward  to  East  Flartford 
(Weatherby)  and  southward  to  Fairfield  (Fames).  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Epilobium  densum  Raf.   (close  together). 
Epilobium  lineare  Muhl.  (?). 

Occasional  to  frequent.  vSwamps  and  wet  places.  July  — 
Sept. 


292  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Epilobium  palustre  L.  (of  marshes). 

Rare.     Litchfield,  only  one  plant  in  a  shaded  sphagnum 
bog-  (Bissell).    Aug. —  Sept. 
Epilobium  palustre  L.,  var.  monticola  Haussk.  (living  in  moun- 
tains). 

Rare.  Sphagnum  bogs:  Wolcott  (Bissell),  Monroe 
(Harger),  New  Fairfield  (Eames).    Aug. —  Sept. 

The  leaves  and  root  are  medicinal,  as  are  those  of  the 
species. 

Epilobium  coloratum  Muhl.  (colored). 

Moist  or  wet  shaded  places.  Rare  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  state:  Lyme  (Graves).  Frequent  or  common  else- 
where.    July  —  Aug. 

Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.  (having  glandular  stems). 

Damp  woods  and  moist  open  ground.  Rare  in  most  dis- 
tricts: Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  Norfolk  and  Middle- 
town  (Bissell),  Watertown  (Harger),  Stratford  (Eames), 
New  Britain  (Bissell).  Frequent  in  New  London  County 
( Graves ) .    July  —  Sept. 

OENOTHERA  L.         Evening  Primrose. 

Oenothera  cruciata  Nutt.  (cross-shaped). 

Oenothera  biemtis  L.,  var.  cruciata  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Onagra  cruciata  Small. 

Rare  or  local.  Waste  ground:  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark), 
Salisbury  (^Irs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    July  —  Aug. 

Oenothera  Oakesiana  Robbins. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.,  var.  Oakesiana  Gray. 
Onagra  Oakesiana  Britton  in  part. 

Frequent  along  the  coast  on  sea  beaches,  sand  dunes  and 
railway  embankments    (Graves.  Eames).     July  —  Oct. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.  (of  two  years). 
Onagra  biennis  Scop. 
Common  Evening  Primrose. 

Common.  Dry  fields,  pastures  and  roadsides.  June  — 
Oct. 

All  parts  of  the  plant  are  used  medicinally. 


AM.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  293 

Oenothera  grandiflora  Ait.   (large-flowered). 
Oenothera  biennis  L.,  var.  grandiflora  Lindl. 
Onagra  biennis  Scop.,  var.  grandiflora  Lindl. 

Rare.  Open  ground:  Franklin  and  Griswold  (Graves), 
Southington  (Andrews),  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Norfolk  (J.  H. 
Barbour),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson).  Aug. —  Oct. 
Adventive  or  fugitive  from  the  South. 

Oenothera  laciniata  Hill  (slashed). 
Oenothera  sinuata  L. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  East  Hartford  (J.  F.  Smith), 
Derby  (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  May — June.  Fugi- 
tive from  the  southern  United  States. 

Oenothera  pumila  L.  (dwarf). 
Kneiffia  pumila  Spach. 

Frequent  or  common.  Moist  or  dry  open  fields  and  road- 
sides.    June  —  Aug. 

Oenothera  fruticosa  L.   (shrubby). 
Sundrops. 
Kneiffia  fruticosa  Raimann. 

Rare.  Borders  of  marshes:  East  Haven  (G.  Thurber), 
Fairfield   (Eames).     June — July. 

The  var.  hirsuta  Nutt.  (rough-hairy),  Kneiffia  fruticosa 
Raimann,  var.  pilosella  Britton,  has  been  found  in  a  field  at 
Southington  (H.  M.  Whitney),  but  afterward  disappeared. 

Oenothera  linearis  Michx.  (very  narrow). 
Oenothera  fruticosa  L.,  var.  linearis  Wats. 
Kneiffia  linearis  Spach. 

Wet  meadows  and  about  marshes.  Frequent  or  local  along 
the  coast  from  New  Haven  (H.  S.  Clark)  westward;  ex- 
tending inland  to  Oxford  and  Southbury  (Harger)  and 
Woodbury   (H.  S.  Clark).     June  —  Aug. 

Kneiifia  Alleni  Small  or  Oenothera  fruticosa  L.  var.  hmni- 
fusa  Allen  is  a  sprawling  or  decumbent  form  of  this,  growing 
in  barren  sand;  it  occurs  at  Stratford  (Eames). 

The  var.  Eamesii  Robinson  is  rare:  Stratford,  sandy 
shore  of  a  salt  pond  (Eames). 


294  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Oenothera   longipedicellata    (Small)    Robinson    (having    long 

flov^er-stalks). 
Kneiffia  longipedicellata  Small. 

Low  meadows  and  borders  of  marshes.  Occasional  on  the 
coast  from  Milford  (Eames)  westward:  and  inland  at 
Southbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt)  and  Woodbury  (H.  S.  Clark  & 
Bissell) .    June  —  July. 

Oenothera  pratensis  (Small)   Robinson  (of  meadows). 
Kneiffia  pratensis  Small. 

Rare.  Border  of  salt  marsh:  Bridgeport  (I.  F.  Moore). 
June. 

GAURA  L. 

Gaura  biennis  L.  (of  two  years). 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  open  ground :  Southington  (Bissell), 
New  Haven  (H.  S.  Clark,  Harger),  Oxford  and  Seymour 
(Harger).     Aug. —  Sept.     In  part  adventive  from  the  West. 

CIRCAEA   L.         Enchanter's   Nightshade. 

Circaea  lutetiana  L. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Moist  woods.     July  —  Aug. 

Circaea  alpina  L.  (alpine). 

Rocky  woods  in  moist  humus.  Rare  in  southern  districts : 
North  Stonington  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett), 
Orange  and  Huntington  (Eames).  Becoming  occasional 
northward.     June  — July. 

HALORAGIDACEAE. 

WATER  MILFOIL  FAMILY. 

MYRIOPHYLLUM    L.         Water   Milfoil. 

Myriophyllum  spicatum  L.  (spiked). 

Rare.  Litchfield,  in  Bantam  Lake  (T.  F.  Allen),  Kent,  in 
Spectacle  Ponds  (Eames).     July  —  Aug. 

Myriophyllum   verticillatum    L.    (whorled).    var.    pectinatum 
Wallr.   (comb-like). 
Myriophyllum  verticillatuin  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Rare.     In  ponds  and  rivers:     Lyme   (Graves),  Guilford 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  295 

(G.  H.  Bartlett),  Southington  (Bissell,  Andrews),  Plainville 
(J.  N.  Bishop),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson),  New  Mil- 
ford  and  Kent  (Eames).     June  —  Aug. 

Myriophyllum  scabratum  Michx.   (roughened). 

Myriophyllum    pinnatum    BSP.,    at    least    in    part,    possibly 

Potamogeton  pinnatum  Walt. 
Water  Milfoil. 

Rare.  Mudd}-  shores  of  ponds:  Groton  and  East  Lyme 
( Graves ) .    July  —  Sept. 

Myriophyllum  humile  (Raf.)  Morong  (lowly). 

Myriophyllum  amhigmim  Nutt.,  var.  limosum  Nutt. 
Water  Milfoil. 

Rare  to  frequent.  Borders  of  ponds  and  on  muddy  shores. 
July  —  Sept. 

The  forma  natans  (DC.)  Fernald  (floating),  Myriophyl- 
hiiii  ambigmmi  Nutt.,  and  the  forma  capillaceum  (Torr.) 
Fernald  (hair-like),  Myriophyllum  ambiguum  Nutt.,  var. 
capillaceum  Torr.,  both  occur  in  shallow  or  deep  water  of 
ponds,  the  latter  even  in  rapid  water. 

Myriophyllum  tenellum  Bigel.   (delicate). 

Rare.  Muddy  shores  and  in  shallow  water :  New  London 
County  (Graves),  Litchfield  (T.  F.  Allen),  Kent  (E.  H. 
Austin  &  Eames).     July  —  Aug. 

PROSERPINACA  L.         Mermaid-weed. 

Proserpinaca  palustris  L.   (of  marshes). 
Mermaid-weed. 

Frequent.    Borders  of  ponds  and  in  swamps.    July  — Aug. 

ARALIACEAE.         GINSENG    FAMILY. 
ACANTHOPANAX  Dene.  &  Planch. 

Acanthopanax  pentaphyllum  (Thunb.)  Marchal  (five-leaved). 
Acanthopanax. 

Rare.  Hartford,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadside 
(H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).    July.    Adventive  from  Japan. 


296  COXXECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

ARALIA  L. 
Aralia  spinosa  L.  (spiny). 

Angelica  Tree.     Hercules"  Club.     Devil's  Walking-stick. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  a  roadside  in  Bridge- 
port (Eames).     July — Aug.     Adventive  from  the  South. 

Aralia  racemosa  L.  (racemose). 

Spikenard.    American  Spikenard.     Spignet.    Hungry-root. 

Occasional.     Rich  woods  and  thickets.     July  —  Aug. 

The  root  is  medicinal  and  is  much  used  both  in  profes- 
sional and  domestic  practice. 

Aralia  hispida  Vent,  (rough-haired). 
Bristly  Sarsaparilla.     Wild  Elder. 

Occasional  or  local.  Dry  rocky  woods  or  in  sandy  ground. 
June  —  Aug. 

The  root  is  of  medicinal  value. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  (naked-stemmed). 

Wild,  False  or  American  Sarsaparilla. 
Frequent  or  common.    Dry  or  moist  w^oodlands.    May  — June. 
The  aromatic  root  is  used  medicinally. 

PANAX  L.         Ginseng. 
Panax  quinquefolium  L.  (five-leaved). 
Aralia  qninqnc folia  Dene.  &  Planch. 
Ginseng, 

Rare.  Rich  woods  or  rocky  hillsides :  Lyme  and  East 
Haddam  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Middletown 
(Harger),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  West  Hartford 
(Miss  A.  Lorenz),  Farmington  (Bissell),  Wolcott  (An- 
drews), W^oodbridge  (P.  P.  Sperry),  Colebrook  (J.  W.  Rob- 
bins),  Goshen  (L.  M.  Underwood),  Danbury  (F.  Mills). 
New  Fairfield  (Eames).    June;   fruit  Aug. 

The  roots  are  much  prized  by  the  Chinese  and  are  ex- 
ported to  China  in  large  quantities,  but  they  seem  to  be  of 
no  great  medicinal  value. 

Panax  trifolium  L.  (three-leaved). 
Aralia  trifolia  Dene.  &  Planch. 
Dwarf  Ginseng.    Groundnut. 

Rich  moist  woods,  often  in  sandy  soil.    Mid-April  —  June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  297 

UMBELLIFERAE.         PARSLEY    FAMILY. 
ERYNGIUM   L.         Eiyngo. 

Eryngium  planum  L.  (flat). 

Rare.  Fairfield,  in  sandy  waste  ground  (Eames).  Aug. — 
Sept.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Eryngium  yuccifolium  Michx.  (having  leaves  like  Yucca,  the 

Spanish  Bayonet). 
Ery)igiiim  aquaticiim  of  Britton's  Manual. 
Rattlesnake  Master.     Button  Snakeroot. 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  in  a  sandy  field  (Fames).  July.  In- 
troduced from  the  South,  or  possibly  native. 

The  rootstock  is  medicinal. 

SANICULA  L.         Sanicle.     Black  Snakeroot. 

Sanicula  marilandica  L. 

Frequent.     Rich  woods   and   more  open   places   in   either 
_      moist  or  dry  ground.    June  — July. 

■'  The  roots  of  this  and  the  other  species  of  the  genus  are 

used  medicinally  and  their  fibres  in  veterinary  practice. 

Sanicula  gregaria  Bicknell   (herding  together). 

Rich  moist  or  wet  woods.  Rare  in  most  districts :  New 
Britain  (Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Norfolk 
(J.  H.  Barbour),  Seymour  (Harger).  Occasional  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state  (Fames).     June — July. 

Sanicula  canadensis  L. 

Sanicula  marilandica  L.,  var.  canadensis  Torr. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Dry  rocky  woods.     June  — July. 

Sanicula  trifoliata  Bicknell  (three-leaved). 

Rare  or  local.  Woods  and  fence-rows :  New  Britain  and 
Plainville  (Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Oxford 
(Harger) .     June  —July. 

HYDROCOTYLE  L.         Water  Pennywort. 

Hydrocotyle  umbellata  L.  (umbellate). 

Rare  or  local.  Muddy  shores  and  in  shallow  water: 
Thompson   (R.  W.  Woodward  &  Weatherby),  Groton,  East 


298  COXXECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBuU. 

Lyme  and  Old  Lyme  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett), 
New  Haven  (C.  Wright),  Hamden  and  Litchfield  (D.  C. 
Eaton),  Oxford  (Harger),  Ridgefield  (Eames).  June  ^ 
Sept. 

Hydrocotyle  americana  L. 

Common.  Moist  woods  and  shaded  places  and  in  bogs. 
June  —  Sept. 

OSMORHIZA    Raf.         Sweet    Cicely. 

Osmorhiza  Claytoni  (Michx.)  Clarke. 
Osmorhisa  brevistylis  DC. 
Washingtonia  Claytoni  Britton. 
Sweet  Cicely. 

Rocky  woods.     Rare  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  be- 
coming occasional  or  frequent  westward.     Late  May  — June. 
The    roots   are   less   aromatic   than    those   of    Osmorhisa 
longistylis. 

Osmorhiza  longistylis  (Torr.)  DC.  (long-styled). 
Washingtonia  longistylis  Britton. 
Sweet  Cicely.    Anise-root.     Sweet  Chervil. 

Frequent.  Rich  woods,  thickets  and  fence-rows.  May  — 
June. 

An  aromatic  oil  is  obtained  from  the  root. 

CONIUM  L.         Poison  Hemlock. 

Conium  maculatum  L.  (spotted). 
Poison  Hemlock.    Spotted  Parsley. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  places :  Groton  and  New 
London  (Graves),  Oxford  and  Woodbury  (Harger),  Bridge- 
port (Eames),  Sharon  (Bissell),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps,   Bissell).     June —  Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

An  actively  poisonous  plant  well  known  as  the  Hemlock  of 
the  ancients.  The  fruit  and  leaves  are  medicinal,  the  first 
named  officinal.  Cases  of  accidental  poisoning  to  man  have 
arisen  from  mistaking  the  seed  for  anise  seed,  the  leaves 
for  those  of  parsley,  and  the  root  for  parsnips.  The  seed 
has  been  found  to  some  extent  as  an  adulterant  of  anise  seed. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  299 

Blowing-  whistles  made  from  the  hollow  stem  has  also  been 
reported  as  a  cause  of  poisoning. 

PTILIMNIUM  Raf.         Mock  Bishop's-weed. 

Ptilimnium  capillaceum   (Michx.)   Raf.   (hair-like). 
Discopleiira  capillacca  DC. 
Mock  Bishop's-weed. 

Occasional  to  frequent  in  salt,  brackish  and  fresh  marshes 
along  the  coast  and  within  tidal  influence  a  few  miles  inland ; 
also  extends  up  the  Conencticut  River  as  far  as  East  Haddam 
( Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson) .    Late  July  —  Sept. 

AEGOPODIUM  L.         Goutweed. 

Aegopodium  Podagraria  L.  (pertaining  to  gout). 
Goutweed.     Goutwort.     Herb  Gerard. 

Rare.     Yards,  streets  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation:      East  Windsor    (Bissell).   Hartford    (Mrs.    W. 
Seliger),  Norwalk  (E.  H.  Baldwin).    June.    Adventive  from 
Europe. 
■  Occurs  only  in  the  variegated  form. 

CICUTA  L.         Water  Hemlock. 

Cicuta  maculata  L.  (spotted). 

Spotted  Cowbane.     Musquash  Root.     Beaver  Poison.     Water 
•     Hemlock. 

Frequent.    Swamps  and  borders  of  streams.    July  —  Aug. 

One  of  the  most  dangerously  poisonous  of  native  plants, 
and  many  cases  of  fatal  poisoning  to  man  have  been  reported. 
As  a  rule  the  root  has  been  mistaken  for  some  edible  or 
innocent  root  like  Horseradish,  Sweet  Cicely,  etc.  Cattle  are 
poisoned  by  eating  the  rootstock  or  by  drinking  water  con- 
taining juice  from  the  bruised  root.  The  leaves  are  used 
medicinally. 

'Cicuta  bulbifera  L.  (bulb-bearing). 
Water  Hemlock. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Banks  of  ponds  and  streams. 
July  —  Aug. 


b 


300  COXXI-:c-TICUT  GEOL.    and   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

CARUM  L.         Caraway. 

Carum  Carvi  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
Caraway. 

Occasional  or  local.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  fields 
and  roadsides.    June  — July.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  seeds  are  much  used  to  flavor  cakes  and  cookies  and 
are  eaten  as  a  carminative. 

PETROSELINUM  Hoffm.         Parsley. 

Petroselinum  hortense  Hoffm.  (of  gardens). 
Petroselinuni  Pctroselinmn  Karst. 
Carum  Petroselinnm  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Apiuni  Petroselinnm  L. 
Common  or  Garden  Parsley. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  ground  in 
Bridgeport  and  Stratford  (Eames).  July  —  Aug.  Adven- 
tive from  Europe. 

SIUM  L.         Water  Parsnip. 

Sium  cicutaefolium  Schrank   (hemlock-leaved). 
Sinm  lineare  Michx. 
Sium  Carsonii  Durand. 

Occasional.  Swamps  and  along  streams  in  wet  places. 
June  —  Sept. 

CRYPTOTAENIA  DC.         Honewort. 

Cryptotaenia  canadensis  (L.)  DC. 
Deringa  canadensis  Kuntze. 
Honewort. 

Frequent.     Moist  shady  places.     June  — July. 

ZIZIA  Koch. 

Zizia  aurea  (L.)  Koch   (golden). 

Golden  Alexanders.     Golden  Meadow   Parsnip. 

Common.     Low   fields  and   wet  meadows.     May  — June. 

The   var.   obtusifolia   Bissell    (blunt-leaved),   occurs   at    i 
South  Windsor  and  Canaan   (A.  W.  Driggs),  and  Salisbury 
(Bissell). 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  3OI 

Zizia  cordata  (Walt.)  DC.  (heart-shaped). 

Dry  or  wet  copses.  Rare  in  most  districts:  Groton 
(Graves),  Branford  (Andrews),  Farmington  (D.  C.  Eaton). 
Occasional  in  Fairfield  County   (Fames).     June  —  Oct. 

FOENICULUM    Hill.         Fennel. 

Foeniculum  vulgare  Hill  (common). 
Foenicnlnin  officinale  All. 
Foeniculum  Foeniculum  Karst. 
Common  or  Garden  Fennel. 

Rare  or  local.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and 
ballast  grounds:  Southington  (Andrews),  New  Milford 
(E.  H.  Austin  &  Fames),  Bridgeport  (Fames).  July  —  Sept. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  seeds  are  aromatic,  well  known  for  their  medicinal 
properties,  and  are  officinal. 

TAENIDIA  Drude. 

Taenidia  integerrima  (L.)  Drude  (quite  entire). 
Pimpinella  integerrima  Gray. 
Yellow  Pimpernel. 

Rare.  New  Haven  (A.  B.  Eaton,  1859),  Stratford  and 
Milford,  dry,  lightly  wooded  banks  along  the  Housatonic  River 
(Fames),  also  at  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter).  May  — 
June. 

LILAEOPSIS  Greene. 

Lilaeopsis  lineata  (Michx.)  Greene  (marked  with  lines). 
Crantzia  lineata  Nutt. 

Muddy  tidal  shores:  Norwich  (W.  A.  Setchell),  Mont- 
ville,  East  Lyme  and  Old  Lyme  (Graves).  Local  or  occa- 
sional along  the  coast  westward.    June  —  Aug. 

LIGUSTICUM  L.         Lovage. 

Ligusticum  scothicum  L. 

Sea  Parsley.     Scotch  Lovage. 

Rocky  shores  of  the  Sound.  Occasional  from  East  Lyme 
(Graves)  eastward.    July  —  Aug. 


302  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

CORIANDRUM  L.         Coriander. 
Coriandrum  sativum  L.  (sown). 
Coriander. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  or  spontaneous  in  waste 
places  in  Bridgeport  (Eames).  June — July.  Fugitive  from 
Europe. 

The  seeds  are  commonly  used  as  flavoring  in  confections, 
pastries,  liquors,  etc. 

AETHUSA   L.         Fool's   Parsley. 
Aethusa  Cynapium  L.   (dog-parsley). 
Fool's  Parsley. 

Rare.    Waste  ground:    Norwalk  (E.  H.  Baldwin,  Eames). 
June  —  Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 
The  plant  is  poisonous. 

PASTINACA  L.         Parsnip. 
Pastinaca  sativa  L.  (sown). 
Wild  or  Poison  Parsnip. 

Common.  Roadsides  and  waste  places.  June  —  Sept. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Well  known  in  cultivation,  from  which  the  wild  plant  is 
an  escape.    The  plant  is  poisonous  to  some  persons. 

LEVISTICUM  Hill.         Lovage. 
Levisticum  officinale  (L.)  Koch  (of  the  shops). 
Lignsticum  Levisticum  L. 
Levisticum  Levisticum  Karst. 
Lovage. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground:  Oxford  (Harger), 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  July  —  Aug.  Adventive 
from  Europe. 

Commonly  cultivated  in  old  gardens  for  its  carminative 
seeds,  which  are  believed  to  possess  several  medicinal 
properties. 

ANETHUM  L.         Dill. 
Anethum  graveolens  L.  (strong-smelling). 
Dill. 

Rare.     Escaped  from  cultivation  or  spontaneous  in  waste 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  3O3 

places:     Stratford   and   Bridgeport    (Eames).     July  —  Aug. 
Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe. 

The  seeds  are  commonly  used  as  flavoring  in  confections, 
pastries,  liquors,  etc. 

HERACLEUM  L.         Cow  Parsnip. 

Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  (woolly). 
Cow  Parsnip.     Masterwort. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground  in 
moist  soils.     June  — July. 

The  root,  leaves  and  seeds  are  medicinal. 

CONIOSELINUM  Fisch.         Hemlock  Parsley. 

Conioselinum  chinense  (L.)  BSP. 

Conioselinum  canadense  Torn  &  Gray. 
Hemlock  Parsley. 

Rare.  Wet,  cold  woods  and  banks:  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin 
&  Eames),  Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brewster),  Canaan  (C.  K. 
Averill),  Salisbury  (Bissell).    Aug. —  Sept. 

ANGELICA  L.        Angelica. 

Angelica  viilosa  (Walt.)  BSP.  (hairy). 
Angelica  hirsuta  Muhl. 

Moist  or  dry  fields  and  woods.  New  Haven  (D.  C. 
Eaton),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  and  occasional 
westward,  becoming  frequent  near  the  coast.    July  —  Aug. 

Angelica  atropurpurea  L.  (dark  purple). 
Masterwort.     Purple  or  High  Angelica. 

Rare  to  occasional.  Wet  ground  along  streams.  June  — 
July. 

The  root  and  seeds  are  used  medicinally.  The  fresh  root 
is  poisonous. 

DAUCUS  L.         Carrot. 

Daucus  Carota  L.  (classical  name  for  the  Carrot). 
Wild  Carrot. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places.  June  — 
Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

One  of  our  most  persistent,  troublesome  and  wide-spread 


304  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

weeds.  A  statute  of  Connecticut  enacted  in  1881,  provides 
that  "  Every  owner  or  possessor  of  lands  shall  cut  down  all 
wild  carrots  and  Canada  thistles  growing  thereon,  or  in  the 
highway  adjoining,  so  often  as  to  prevent  going  to  seed; 
and  upon  failure  so  to  do,  any  person  aggrieved,  or  any 
citizen  of  the  town  wherein  the  lands  are  situated,  may  com- 
plain to  any  grand  juror  of  said  town,  who  shall  thereupon 
forthwith  notify  such  owner  or  possessor  of  such  complaint. 
If  said  owner  or  possessor  shall  still  neglect  to  comply  with 
the  provisions  of  this  section,  he  shall  be  fined  not  more  than 
five  dollars  for  each  and  every  day  of  such  neglect  after  such 
notice."    Revised  Statutes,  Sec.  1374. 

All  parts  of  the  plant  have  medicinal  properties. 

CORNACEAE.         DOGWOOD    FAMILY. 
CORNUS  L.         Cornel.     Dogwood. 

Cornus  canadensis  L. 

Dwarf  or  Low  Cornel.    Bunchberry. 

Low  or  rocky  woods  and  in  swamps.  Rare  over  most  of 
the  state,  becoming  frequent  in  Litchfield  County.  May  — 
June. 

Cornus  florida  L.  (flowering). 
Flowering  Dogwood.    Boxwood. 

Occasional,  local  or  frequent,  mosth-  in  rocky  woods.    May. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  flowering  trees  and 
worthy  of  much  more  extensive  cultivation.  The  bark, 
especially  of  the  root,  is  used  medicinally,  and  the  powdered 
bark  makes  a  good  tooth-powder.  The  bark  also  yields  a 
scarlet  dye,  and  mixed  with  sulphate  of  iron  makes  a  good 
black  ink.  The  wood  is  heavy  and  close-grained  and  is  used 
to  make  tool-handles  and  other  small  articles  of  turnery. 

Cornus  circinata  L'Her.   (rounded). 
Round-leaved   Cornel  or  Dogwood. 

Usually  in  rocky  woods  or  on  ledges.  Rare  in  New  Lon- 
don County  (Graves)  ;  local  or  occasional  elsewhere.  May  — 
June. 

The  bark  is  used  medicinally. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  305 

Cornus  Amomum  Mill,  (classical  name  for  some  shrub). 
Cornus  scricea  L. 
Cornus  Purpiisi  Koehne. 

Silky  Cornel.     Kinnikinnik.     Swamp  DogAvood. 
Frequent.     Low  thickets  and  along  streams.     June — July. 
The  bark  is  used  medicinally. 

Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  (shoot-bearing). 
Red-osier  Cornel  or  Dogwood. 

Wet  places.  Common  in  northwestern  Connecticut,  ex- 
tending- eastward  to  East  Granby  (I.  Holcomb)  and  south- 
ward to  New  Milford  (C.  K.  Averill)  ;  occurs  also  at  East 
Hartford  011  a  river  bank   (A.  W.  Driggs).     May — June. 

A  good  shrub  for  planting  in  moist  soils. 

Cornus  paniculata  L'Her.  (panicled). 

Cornus  candidissima  Marsh.  (?),  not  Mill. 
Panicled  Cornel. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Roadsides,  thickets  and  borders 
of  woods  in  either  dry  or  moist  ground.    July. 

A  handsome  shrub  both  in  flower  and  fruit,  and  well 
worthy  of  cultivation. 

Cornus  alternifolia  L.  f.   (alternate-leaved). 
Dogberry. 

Frequent.  Fence-rows,  copses  and  open  woods.  May  — 
June. 

NYSSA   L.         Tupelo.     Pepperidge.     Sour   Gum. 

Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh,  (of  woods). 

Black  or  Sour  Gum.     Pepperidge.     Tupelo. 

Frequent.  Woods  and  fields,  usually  in  moist  or  wet 
ground.     June. 

The  wood  is  soft  but  very  hard  to  split ;  it  is  used  for 
beetle-heads,  chopping-bowls,  rollers,  etc.  A  tree  of  inter- 
esting habit  and,  especially  in  autumn,  very  ornamental. 
Worthy  of  cultivation,  but  very  difficult  to  transplant  from 
the  wild. 


306  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

ERICACEAE.         HEATH    FAMILY. 
CLETHRA  L.         White  Alder. 
Clethra  alnifolia  L.  (alder-leaved). 
Sweet  Pepperbush. 

Swamps  and  low  thickets.  Rare  in  Litchfield  County: 
Kent  (E.  H.  Austin),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson). 
Frequent  elsewhere.     July  —  Aug. 

Often  cultivated  for  its  very  fragrant  white  flowers. 

CHIMAPHILA  Pursh.         Pipsissewa. 
Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  (umbellate). 
Prince's  Pine.     Pipsissewa. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Dry  woods.     June  — July. 
The  leaves  are  medicinal  and  are  officinal. 

Chimaphila  maculata  (L.)  Pursh  (spotted). 
Spotted  Wintergreen. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Dry  woods.     July  —  Aug. 

Has  medicinal  properties  similar  to  those  of  Chimaphila 
umbellata. 

MONESES  Salisb.         One-flowered  Pyrola. 
Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray  (one-flowered). 
Moneses  grandiUora  S.  F.  Gray. 
One-flowered  Pyrola  or  Wintergreen. 

Rare  or  local.  Pine  woods:  Woodstock  (Graves),  LTnion 
(H.  E.  Back),  Avon  (H.  S.  Clark),  East  Granby  (I.  Hol- 
comb),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour),  Newtown  (I.  P. 
Blackman),  Canaan  (W.  H.  Leggett),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps) .     June  — July. 

PYROLA  L.         Wintergreen.     Shin  Leaf. 
Pyrola  secunda  L.  (one-sided). 

Dry  woods,  often  under  pines  and  hemlocks.  Rare  near 
the  coast:  Ledyard  (Graves),  Hamden  (Harger),  Orange 
(Fames),  Fairfield  (L.  N.  Johnson).  Occasional  or  local 
elsewhere.     June  — July. 

Pyrola  chlorantha  Sw.   (green-flowered). 

Dry    woods,    usually   under    evergreens.      Rare    near    the 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  307 

coast:    Ledyard   (Graves),  Guilford   (W.  R.  Dudley).     Be- 
coming occasional  northward.     June. 

Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.  (oval). 
Shin  Leaf. 

Occasional  to  frequent.     Dry  woods,  usually  in  rich  soil. 
June  — July. 

Pyrola  americana  Sweet. 

Pyrola  rotundifolia  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Round-leaved  Shin  Leaf. 

Frequent  or  local.    Dry  woods.    June  — July. 

This,  like  all  other  species  of  the  genus,  is  sometimes  used 
medicinally. 

MONOTROPA  L.         Indian  Pipe.     Pinesap. 

Monotropa  uniflora  L.  (single-flowered). 

Indian  Pipe.     Corpse  Plant.     Fit-root.     Ghost-flower. 

Frequent.     Moist  or  dry  woods  in  rich  soil.    July  —  Aug. 

The  root  is  sometimes  employed  medicinally  and  has  been 
used  as  a  substitute  for  opium. 

Monotropa  Hypopitys  L.  (under  pine  trees). 
Hypopitys  Hypopitys  Small. 
Hypopitys  lanuginosa  Nutt. 
Hypopitys  americana  Small. 
Pinesap.     False  Beech-drops. 

Occasional.     Rich  woods.    Aug. —  Sept. 

LEDUM  L.         Labrador  Tea. 

Ledum  groenlandicum  Oeder. 
Ledum  latifolium  Ait. 
Labrador  Tea. 

Rare  or  local.     Bogs  or  sphagnum  swamps :  Willington 
(Graves),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour).     June. 

The  leaves  are  medicinal. 

RHODODENDRON  L. 
Rhododendron  viscosum  (L.)  Torr.   (sticky). 
Azalea  viscosa  L. 
Clammy  Azalea.     White  Swamp  Honeysuckle. 


308  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Low  thickets  and  swamps.  Rare  or  occasional  in  north- 
western   Connecticut ;    frequent    elsewhere.      June  — July. 

The  var.  glaucum  (Michx.)  Gray  (glaucous)  is  occa- 
sional growing  with  the  typical  form.  The  var.  nitidum 
(Pursh)  Gray  (shining)  is  rare:  Groton  and  Water  ford 
(Graves),  Huntington    (Eames),  Oxford    (Harger). 

Rarely  occurs  with  pink  flowers. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  (L.)  Torr.  (naked-flowered). 
Azalea  nudiflora  L. 
Purple,  Pink  or  Wild  Azalea.     Pinxter  Flower.     May  Apple. 

Wild  Honeysuckle. 

Frequent  or  common.    Woods  and  thickets.     May  — June. 

This  and  the  following  species  are  desirable  shrubs  for 
cultivation. 

Rhododendron  canescens  (Michx.)  G.  Don  (hoary). 
Azalea  canescens  Michx. 
Purple  Azalea. 

Rare.  Woods  and  thickets :  Colchester  and  Voluntown 
(Graves),  Norfolk  and  Salisbury  (Bissell).     May — June. 

Rhododendron  canadense  (L.)   BSP. 
Rhododendron  Rhodora  Don. 
Rhodora  canadensis  L. 
Rhodora. 

Swamps  and  low  woods  and  thickets.  Rare  in  most  dis- 
tricts:  Voluntown  (Graves),  East  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs), 
Enfield  (Mrs.  G.  S.  Phelps),  BurHngton  (J.  N.  Bishop), 
Southington  (J.  Shepard),  North  Haven  (A.  W.  Evans), 
Middlebury  (Harger).  Occasional  or  local  in  northeastern 
Connecticut.     May. 

Noteworthy  as  the  subject  of  one  of  Emerson's  best  known 
poems. 

Rhododendron  maximum  L.   (greatest). 
Great  Laurel.     Rhododendron.     Rose  Bay. 

Rare  or  local.  Swampy  woods  or  rarely  on  dry  wooded 
hillsides  :  Litchfield,  New  London  and  Tolland  Counties.    July. 

One  of  the  most  striking  of  the  broad-leaved  evergreens, 
and  extensively  planted  for  ornament.  The  leaves  contain 
a  poisonous  principle  and  are  sometimes  used  in  medicine. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  309 

KALMIA  L.         American  Laurel. 

Kalmia  latifolia  L.  (broad-leaved). 

Mountain  Laurel.     Calico  Bush.     Spoon-wood. 

Frequent,  local  or  common.     Woods  and  thickets.     June. 

Often  planted  for  ornament.  All  parts  of  the  plant  are 
poisonous  except  the  wood.  Many  instances  of  fatal  poison- 
ing- of  stock  from  eating  this  and  allied  plants  have  been 
reported.  Sheep  and  young  cattle  are  most  susceptible,  but 
horses  and  even  goats  have  been  known  to  die  from  the 
effects  of  it.  Cases  of  human  poisoning  are  quite  rare.  The 
leaves  are  employed  medicinally. 

The  following  act  of  the  General  Assembly  was  approved 
and  became  a  law  April  17,  1907:  —  "The  Mountain  Laurel, 
Kalmia  latifolia,  is  hereby  made,  constituted,  and  declared  to 
be  the  State  Flower  of  the  State  of  Connecticut." 

Kalmia  angustifolia  L.  (narrow-leaved). 
Sheep  Laurel.     Lambkill.     Wicky. 

Bogs,  wet  ground  or  open  pastures.  Local  in  Fairfield 
County;  frequent  or  common  elsewhere.     June — July. 

Its  medicinal  and  poisonous  properties  are  as  in  Kalmia 
latifolia. 

Kalmia  polifolia  Wang,  (gray-leaved). 
Kalmia  glaiica  Ait. 
Pale  or  Swamp  Laurel. 

Rare.  Sphagnum  bogs:  Burlington  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Nor- 
folk (J.  H.  Barbour),  Litchfield.  (Bissell),  Woodbury  (Har- 
ger),  Ridgefield  (S.  B.  Mead),  Kent  (C.  K.  Averill),  Salis- 
bury (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    May — June. 

LEUCOTHOE  D.  Don.         Fetter  Bush. 

Leucothoe  racemosa  (L.)  Gray  (racemose). 
Leucothoe. 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  woods  or  in  swamps :  Groton,  Water- 
ford,  Ledyard  and  East  Haddam  (Graves),  Haddam  and 
Durham  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson),  Middlefield  (C  S.  Phelps), 
East  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Stratford  (Eames),  Hunting- 
ton (Harger).    May — June. 


3IO  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

ANDROMEDA  L. 

Andromeda   glaucophylla   Link    (glaucous-leaved). 

Andromeda  Polifolia  mostly  of  American  authors,  not  L. 
Bog  or  Marsh  Rosemary.     Marsh  Holy  Rose. 

Rare.  Sphagnum  bogs:  East  Granby  (Bissell),  Litchfield 
(J.  P.  Brace,  Harger,  Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Norfolk  (J. 
H.  Barbour),  Kent  (Eames,  C.  K.  Averill),  Ridgefield  (S. 
B.  Mead),  Danbury   (Miss  G.  L.  Northrop).     May — June. 

LYONIA  Nutt. 

Lyonia  mariana  (L.)  D.  Don. 
Andromeda  mariana  L. 
Pieris  mariana  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Stagger-bush. 

Rare.  Stratford,  shrubby  bank  near  the  coast  (J.  P. 
Coles).    June. 

In  New  Jersey  and  southward  it  is  injurious  to  sheep  when 
eaten  by  them,  producing  a  disease  called  "  Staggers,"  hence 
its  common  name.    A  valuable  shrub  in  cultivation. 

Lyonia  ligustrina  (L.)  DC.  (like  Ligustrum,  the  Privet). 
Andromeda  ligustrina  Muhl. 
Xolisma  ligustrina  Britton. 
Male  Berry. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  thickets  and  pastures ; 
sometimes  in  dry  but  usually  in  moist  ground.     June — July. 

Like  tlie  preceding  species,  is  poisonous  to  stock,  especially 
to  sheep. 
Lyonia  ligustrina  (L.)  DC,  var.  foliosiflora  (Alichx.)  Fernald 

(having  leaves  intermixed  with  the  flowers). 
Xolisma  foliosiflora  Small. 

Low  thickets.  Forms  that  apparently  belong  with  this 
variety   occur   rarely   near   the   coast.      June — July. 

CHAMAEDAPHNE  Moench.         Leather  Leaf.     Cassandra. 

Chamaedaphne  calyculata  (L.)  Moench  (calyculate). 
Cassandra  calyculata  D.  Don. 
Leather  Leaf. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  3II 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Sphagnum  swamps  and  wet 
places.     April  —  May. 

EPIGAEA  L.         Ground  Laurel.     Trailing  Arbutus. 
Epigaea  repens  L.   (creeping). 
Trailing  Arbutus.     Mayflower. 

Occasional  or  local.  Rocky  or  sandy  woods,  usually  pre- 
ferring granite  regions.    April  —  May. 

The  leaves  are  used  medicinally.  In  the  neighborhood  of 
cities  it  has  been  nearly  exterminated  by  careless  flower- 
gatherers.  A  statute  of  Connecticut,  enacted  in  1899,  provides 
that  "  Every  person  who  shall  wilfully  destroy,  pull  up,  tear 
up,  or  dig  up,  any  trailing  arbutus  from  the  land  of  another, 
or  who  shall  sell,  expose  for  sale,  or  purchase  or  have  in  his 
possession,  any  trailing  arbutus  with  the  roots  or  under-ground 
stems  attached,  taken  from  land  not  owned  or  occupied  by 
him,  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  twenty  dollars."  Revised 
Statutes,  sec.  1224. 

GAULTHERIA  L.         Aromatic  Wintergreen. 
Gaultheria  procumbens  L.  (trailing). 

Wintergreen.      Checkerberry.      Boxberry.      Teaberry.      Ivory 

Plum. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  woods  or  sometimes  in  moist 
open  ground,  growing  in  colonies.    July  —  Aug. 

The  berries  and  the  young  leaves  are  often  eaten.  The 
leaves  and  the  volatile  oil  distilled  from  them  are  officinal 
and  widely  used  in  medical  practice.  The  oil  is  also  largely 
used  as  a  flavoring  agent. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  Adans.         Bearberry. 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi   (L.)   Spreng.   (bear-grape). 
Bearberry.    Uva-ursi. 

Dry  sandy  or  rocky  places :  Voluntown  and  Griswold 
(Graves),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Somers  and  West 
Hartford  (Miss  A.  Lorenz),  Middletown  (J.  D.  Cochrane), 
Southington  (D.  C.  Eaton,  Andrews).  Occasional  or  local 
near  the  coast.     May — June. 

The  leaves  are  officinal  and  much  used  in  medicine. 


312  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

CHIOGENES  Salisb.         Creeping  Snowberry. 

Chiogenes  hispidula    (L.)    Torr.   &   Gray    (having  fine   rough 

hairs). 
Chiogenes  serpylli folia  Salisb. 
Creeping  Snowberry.    White  Teaberry.    Moxie  Plum.    Capil- 

laire. 

Rare.  Sphagnum  swamps,  usually  in  shade:  Preston  (W. 
A.  Setchell  &  Graves),  Voluntown  (Graves),  Burlington  (J. 
N.  Bishop),  Bethany  and  Middlebury  (Harger),  Litchfield 
(Miss  E.  H.  Thompson),  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.   S.  Phelps),  Stafford   (Weatherby).     May —June. 

This  plant  yields  a  volatile  oil  identical  with  that  of  Gaul- 
theria  procnrnhens. 

GAYLUSSACIA  HBK.         Huckleberry. 

Gaylussacia  dumosa  (Andr.)  Torr.  &  Gray  (bushy). 
Dwarf  Huckleberry. 

Rare.  Sphagnum  bogs:  Thompson  (Harger),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews),  Stratford  and  Huntington  (Eames),  Bethany 
and  Middlebury  (Harger),  Litchfield  (J.  P.  Brace,  1822; 
Weatherby  &  Bissell).     June — July. 

Gaylussacia  frondosa  (L.)  Torr.  &  Gray  (leafy). 
Dangleberry.     Blue  Tangle. 

Swamps  or  open  sandy  woods.  Frequent  in  New  London 
County  (Graves),  becoming  rare  northward  and  westward, 
reaching  Putnam  (Harger),  Stafford  and  East  Hartford 
(Weatherby),  Manchester  (A.  W.  Driggs),  East  Haven, 
Bethany  and  Oxford  (Harger).    June. 

The  berries  are  delicious. 

Gaylussacia  baccata  (Wang.)   K.  Koch  (berry-bearing). 
Gaylussacia  resinosa  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Common  or  Black  Huckleberry. 

Common.  IMoist  or  dry  ground  in  various  situations. 
May  — June. 

The  forma  glaucocarpa  (Robinson)  Mackenzie  (glau- 
cous-fruited). Blue  Huckleberry,  is  rare  or  occasional  grow- 
ing with  the  typical  form. 

The  common  Huckleberry,  extensively  gathered  for  market 


M 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  3I3 

and  for  home  consumption.     The  fruit  of  the  blue  is  often 
larger  and  better  than  that  of  the  ordinary  black  form. 

VACCINIUM  L.         Blueberry.     Cranberry. 
Vaccinium  stamineum  L.  (having  prominent  stamens). 
Polycodiwn  stamineum  Greene. 
Buckberry.     Deerberry.     Squaw  Huckleberry. 

Dry  woods:  Waterbury  (J.  M.  Richardson),  New  Canaan 
(E.  H.  Baldwin),  and  occasional  in  western  Litchfield  County. 
Late  May — June. 

A  desirable  shrub  for  planting  in  shaded  situations. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  Lam. 

Dwarf  Blueberry.     Low  Sweet  or  Early  Sweet  Blueberry. 

Common.  Dry  rocky  or  sandy  woods.  May ;  fruit  late 
June  —  early  July. 

The  var.  angustifolium  (Ait.)  Gray  (narrow-leaved) 
is  rare:  Voluntown   (Graves). 

The  fruit  is  sweet  and  delicious  but  not  usually  plentiful. 
Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  Lam.,  var.  nigrum  Wood  (black). 
Vaccinium  nigrum  Britton. 
Low  Black  Blueberry. 

Rare.    Rocky  woods:  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  May. 

Vaccinium  canadense  Kalm. 

Sour-top  or  Velvet-leaf  Blueberry. 

Rare.  Cold  moist  woods  at  an  altitude  of  1900  ft.,  Salis- 
bury (Weatherby).     May;  fruit  Aug. 

Vaccinium  vacillans  Kalm  (sw^aying). 
Late  Low  Blueberry. 

Common.     Dry  or  rocky  places.     May ;  fruit  July. 
Fruit  inferior  to  that  of  the  following  species. 
Vaccinium  corymbosum  L.   (corymbose). 

High-bush  or  Tall  Blueberry.    Common  or  Swamp  Blueberry 
or  Bilberry. 

Common.  Swamps,  borders  of  ponds  and  drier  places. 
May  — June ;    fruit  late  July  —  Aug. 

Fruit  much  gathered  for  market  and  for  domestic  use. 
Vaccinium  corymbosum  L.,  var.  amoenum  (Ait.)  Gray  (pleas- 
ant). 


314  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Swamps  and  wet  places.  Occasional  in  the  vicinity  of  the. 
coast.    May  —  early  June. 

Vaccinium  atrococcum  (Gray)  Heller  (having  black  berries). 
Vaccinium  corymbosum  L.,  var.  atrococcum  Gray. 
Black  High  Blueberry. 

Occasional.  Swampy  woods  and  wet  thickets.  May  — 
June. 

Vaccinium  Oxycoccos  L.  (sour  berry). 
Oxycoccus  Oxycoccus  MacM. 
Small  Cranberry. 

Sphagnum  bogs:  Willington  (Graves),  Bloomfield 
(Weatherby),  Southington  (Andrews),  Bethany  (Harger), 
Stratford  (Eames).  Becoming  occasional  in  northwestern 
Connecticut.    May  — June ;  fruit  Sept.  and  through  the  winter. 

The  var.  ovalifolium  Michx.  (oval-leaved),  var.  inter- 
medium Gray's  Manual  ed.  7,  occurs  at  Willington,  Norfolk 
and  Salisbury  (Bissell),  Simsbury  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Cornwall 
(E.  E.  Brewster). 

Vaccinium  macrocarpon  Ait.  (large-fruited). 
Oxycoccus  macrocarpns  Pursh. 
Cranberry.     Large  or  American  Cranberry. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Wet  meadows,  bogs  and  low 
pastures.    June  —  Aug. ;  fruit  Sept. 

Extensively  cultivated  on  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  and 
in  some  parts  of  New  Jersey,  for  its  fruit,  which  is  of  much 
value  and  is  sold  everywhere  in  the  markets.  "  Turkey  and 
Cranberry  Sauce  "  is  almost  a  national  dish. 

PLUMBAGINACEAE.         LEADWORT    FAMILY. 
LIMONIUM  Hill.         Sea  Lavender.     Marsh  Rosemary. 

Limonium  carolinianum  (Walt.)   Britton. 
Statice  Limonium  L.,  var.  caroliniana  Gray. 
Marsh   Rosemary.      Sea   Lavender.      Ink-root.      Canker-root. 
Common  along  the  coast  on  salt  marshes  and  meadows. 
July  —  Sept. 

The  root  has  long  been  used  in  medicine. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  3I5 

PRIMULACEAE.         PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 
HOTTONIA  L.         Featherfoil.     Water  Violet. 
Hottonia  inflata  Ell.  (inflated). 

Water  Violet.     American  Featherfoil. 

Ditches  and  shallow  water.  Rare  or  local  near  the  coast ; 
not  reported  far  inland.    June. 

SAMOLUS  L.         Water  Pimpernel.     Brook-weed. 
Samolus  floribundus  HBK.  (abounding  in  flowers). 
Samolus  Valerandi  L.,  var.  americanus  Gray. 
Water  Pimpernel.     Brook-weed. 

Occasional  in  salt  or  brackish  marshes  along  the  coast,, 
and  rare  inland  as  at  Ridgefield  (Fames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey). 
June  —  Oct. 

LYSIMACHIA  L.         Loosestrife. 
Lysimachia  vulgaris  L.  (common). 
Golden  Loosestrife. 

Rare.  Wilton,  along  roadside  (Miss  A.  F.  Carpenter). 
July.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Lysimachia  punctata  L.  (dotted). 
Spotted  Loosestrife. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  and  waste 
places:  Norwich  (W.  A.  Setchell,  Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers  & 
Graves),  Preston  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  West- 
port  (Fames),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter).  June — July. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Lysimachia  quadrifolia  L.  (four-leaved). 
Cross-wort. 

Common.    Woods  and  thickets.    June — July. 
The  root  is  medicinal. 

X Lysimachia  producta  (Gray)  Fernald  (lengthened). 
Lysimachia  foliosa  Small. 

Rare.  Fields  and  thickets,  mostly  near  the  coast :  Ledyard 
(Graves),  Groton  and  Putnam  (Harger),  Stratford  and  Fair- 
field (Fames),  Norwalk  (Bissell),  Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt). 
June  — July. 


3l6  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

This  is  regarded  as  a  hybrid  between  Lysimachia  quadri- 
folia  and  Lysimachia  terrestris. 

Lysimachia  terrestris  (L.)   BSP.   (terrestrial). 
Lysimachia  stricta  Ait. 

Frequent.  Low  grounds  and  open  swamps.  Late  June  — 
Aug. 

Lysimachia  Nummularia  L.  (coin-like,  referring  to  the  shape 

of  the  leaves). 
Moneywort.    Yellow  Myrtle. 

Frequent.  Lawns,  roadsides  and  waste  places,  usually  in 
moist  soil.    June  — July.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

An  escape  from  gardens  and  often  a  pest  in  lawns. 

The  plant  is  medicinal,  in  domestic  practice  applied  to 
sores  and  wounds. 

Lysimachia  thyrsiflora  L.  (having  its  flowers  in  a  thyrse). 
Nanmhurgia  thyrsiflora  Duby. 
Tufted  Loosestrife. 

Rare  or  local.  Wet  places  about  ponds :  North  Branford 
(G.  H.  Bartlett),  Bloomfield  and  East  Granby  (Weatherby), 
Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Southington  (Andrews),  Hamden 
and  Litchfield  (Harger),  Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour),  Kent  (C. 
K.  Averill).  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps,  Bissell).  June  — 
early  July. 

STEIRONEMA  Raf. 
Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.  (fringed). 
Fringed  Loosestrife. 

Frequent.     Thickets  and  low  grounds.     July  —  Aug. 

Steironema  lanceolatum  (Walt.)  Gray  (lance-shaped). 

Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds  and  streams.  Rare  inland : 
Ledyard  and  North  Stonington  (Graves),  New  Milford  (L 
Holden  &  Baker).     Occasional  near  the  coast.     July  —  Aug. 

TRIENTALIS    L.         Chickweed   Wintergreen. 

Trientalis  americana  (Pers.)  Pursh. 
Star  Flower. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Rich,  usually  moist  woods. 
May  — June. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  3I7 

ANAGALLIS  L.         Pimpernel. 
Anagallis  arvensis  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 

Common  Pimpernel.     Poor  Man's  Weather-glass. 

Sandy  or  rocky  ground  and  waste  places.  Rare  inland: 
Southington  (Andrews),  Oxford  (Harger).  Frequent  on  or 
near  the  coast.     June  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  var.  caerulea  (Schreb.)  Ledeb.  (sky-blue)  is  rare 
in  lawns  or  waste  ground:  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Norwalk 
(Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter). 

EBENACEAE.         EBONY    FAMILY. 
DIOSPYROS   L.         Persimmon. 
Diospyros  virginiana  L. 

Common  Persimmon. 

Rare.  In  New  Haven,  at  Lighthouse  Point,  there  is  a 
grove  of  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  small  trees  on 
the  beach  not  far  from  the  water's  edge.  Here  they  are  ex- 
posed to  fierce  winds  and  winter  storms  which  drive  the  salt 
water  up  around  them,  consequently  they  are  not  in  a  flourish- 
ing condition.  This  station  is  said  to  have  been  known  as 
early  as  1846,  when  the  ground  where  they  now  stand  was 
grassy  and  fertile.  This  is  the  only  known  station  for  this 
species  in  New  England,  and  it  is  possible  that  it  may  not 
be  native  here  but  introduced  from  some  more  southern  local- 
ity.    July ;  fruit  Oct. 

OLEACEAE.         OLIVE  FAMILY. 
FRAXINUS  L.         Ash. 
Fraxinus  americana  L. 
White  Ash. 

Frequent.    Woods  and  fields.    May. 

The  wood  is  hard,  white  and  tough ;  valued  for  interior 
finish,  furniture,  carriage-building,  ladders,  oars,  tool-handles 
and  agricultural  implements.     The  bark  is  medicinal. 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marsh. 
Fraxinus  pubescens  Lam. 
Fraxinus  Darlingtonii  Britton. 


3l8  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Red,  Brown  or  River  Ash. 

Frequent.  Along  streams  and  in  swamps,  sometimes  in 
drier  places.     May. 

The  timber  is  of  less  value  than  that  of  the  White  Ash, 

though  used  for  furniture  and  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 

Its  medicinal  properties  are  the  same  as  those  of  Fraxinus 

americana. 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marsh.,  var.  lanceolata  (Borkh.)  Sarg. 

(lance-shaped). 
Fraxinus  viridis  Michx. 
Fraxinus  lanceolata  Borkh. 
Green  Ash. 

Rare.  Low  grounds :  Norwich,  Bozrah  and  Stonington 
(Graves),  Rocky  Hill  (Andrews),  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton). 
May. 

Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh,  (black). 
Fraxinus  samhucifolia  Lam. 
Black,  Swamp,  Basket  or  Hoop  Ash. 

Occasional.     Swamps  and  along  streams.     May. 

The  wood  is  much  used  for  interior  finish,  cabinet  work, 
barrel  hoops  and  basket  making.  Medicinal  properties  the 
same  as  those  of  Fraxinus  americana. 

Fraxinus  excelsior  L.  (taller). 

Rare.  Fairfield,  roadside  distant  from  any  known  source 
of  origin  (Fames).    May.    Native  of  the  Old  World. 

FORSYTHIA  Vahl. 

Forsythia  viridissima  Lindl.   (very  green). 
Golden  Bell. 

Rare.  Wethersfield,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  a  pasture 
(H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).    May.    Fugitive  from  Asia. 

SYRINGA  L.         Lilac. 

Syringa  vulgaris  L.  (common). 
Common  Lilac. 

Occasional.  Fscaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and 
about  abandoned  house-sites.  May.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  3I9 

LIGUSTRUM  L.         Privet. 
Ligustrum  vulgare  L.  (common). 
Privet.     Prim. 

Roadsides  and  thickets  as  an  escape  from  cultivation. 
Rare  inland:  Thompson  and  Wethersfield  (Bissell),  Wood- 
bury and  Oxford  (Plarger).  Occasional  or  frequent  near  the 
coast.     June — July.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

GENTIANACEAE.         GENTIAN    FAMILY. 
SABATIA  Adans. 

Sabatia  campestris  Nutt.  (growing  in  fields). 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  in  waste  ground  (Eames).  Aug. — 
Sept.    Fugitive  from  the  Southwest. 

Sabatia  stellaris  Pursh  (star-shaped). 
Sea  or  Marsh  Pink.     Sabatia. 

Occasional  or  local  on  borders  of  salt  marshes  along  the 
coast.     July  —  Sept. 

Rarely  occurs  with  white  flowers. 
Sabatia  dodecandra   (L.)   BSP.   (having  twelve  stamens). 
Sabatia  chloroides  Pursh. 
Large  Marsh  Pink. 

Rare.  Marshes  near  the  coast:  Old  Lyme  (F.  H.  Dart), 
Saybrook  (Berzelius  Catalogue),  Guilford  (Miss  K.  Dudley). 
July  —  Sept. 

GENTIANA  L.         Gentian. 
Gentiana  crinita   Froel.    (having  long  hairs;  referring  to  the 

fringed  corolla). 
Fringed  Gentian. 

Occasional  or  local.  Moist  meadows  and  pastures.  Sept. 
—  Oct. 

The  gentian  root  of  medicine,  much  used  as  a  bitter  tonic, 
comes  from  Gentiana  Intea  of  Europe,  but  our  American 
species  have  similar  properties  and  are  also  used  somewhat 
in  the  same  way. 

Gentiana  quinquefolia  L.  (five-leaved). 
Gentiana  quinqueflora  Hill. 


320  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Moist  fields,  roadsides  and  thickets.  New  Milford  (C.  D. 
Bishop,  C.  K.  Averill),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson), 
Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour),  and  occasional  or  frequent 
in   northwestern    Connecticut.      Sept. —  Oct. 

Gentiana  Andrewsii  Griseb. 

Closed  Gentian.     Bottle  Gentian. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Moist  places  and  along  streams. 
Sept.—  Oct. 

Sometimes  occurs  with  white  flowers. 

BARTONIA  Muhl. 

Bartonia  virginica  (L.)  BSP. 
Bartonia  tenella  Muhl. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Moist  meadows  and  woods.  July 
—  Sept. 

Bartonia  paniculata  (Michx.)  Robinson  (panicled). 
Bartonia  lanceolata  Small. 

Rare  or  local.  Wet  woods  and  meadows:  Griswold  (Har- 
ger),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark),  Plymouth  (Bissell),  Stratford 
(Eames),  New  Milford  (C.  K.  Averill).     Aug.— Sept. 

MENYANTHES  L.         Buckbean. 

Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.  (three-leaved). 

Bog  Bean.     Marsh  Trefoil.    Water  Shamrock. 

Bogs,  borders  of  ponds  and  in  wet  meadows.  Occasional 
or  local  in  most  parts  of  the  state ;  frequent  in  Litchfield 
County.     May  — June. 

The  leaves  and  rootstock  are  used  medicinally.  In  parts 
of  northern  Europe  it  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops. 

NYMPHOIDES  Hill.         Floating  Heart. 

Nymphoides  lacunosum  (Vent.)   Fernald   (of  ponds). 
Limnanthcmum  lacunosum  Griseb. 
Floating  Heart. 

Rare  or  local.  In  ponds  and  rivers :  Groton  and  Lyme 
(Graves),  Ledyard  (W.  A.  Setchell),  Branford  (W.  A. 
Setchell  &  Harger),  Woodstock,  Mansfield  and  Glastonbury 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  32I 

(Weatherby),  Windsor  (H.  S.  Clark,  Weatherby  &  Bissell), 
Southington  (Andrews),  Litchfield  (C.  K.  Averill),  Danbury 
(F.  Mills),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C  S.  Phelps).    July  — Aug. 

APOCYNACEAE.         DOGBANE    FAMILY. 
VINCA  L.         Periwinkle. 
Vinca  minor  L.  (smaller). 

Common  Periwinkle.     Blue  Myrtle. 

Occasional.  Roadsides  near  dwellings  and  about  ceme- 
teries, escaped  from  cultivation.  April  —  May.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Rarely  occurs  with  white  or  variegated  flowers  or  leaves. 

APOCYNUM  L.     '    Dogbane.     Indian  Hemp. 
Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.   (having  leaves  like  Hyperi- 
cum Androsaemum,  the  Tutsan). 
Spreading  Dogbane.    Honey-bloom. 

Frequent.     Fields  and  roadsides.     June  —  Aug. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Apocynum  medium  Greene  (intermediate). 
Apocynum  Milleri  Britton. 
Apocynum  urceolifer  G.  S.  Miller. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  fields,  roadsides  and  open 
woods.    June  —  Aug. 

Very  variable  and  several  forms  have  been  described. 

Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  (hemp-like). 
American,  Canadian  or  Indian  Hemp. 

Frequent.  Fields,  thickets  and  roadsides,  often  in  sterile 
soil.  June — July.  The  so-called  Apocynum  album  Greene 
is  a  dwarfed  or  prostrate  form  of  this  species  growing  on 
rocky  or  sandy  banks  of  streams  or  ponds,  and  is  occasional. 

The  fibre  has  been  used  as  hemp.     The  rootstock  of  this 
and  closely  allied  species  has  active  medicinal  properties  and 
is  officinal. 
Apocynum    cannabinum    L.,    var.    pubescens    (R.    Br.)    DC. 

(downy). 
Apocynum  pubescens  R.Br. 


322  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Rare.  Dry  open  places :  East  Lyme  (Graves),  East  Haven 
and  Southington  (Bissell),  Huntington  (Harger),  Bridgeport 
(Eames).     July. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE.         MILKWEED    FAMILY. 
ASCLEPIAS  L.         Milkweed.     Silkweed. 

Asclepias  tuberosa  L.  (tuberous). 

Asclcpias  tuberosa  L.,  var.  decumhens  Pursh. 
Asclepias  decumhens  L. 
Butterfly-weed.     Pleurisy-root. 

Dry  fields  and  roadsides.    Rare  in  Litchfield  County,  occa- 
sional to  frequent  in  other  sections.    July  —  Aug. 

The  root  was  formerly  officinal  and  is  used  medicinally. 

Asclepias  purpurascens  L.  (purplish). 
Purple  Milkweed. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Moist  fields  and  open  pastures. 
June  — July. 

Asclepias  incarnata  L.  (flesh-colored). 
Swamp  Milkweed. 

Borders   of   ponds    and    streams.      Occasional    along   the 
Connecticut  and  Housatonic  Rivers  and  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  state  ;  rare  elsewhere.     July  —  Aug. 
Asclepias  incarnata  L.,  var.  pulchra  (Ehrh.)  Pers.  (beautiful). 
Asclepias  pulchra  Ehrh. 
Swamp  Milkweed. 

Swamps  and  wet  places.     Frequent  except  in  Litchfield 
County  where  it  is  occasional  or  rare.     July  —  Aug. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

Asclepias  syriaca  L. 

Asclepias  Cornuti  Dene. 
Common  Milkweed  or  Silkweed. 

Common.     Roadsides,  pastures  and  waste  places.     July  — 
Aug. 

The  root  is  medicinal.     The  young  shoots  are  used  as 
Asparagus.     Sometimes  troublesome  as  a  weed. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  323 

Asclepias  amplexicaulis  Sm.   (stem-clasping;  referring  to  the 

leaves). 
Asclepias  ohtusifolia  Michx. 

Open  ground  in  sandy  soil.  Rare  or  local  in  southern 
Fairfield  County,  occasional  or  frequent  elsewhere.  June  — 
July. 

Asclepias  phytolaccoides  Pursh    (like  Phytolacca,  the   Poke- 
weed). 
Asclepias  exaltata  Muhl.   (?). 
Poke  Milkweed. 

Occasional.    Moist  woods  and  thickets.    Late  June  — July. 

Asclepias  variegata  L.  (of  various  colors). 

Rare.  Dry  woods:  Norwich  (Miss  Wohlfurth),  East 
Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Portland  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson). 
July. 

Asclepias  quadrifolia  Jacq.  (four-leaved). 

Occasional.     Dry  woods.     June  — July. 

Asclepias  verticillata  L.  (whorled). 
Whorled  Milkweed. 

Occasional  or  local.  Sandy  or  sterile  ground.  July  — 
Aug. 

ACERATES   Ell.         Green   Milkweed. 
Acerates  viridiflora  Ell.  (green-flowered). 

Rare.  Dry  open  ground:  East  Haven  (O.  Harger,  H. 
S.  Clark),  Oxford  (Harger),  New  Milford  (Eames).  July 
—  Aug. 

The  var.  lanceolata  (Ives)  Gray  (lance-shaped),  var. 
Ivesii  Britton,  has  been  found  at  New  Haven  (E.  Ives). 

CYNANCHUM  L. 
Cynanchum  nigrum  (L.)  Pers.  (black). 
Vincetoxicum  nigrum  Moench. 
Black  Swallow-wort. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  fields  as  an  escape  from  cultivation : 
Stonington  (W.  E.  Britton),  New  London  (Graves),  New 
Haven  (H.  S.  Clark,  Harger),  Oxford  (Harger),  Orange 
and  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt).  June  — 
July.     Adventive  from  Europe. 


324  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

CONVOLVULACEAE.  CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY. 

IPOMOEA    L.         Morning  Glory. 
Ipomoea  coccinea  L.  (red). 
Quamoclit  coccinea  Moench. 
Small  Red  Morning  Glory. 

Rare.  Southington,  in  waste  ground  (Andrews),  Orange 
(Harger).  July  —  Sept.  Fugitive  from  the  Southwest  or 
from  tropical  America. 

Ipomoea  hederacea  Jacq.  (like  Hedera,  the  Ivy). 
Ivy-leaved  Morning  Glory. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground  as  an  escape  from 
gardens:  New  London  (Graves),  Glastonbury  (Bissell), 
Stratford  (Fames),  Oxford  (Harger),  Darien  (Miss  A.  E. 
Carpenter) .    Aug. —  Sept.    Adventive  from  tropical  America. 

Ipomoea  purpurea  (L.)  Roth  (purple). 
Common  Morning  Glory. 

Occasional.  Waste  places  and  about  old  gardens  as  an 
escape  from  cultivation.  July  —  Sept.  Adventive  or  fugi- 
tive  from  tropical  America. 

Ipomoea  pandurata  (L.)  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  (fiddle-shaped). 
Wild  Potato-vine.     Man-of-the-Earth. 

Rare.  Dry  soil  of  upland  pastures :  New  Milford  (J.  W. 
Robbins),  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin).    June  —  Aug. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

CONVOLVULUS  L.         Bindweed. 
Convolvulus  spithamaeus  L.  (a  span  long). 

Rare  or  local.  Gravelly  hillsides:  Southington  (An- 
drews), Oxford  (Harger),  Southbury  (B.  B.  Bristol),  New 
Milford  (C.  K.  Averill  &  E.  H.  Austin),  SaHsbury  (Mrs. 
C.  S.  Phelps).     May — June. 

Convolvulus  japonicus  Thunb. 
California  Rose. 

Rare.  Sandy  fields  as  an  escape  from  cultivation,  mostly 
in  the  double-flowered  form:  Plainville  (Bissell),  Southington 
(Andrews),  Trumbull  (Fames),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpen- 
ter).    July.     Adventive  from  eastern  Asia. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  325 

Convolvulus  sepium  L.  (of  hedges). 

Convolvulus  septum  L.,  var.  arnericanus  Sims. 
Wild  Morning  Glory.     Hedge  Bindweed. 

Frequent.  Sandy  fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places.  June 
—  Aug. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 
Convolvulus    sepium    L.,    var.    pubescens     (Gray)     Fernald 

(downy). 
Convolvulus  sepium  L.,  var.  repens  Gray. 
Convolvulus  repens  L. 

Open  fields  or  stony  and  gravelly  places  on  and  near  the 
coast.  Frequent  eastward,  becoming  occasional  westward. 
June  —  Aug. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Field  Bindweed. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  and  roadsides:  New  London 
(Graves),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark,  Bissell),  New  Haven 
(Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter),  Southington  (Andrews),  Ansonia 
(Harger),  Orange  and  Bridgeport  (Fames),  Westport 
(Fames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).     July.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

CUSCUTA  L.        Dodder.     Love  Vine. 
Cuscuta  Epithymum  Murr.  (upon  thyme). 
Clover  Dodder. 

Rare.  Clover  fields:  Mansfield  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps), 
East  Windsor  and  Granby  (Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews), 
Oxford  (Harger),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson),  East 
Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Fairfield  (Fames).  July  —  Sept. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

Cuscuta  arvensis  Beyrich  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Field  Dodder. 

Rare.  In  fields:  Granby  (Bissell),  Oxford  and  South- 
bury  (Harger).    July  —  Sept. 

Cuscuta  Coryli  Engelm.  (of  hazel). 
Cuscuta  inflexa  Engelm. 
Hazel  Dodder. 

Rare.    On  shrubs:    Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers).    Aug. 


326  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Cuscuta  Gronovii  Willd. 
Dodder.     Love  Vine. 

Common.  On  herbs  and  low  shrubs,  often  very  plentiful 
in  open  swamps.    July  —  Sept. 

Cuscuta  compacta  Juss.  (compact). 

Rare  or  local.  On  shrubs:  Groton  (Graves),  Franklin 
(R.  W.  Woodward),  Milford,  Stratford  and  Westport 
(Eames).     Aug. —  Sept. 

POLEMONIACEAE.         POLEMONIUM    FAMILY. 

PHLOX  L. 
Phlox  paniculata  L.  (panicled). 
Phlox  acuminata  Pursh. 
Phlox  glandulosa  Shuttlw. 
Phlox  amplifolia  Britton. 
Garden  Phlox. 

Occasional.  Roadsides  and  about  old  gardens.  Aug. — 
Sept.     Adventive  from  the  Southwest. 

Phlox  maculata  L.  (spotted). 
Wild  Sweet  William. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and  waste 
places:  Waterford  (Graves),  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward 
&  Weatherby),  Fairfield,  well  established  at  two  localities 
(Eames).  June  —  Aug.  In  Connecticut  adventive  from  the 
South  or  West. 

The  var.  Candida  Michx.  (shining  white)  occurs  at  Fair- 
field (Eames). 

Phlox  pilosa  L.  (hairy). 

Rare.  Moist  grassy  bank,  Southbury  (Harger).  May  — 
June. 

This  is  the  only  reported  station  for  the  species  in  New 
England. 

Phlox  subulata  L.  (awl-shaped). 
Ground  or  Moss  Pink. 

Rare  to  occasional.  Escaped  from  cultivation,  often  in 
and  near  old  cemeteries.     May,    Adventive  from  the  West. 

It  is  seen  rarely  with  white  flowers. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  327 

POLEMONIUM  L.         Greek  Valerian. 
Polemonium  Van-Bruntiae  Britton. 

Polemonium  coerulenm  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 

Rare.  In  swamps:  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
June  — July. 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE.      WATERLEAF    FAMILY. 

HYDROPHYLLUM   L.        Waterleaf. 
Hydrophyllum  virginianum  L. 

Waterleaf. 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  or  wet  shady  places :  South  Wind- 
sor (Weatherby),  Waterbury  (W.  H.  Paton),  Wilton  (Miss 
E.  A.  Carpenter,  Fames),  Norwalk  (G.  P.  Ells),  North 
Canaan  (H.  N.  Adams,  M.  B.  Tobey),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps).    June. 

ELLISIA  L. 
Ellisia  Nyctelea  L. 

Macrocalyx  Nyctelea  Kuntze. 

Rare.  New  London,  in  a  pasture  (Mrs.  E.  M.  Tilton). 
May  — July.     Fugitive  from  the  South  or  West. 

PHACELIA  Juss. 
Phacelia  viscida  (Benth.)  Terr,  (sticky). 

Rare.  Meriden,  escaped  from  cultivation  and  spontaneous 
in  a  spot  on  which  muck  had  been  deposited  (Miss  F.  J. 
Leonard).    June.     Fugitive  from  California. 

Phacelia  Purshii  Buckley. 

Rare.  Branford,  waste  ground  at  Short  Beach  (Miss 
E.  J.  Leonard).  May — June.  Fugitive  from  the  Central 
States. 

BORAGINACEAE.         BORAGE    FAMILY. 
CYNOGLOSSUM  L.        Hound's  Tongue. 
Cynoglossum  officinale  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Common  Hound's  Tongue. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  pastures:  Ledyard  (Graves), 
Meriden    and    New    Haven    (Harger),    Bridgeport    (C.    K. 


328  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.  AND    NAT.  HIST.  SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Averill),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).     June  —  Aug.     Ad- 
ventive  from  Europe. 

Cynoglossum  boreale  Fernald  (northern). 

Cynoglossiiui  virginiciim  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Wild  Comfrey. 

Rare.  Rocky  woods:  East  Haven  (J.  A.  Allen),  Meri- 
den  (Andrews),  Norfolk  (J.  H.  Barbour),  Barkhamsted  and 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  Cornwall  (E.  E.  Brewster). 
June  — July. 

LAPPULA  Moench.         Stickseed. 
Lappula  virginiana  (L.)  Greene. 
Echinospernmm  virginicum  Lehm. 
Stickseed.    Beggar's  Lice. 

Frequent.  Woods,  hedge-rows  and  thickets  in  dry  ground. 
July  —  Aug. 

Lappula  echinata  Gilib.  (prickly). 

Echinosperrnum  Lappula  Lehm. 
Lappula  Lappula  Karst. 

Rare.  Waste  places:  New  Haven  (Merrill),  Seymour 
(Harger),  New  Milford  (Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    July  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

AMSINCKIA  Lehm. 
Amsinckia  lycopsoides  Lehm.  (like  Lycopsis,  the  Bugloss). 

Rare.  Cultivated  or  waste  ground:  Hartford  (Bissell), 
Southington  (Andrews),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
May  — July.     Fugitive  from  the  Pacific  Coast. 

SYMPHYTUM  L.         Comfrey. 
Symphytum  officinale  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Common  Comfrey. 

Rare  or  local.    Roadsides,  waste  places  and  along  streams, 
usually  in  moist  ground  and  as  an  escape  from  cultivation. 
June  —  Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Formerly  used  medicinally. 
Symphytum  tuberosum  L.  (tuberous). 

Rare.  Ditches  and  wet  places:  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett),  Southington  (Andrews).  May — June.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  329 

Symphytum  asperrimum  Donn  (very  rough). 
Rough  Comfrey. 

Rare.  Moist  roadsides:  Oxford  (Harger),  Kent 
(Eames).    June  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

BORAGO  L.         Borage. 
Borage  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Borage. 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  escaped  from  gardens  (I.  Holden  & 
Baker) .    June  —  Sept.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Cultivated  for  ornament  and  for  its  supposed  medicinal 
properties. 

ANCHUSA  L.        Alkanet. 
Anchusa  ofEcinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 

Rare.  Waste  ground  in  Fairfield  (Eames).  June  —  Aug. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

MYOSOTIS  L.         Forget-me-not.     Scorpion  Grass. 

Myosotis  scorpioides  L.  (scorpion-like). 
Myosotis  palustris  Hill. 
True  Forget-me-not. 

Rare.  Along  streams  as  an  escape  from  cultivation: 
North  Branford  and  Oxford  (Harger),  Stratford  (Eames), 
Southington  (Andrews).     May — June.     Native  of  Europe. 

Myosotis  laxa  Lehm.  (loose). 
Wild  Forget-me-not. 

Frequent.    Along  streams  and  in  wet  places.    May  — June. 

Myosotis  arvensis  (L.)  Hill  (of  cultivated  ground). 

Rare.  In  grassland:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Led- 
yard  (Graves),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb).     May — June. 

Myosotis  virginica  (L.)  BSP. 
Myosotis  verna  Nutt. 

Occasional  or  local.  Dry,  sterile  and  rocky  places.  May  — 
June. 

LITHOSPERMUM    L.         Gromwell.     Puccoon. 
Lithospermum  arvense  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Corn  Gromwell.    Stone-seed. 


330  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Occasional.  Sandy  or  waste  places.  May  — June.  Natu- 
ralized from  Europe. 

Lithospermum  officinale  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Common  Cromwell. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  fields  and  in  rocky  ground :  New 
Britain  (Bissell),  Southingtoij  (Andrews),  North  Canaan 
(Weatherby),  New  Milford  (A.  E.  Blewitt).  June  —  Sept. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

ONOSMODIUM  Michx.         False  Cromwell. 
Onosmodium  virginianum  (L.)  A.  DC. 

Gravel-weed.       Pearl-plant.       Wild     Job's     Tears.       False 

Cromwell. 

Rare.  Dry  or  sandy  ground:  Preston  (Craves),  East 
Haddam  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson),  Hartford  and  Windsor  (H. 
S.  Clark),  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Fairfield  (Fames), 
Ansonia  and  Southbury  (Harger),  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin). 
June  — July. 

The  root  and  seeds  are  medicinal. 

ECHIUM  L.        Viper's  Bugloss. 
Echium  vulgare  L.  (common). 

Viper's  Bugloss.     Blue-weed.     Blue  Devil. 

Open  sandy  or  sterile  places.  Rare  or  local  over  most  of 
the  state:  Montville  (Craves),  Windsor  (H.  S.  Clark), 
Southington  (Andrews),  New  Haven  (Harger),  New  Hart- 
ford (Andrews  &  Bissell).  Becoming  occasional  in  western 
Connecticut.    July  —  Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  occurs  with  rose-colored  flowers.  A  showy 
plant  when  in  bloom,  but  a  bad  weed,  difficult  to  eradicate. 

VERBENACEAE.         VERVAIN   FAMILY. 
VERBENA  L.         Vervain. 

Verbena  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 
European  Vervain. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  New  Haven  (J.  S.  Smith), 
Bridgeport  (Fames).  June — Sept.  Fugitive  from  the  Old 
World. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  33I 

The  herb  was  reputed  to  have  many  desirable  properties 
and  was  highly  esteemed  in  old  times,  but  is  rarely  if  ever 
used  now. 

Verbena  urticaefolia  L.  (having  leaves  like  Urtica,  the  Nettle). 
White  Vervain. 

Frequent.  Fields,  roadsides  and  waste  ground.  July  — 
Aug. 

Verbena  angustifolia  Michx.  (narrow-leaved). 

Rare  or  local.  Sandy  fields:  Waterford  (Graves),  New 
Haven  (Harger),  Orange  (Fames,  Andrews  &  Bissell), 
Stratford  (I.  Holden  &  Baker),  Southington  (Andrews  & 
Bissell),  Kent  (E.  H.  Austin,  Fames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Salis- 
bury (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    June — July. 

Verbena  hastata  L.  (spear-shaped). 

Verbena  hastata  L.,  var.  pinnatiMa  Britton. 
Blue  Vervain. 

Frequent.  Roadsides,  fields  and  waste  places.  July^- 
Aug.  A  hybrid  of  this  with  Verbena  urticaefolia  has  been 
collected  at  Oxford  (Harger). 

Flowers  sometimes  rose  color.  The  root  and  leaves  are 
medicinal  and  are  occasionally  used  in  domestic  practice. 

Verbena  stricta  Vent,  (upright;  straight). 
Hoary  Vervain. 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  places:  Old  Lyme  (Graves), 
Naugatuck  (Mrs.  C.  H.  Lyman),  Bridgeport  (Fames).  June 
—  Aug.    Adventive  from  the  West. 

Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.  (having  bracts). 

Rare  or  local.  Waste  ground:  Hebron  (Graves),  Nauga- 
tuck (Mrs.  C.  H.  Lyman),  Bridgeport  (Fames),  Winchester 
(M.  L.  Fernald  &  Weatherby).  June  —  Aug.  Adventive 
from  the  West. 

Verbena  canadensis  (L.)  Britton. 
Verbena  Aiibletia  Jacq. 
Verbena  Drnmmondi  of  authors. 
Verbena. 

Rare.     Fscaped   from   old   gardens:      Southington    (Bis- 


332  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

sell),  Oxford    (Harger).     June — Sept.     Fugitive   from  the 
Southwest. 

Many  of  the  cultivated  forms  of  Verbena  are  derived  fromf  i;i 
this  species. 

LABIATAE.         MINT   FAMILY. 
AJUGA  L.         Bugle  Weed. 

Ajuga  genevensis  L. 

Erect  Bugle. 

Rare.  Along  roadsides  and  about  dwellings  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation:  Middletown  (Miss  Day),  New  Haven  (D. 
C.  Eaton),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Plainville  (J. 
N.  Bishop),  Bristol  (W.  A.  Terry),  Milford  (Eames  &  C. 
C.  Godfrey) .     May  — June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Flowers  sometimes  rose-colored  or  white. 

TEUCRIUM  L.         Germander. 

Teucrium  canadense  L. 

American  Germander.    Wood  Sage. 

Rare  or  occasional.     Fields,  roadsides  and  in  alluvial  soil 
along  streams.    July  —  Aug. 
Teucrium  canadense  L.,  var.  littcrale   (Bicknell)  Fernald  (of 

the  sea  shore). 
Teucrium  litiorale  Bicknell. 
Coast  Germander. 

Frequent  on  beaches  and  about  salt  meadows  along  the 
coast.     July  —  Aug, 

TRICHOSTEMA  L.  Blue  Curls. 

Trichostema  dichotomum  L.  (forked  in  pairs). 
Blue  Curls.     Bastard  Pennyroyal. 

Common.    Dry  sandy  or  sterile  soil.    July  —  Sept. 
Sometimes  occurs  with  pink  flowers. 

Trichostema  lineare  Walt,  (very  narrow). 

Rare.  Milford,  in  sandy  soil  (J.  W.  Robbins,  1829).  July 
—  Aug. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  333 

SCUTELLARIA  L.        Skullcap. 

Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.   (side-flowering). 
Mad-dog  Skullcap. 

Frequent.     Wet  places,   usually   in  shade.     July  —  Sept. 

Sometimes  occurs  with  white  flowers.  The  plant  was 
formerly  used  as  a  remedy  for  hydrophobia,  whence  its  com- 
mon name.    It  is  officinal  in  medical  practice. 

Scutellaria  galericulata  L.  (having  a  small  helmet ;  referring  to 

the  calyx). 
Marsh  Skullcap. 

Occasional.  Borders  of  ponds,  wet  places  along  streams, 
open  swamps  or  sometimes  also  on  dry  banks  or  even  in  sand 
near  the  coast.     June  —  Aug. 

Sometimes  occurs  with  pink  flowers. 

Scutellaria  integrifolia  L.  (entire-leaved). 

Rare.  Sandy  fields  and  in  woodland,  either  dry  or  moist: 
Union  (G.  Towne),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Lyme 
(Graves),  East  Haddam  (W.  E.  Nichols),  East  Hartford 
(Weatherby),  East  Windsor  and  Rocky  Hill  (Bissell),  Hart- 
ford (H.  S.  Clark),  Windsor  Locks  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter). 
July. 

Scutellaria   parvula    Michx.    (small),    var.    ambigua    (Nutt.) 

Fernald   (doubtful). 
Scutellaria  parvula  Britton,  not  Michx. 

Rare.  Dry  sandy  or  rocky  ground:  Guilford  (G.  W. 
Hawes),  East  Haven  (H.  C.  Beardslee,  Harger),  Plainville 
(J.  N.  Bishop),  Orange  (A.  H.  Young),  SaHsbury  (Mrs. 
C.S.Phelps).    June  —  Aug. 

MARRUBIUM  L.         Horehound. 

Marrubium  vulgare  L.  (common). 
Common  Horehound. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground  as  an 
escape  from  cultivation.  June — July.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Used  as  a  cough  medicine  and  in  candy.  An  officinal 
medicine. 


334  COXNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull, 

SIDERITIS  L.         Ironwort. 

Sideritis  montana  L.  (of  mountains). 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  one  plant  in  waste  ground  (A.  E. 
Blewitt).     July.     Fugitive  from  southeastern  Europe. 

AGASTACHE  Clayt.         Giant  Hyssop. 

Agastache  nepetoides  (L.)  Kuntze  (like  Nepeta,  the  Catnip). 
Lophanthus  nepetoides  Benth. 

Rare  or  local.  Rocky  woods  and  thickets:  Meriden  (D. 
C.  Eaton),  Southington  (Andrews),  Derby  (Harger),  Nor- 
walk  (Bissell).    Aug. —  Sept. 

Agastache  scrophulariaefolia  (Willd.)  Kuntze  (having  leaves 

like  Scrophularia,  the  Figwort). 
Lophanthus  scrophulariaefolius  Benth. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Woods,  thickets  and  waste  ground, 
either  moist  or  dry.    July  —  Aug. 

The  var.  mollis  (Fernald)  Heller  (soft)  occurs  at  Fair- 
field (Eames). 

Agastache  Foeniculum  (Pursh)  Kuntze  (like  Foeniculum,  the 
Fennel;  referring  to  its  odor). 
Lophanthus  anisatus  Benth. 
Agastache  anethiodora  Britton. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Portland  (Mrs.  F.  W.  Starmer). 
Aug.    Fugitive  from  the  West. 

NEPETA  L.         Cat  Mint. 

Nepeta  Cataria  L.  (of  a  cat). 
Catnip. 

Frequent.  Fields  and  waste  ground.  July  —  Oct. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  herb  is  well  known  to  have  strong  attraction  for  cats. 
Much  used  in  domestic  medical  practice. 

Nepeta  hederacea  (L.)  Trevisan  (like  Hedera,  the  Ivy). 
Nepeta  Glechoma  Benth. 
Glecoma  hederacea  L. 

Gill-over-the-Ground.     Ground  Ivy.     Gill.     Robin  Runaway. 
Frequent.     Moist  shaded  places  in  fields,  waste  ground 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  335 

and    about    old    yards.      April — June.      Naturalized    from 
Europe. 

Sometimes  a  bad  weed  in  lawns  and  gardens.  Formerly 
used  in  domestic  medical  practice. 

DRACOCEPHALUM  L.         Dragon  Head. 
Dracocephalum  parviflorum  Nutt.  (small-flowered). 
Dragon  Head. 

Rare.  Southington,  one  plant  as  a  fugitive  in  a  garden 
(Andrews)  ;  also  occurs  at  New  Milford  (Eames  &  E.  H. 
Austin).     June — July.     Native  from  New  York  westward. 

PRUNELLA  L.         Self-heal. 
Prunella  vulgaris  L.  (common). 
Brunella  vulgaris  of  Manuals. 
Common  Self-heal  or  Heal-all.    Carpenter-weed. 

Common.  Fields,  woods  and  waste  ground,  both  dry  and 
moist.     June  —  Oct. 

Often  a  troublesome  weed  in  lawns  and  difficult  to  eradi- 
cate. Formerly  used  as  a  medicine.  Sometimes  occurs  with 
white  flowers. 

PHYSOSTEGIA  Benth.         False  Dragon  Head. 
Physostegia  virginiana  (L.)  Benth. 
Lion's  Heart. 

Roadsides  and  waste  ground.  Occasional  in  New  London 
County,  becoming  rare  or  local  northward  and  westward. 
Aug.     Introduced  from  the  West. 

GALEOPSIS  L.         Hemp  Nettle. 
Galeopsis  Tetrahit  L. 

Common  Hemp  Nettle. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Roadsides  and  waste  grounds.  July 
—  Sept.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

A  troublesome  weed  in  some  parts  of  northern  New 
England. 

Galeopsis  Ladanum  L. 
Red  Hemp  Nettle. 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (B.  B.  Bristol).  June 
— July.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 


336  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

LAMIUM  L.         Dead  Nettle. 

Lamium  amplexicaule  L.   (stem-embracing;  referring  to  the 

leaves). 
Henbit. 

Waste  or  cultivated  ground.  Occasional  in  Fairfield 
County  ;  rare  or  local  elsewhere.  May  —  Oct.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Lamium  purpureum  L.  (purple). 
Red  Dead  Nettle. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Fairfield  (Fames).  May — June. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

Lamium  hybridum  Vill.  (mongrel). 

Local.  Waste  or  cultivated  ground:  Cornwall,  becoming 
a  weed  (T.  S.  Gold).    May — June.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Lamium  maculatum  L.  (spotted). 
Spotted  Dead  Nettle. 

Rare.  Along  roadsides  and  in  yards  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  New  Haven  (D. 
C.  Eaton),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Woodbury 
(Harger).     May  —  Oct.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  occurs  with  white  flowers. 

•      LEONURUS  L.         Motherwort. 

Leonurus  Cardiaca  L.  (of  the  heart). 

Common  Motherwort.     Lion's  Tail.     Throw-wort. 

Frequent.  Roadsides  and  waste  places.  June — July. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Formerly  used  in  domestic  medical  practice,  especially  for 
diseases  of  women,  whence  the  common  name. 

BALLOTA  L.         Fetid  Horehound. 

Ballota  nigra  L.  (black). 
Black  Horehound. 

Rare.  An  escape  to  roadsides :  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton), 
Milford  (Fames).    June  —  Aug.    Native  of  Europe. 

Formerly  cultivated  because  of  supposed  medicinal 
qualities. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  337 

STACHYS   L.        Hedge  Nettle. 

Stachys  hyssopifolia  Michx.  (hyssop-leaved). 

Rare.    Killingly,  sandy  border  of  pond  (Bissell),  Walling- 
ford  (N.  Coleman),  West  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark).     July  — 
Aug. 
Stachys  tenuifolia  Willd.   (thin-leaved),  var.  aspera   (Michx.) 
Fernald    (rough). 
Stachys  aspera  Michx. 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  ground  along  streams  or  on  road- 
sides:  Lyme  (Graves),  Glastonbury  (A.  W.  Driggs,  Bissell), 
East  Windsor    (Bissell),   Stratford    (Eames).     July  —  Aug. 

Stachys  palustris  L.  (growing  in  marshes). 
Woundwort. 

Rare.  Roadsides,  fields  and  wet  meadows :  Fairfield  and 
Bridgeport  (Eames),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  New 
Fairfield    (Harger) .     July  —  Aug. 

The  var.  homotricha  Fernald  (having  the  hairs  alike) 
occurs  at  Oxford  (Harger). 

SALVIA  L.         Sage. 

Salvia  lyrata  L.  (lyre-shaped). 
Lyre-leaved  Sage. 

Local.  About  a  fourth  of  an  acre  of  grassy  meadow  is 
covered  with  this  species  in  Woodbridge  (Harger).  May  — 
June. 

Salvia  pratensis  L.  (belonging  to  a  meadow). 
Meadow  Sage. 

Rare.  Fields  and  cultivated  ground:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E. 
E.  Rogers),  Southington  (L.  Fox).  June.  Fugitive  from 
Europe. 

Salvia  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Garden  Sage. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  cultivated  ground  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation:  Southington  (Andrews),  Milford  (Eames). 
June.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  leaves  are  officinal  in  medical  practice,  also  used  for 
flavoring  meats,  cheese,  etc. 


338  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  |  Bull. 

Salvia  splendens  Ker  (shining). 
Scarlet  Sage. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  places :  West- 
port   (Eames).     Sept. —  Oct.     Fugitive  from  Brazil. 

MONARDA  L.         Horse  Mint. 
Monarda  didyma  L.  (twin). 

Bee  Balm.     Oswego  Tea.     Fragrant  Balm. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Roadsides,  about  old  houses  and 
borders  of  woods  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.  July  —  Aug. 
Naturalized  from  the  West. 

The  herb  finds  some  popular  uses  in  medical  practice, 
depending  on  its  aromatic  properties.  All  our  species  are 
similar  in  this  respect  and  are  one  of  the  sources  of  thymol. 

Monarda  clinopodia  L.  (like  Clinopodium,  the  Basil). 
Basil  Balm. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  and  roadsides:  Ledyard  (Graves), 
Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt).  July  —  Aug.  Adventive  from 
the  West. 

Monarda  fistulosa  L.  (tubular). 
Wild  Bergamot. 

Rare.  Dry  soil  of  shrubby  and  waste  places :  East  Lyme 
(Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Bolton  (Bissell),  Manchester  (H.  S. 
Qark),  West  Hartford  and  Southbury  (Harger),  Stratford, 
Bridgeport,  Fairfield  and  Norwalk    (Eames).     July  —  Aug. 

The  var.  rubra  Gray  (red),  Monarda  media  Willd.,  is 
rare  as  an  escape  from  gardens:  Groton  (Graves),  Andover 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Weatherby),  Somers  and  Southington 
(Bissell),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  The  variety  is  adventive 
from  the  West  as  is  the  species  in  part. 

Monarda  mollis  L.  (soft). 

Monarda  fistulosa  L.,  var.  mollis  Benth. 
Downy  Bergamot. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Dry  pastures,  waste  places  and 
roadsides.     July  —  Aug. 

BLEPHILIA  Raf. 
Blephilia  ciliata  (L.)  Raf.  (fringed). 
Wood  Mint. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  339 

Rare.  Dry  open  ground:  Plainville  (Bissell),  Orange 
(A.  W.  Evans),  Beacon  Falls  (Harger),  Salisbury  (Mrs. 
C.  S.  Phelps).    June. 

Blephilia  hirsuta  (Pursh)  Benth.  (hairy). 
Wood  Mint. 

Rare.  Border  of  woods :  Waterbury  and  Thomaston  (A. 
E.  Blewitt).     June— July. 

HEDEOMA  Pers.         Mock  Pennyroyal. 
Hedeoma  pulegioides  (L.)   Pers.   (like  Mentha  Pulegium,  the 

Pennyroyal). 
American  Pennyroyal.  ' 

Common.  Open  or  shaded  ground,  usually  in  dry  soil. 
July  —  Aug. 

The  leaves  and  flowering  tops  as  well  as  the  oil  distilled 
from  them  are  officinal  in  medical  practice  and  find  many 
popular  uses  in  home  medication.  The  taste  and  odor  are 
nearl}^  the  same  as  those  of  true  Pennyroyal,  Mentha  Pule- 
giutii  of  Europe. 

Hedeoma  hispida  Pursh  (rough-hairy). 

Rare.  Putnam,  dry  plains  near  the  Quinebaug  River 
(Harger).     June  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  the  West. 

MELISSA  L.         Balm. 
Melissa  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Common  or  Lemon  Balm. 

Rare.  Roadsides,  yards  and  fields  near  old  houses  as  an 
escape  from  cultivation:  Ledyard  and  Lyme  (Graves),  New 
Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton),  Huntington,  Trumbull,  Fairfield  and 
Norwalk   (Fames).     July  —  Sept.     Native  of  Europe. 

The  leaves  and  tops  are  medicinal  and  were  formerly 
officinal. 

SATUREJA  L.         Savory.     Calamint. 
Satureja  vulgaris  (L.)  Fritsch  (common). 
Clinopodium  vulgare  L. 
Calamintha  Clinopodium   Benth. 
Basil. 

Frequent.     Woods,  fields  and  thickets.     June  —  Sept. 


340  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

HYSSOPUS   L.         Hyssop. 

Hyssopus  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Hyssop. 

Rare.    Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    June  —  Sept.    Native  of  Europe. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

ORIGANUM  L.         Wild  Marjoram. 

Origanum  vulgare  L.  (common). 
Wild  Marjoram. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  pastures,  roadsides  and  waste  places : 
New  Haven  (O.  Harger  et  al.),  Sherman  (E.  H.  Austin  & 
E^mes),  Kent  (C.  K.  Averiir, ,  "^haron  (Bissell),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    July  —  Sept.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

PYCNANTHEMUM   Michx.         Mountain  Mint.     Basil. 

Pycnanthemum  clinopodioides  Torr.   &  Gray   (like  Clinopod- 
ium,  the  Basil). 
Koellia  clinopodioides  Kuntze. 

Rare.  Dry  ground:  Southington  (Andrews),  Cheshire 
(A.  E.  Blewitt),  Hamden  (O.  Harger).    Aug. 

Pycnanthemum  flexuosum   (Walt.)    BSP.   (flexuous). 
Pycnanthemum  linifolium  Pursh. 
Koellia  flexuosa  MacM. 

Occasional.  Open  sandy  ground  either  dry  or  moist.  July 
—  Aug. 

Pycnanthemum  virginianum  (L.)  Durand  &  Jackson. 
Pycnanthemum  lanceolatum  Pursh. 
Koellia  lanceolata   MacM. 
Wild  Isaac. 

Common.  Sterile  ground  either  dry  or  moist.  July  — 
Aug. 

Pycnanthemum  pilosum  Nutt.  (hairy) . 

Pycnanthemum  muticum  Pers.,  var.  pilosuvi  Gray. 
Koellia  pilosa  Britton. 

Rare.  Edge  of  thicket  in  rather  dry  gravelly  soil,  Plain- 
field  (Bissell  &  Weatherby).     Aug.— Sept. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  34I 

Pycnanthemum  verticillatum  (Michx.)   Pers.   (whorled). 
Koellia  verticillata  Kuntze. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Hillsides  and  pastures  either  moist 
or  dry.     July  —  Aug. 

Pycnanthemum  incanum  (L.)   Michx.  (hoary-white). 
Koellia  in c ana  Kuntze. 

Occasional.  Rocky  copses,  thin  woods  and  clearings. 
Aug. 

Pycnanthemum  muticum  (Michx.)  Pers.  (pointless). 
Koellia  mutica  Britton. 

Frequent.     Poor  soils  either  dry  or  wet.     July  —  Aug. 

THYMUS  L.         Thyme. 
Thymus  Serpyllum  L.  (classical  name  for  this  plant). 
Wild  or  Creeping  Thyme. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Fields  and  waste  places,  usually  in 
dry  ground.     June  —  Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Sometimes  cultivated  and  used  for  seasoning  in  cookery. 

LYCOPUS  L.        Water  Horehound. 
Lycopus  virginicus  L. 
Bugle  Weed. 

Wet  open  ground  or  shaded  swamps.  Rare  in  most  dis- 
tricts:  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward),  Windsor  (Bissell), 
Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark).  Occasional  or  frequent  near  the 
coast  and  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  July  —  Sept. 
The  herb  has  medicinal  properties,  like  other  species  of  the 
genus. 

Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.  (one-flowered). 
Lycoptis  communis  Bicknell. 
Lycopus  membranaceus  Bicknell. 
Bugle  Weed. 

Common.  Wet  or  dry  places  in  various  soils.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Lycopus  sessilifolius  Gray  (sessile-leaved). 

Rare.  Wet  ground  about  ponds:  Voluntown,  Ledyard\ 
Groton  and  East  Lyme  (Graves),  Old  Saybrook  and  Middle- 
bury  (Harger).    Aug. —  Sept. 


342  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Lycopus  rubellus  Moench  (reddish). 

Rare.  Low  ground:  Groton  and  New  London  (Graves), 
Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Huntington  (Harger).  Aug. 
—  Sept. 

Lycopus  americanus  Muhl. 
Lycopus  sinuatns  Ell. 

Frequent.     Moist  or  wet  places.     Aug. —  Sept, 

MENTHA  L.         Mint. 

Mentha  longifolia  (L.)  Huds.  (long-leaved). 
Mentha  sylvestris  L. 
Horse  Mint  of  Europe. 

Rare.  Fields  and  waysides:  Ledyard  (Graves),  Milford 
(Fames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Westport  (Fames),  July  —  Sept. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Mentha    alopecuroides    Hull    (like    Stachys    Alopecuros,    the 

Betony). 
Mentha  sylvestris  L.,  var.  alopecuroides  Baker. 

Rare.  Roadsides  in  Fairfield  (Fames).  Aug. —  Sept. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

Mentha  spicata  L.  (spiked). 
Mentha  viridis  L. 
Spearmint. 

Frequent.  Fields  and  roadsides  in  wet  ground.  July  — 
Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  leaves  and  flowering  tops  as  well  as  the  oil  distilled 
from  them  are  officinal  in  medical  practice  and  are  in  popular 
use.     The  herb  is  used  in  sauce  for  roast  lamb,  etc. 

Mentha  piperita  L.  (peppery). 
Peppermint. 

Occasional.  Wet  places.  Aug. —  Sept.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

The  source  of  oil  of  peppermint.  Like  the  preceding 
species  officinal,  much  used  in  medical  practice  and  as  a  flavor 
for  confectionery. 

Mentha  aquatica  L.  (aquatic). 
Water  Mint. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  343 

Rare  or  local.  Moist  ground:  New  London  (Graves), 
Southbury  (T.  M.  Prudden),  Litchfield  (T.  M.  Allen).  Aug. 
—  Sept,     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Mentha  crispa  L.  (curled). 

Mentha  aquatica  L.,  var.  crispa  Benth. 
Curled  Mint. 

Rare  or  local.  Roadsides:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
New  London,  Ledyard  and  Preston  (Graves),  Stratford 
(Eames,  Harger).  Waterbury  (Mrs.  C.  H.  Lyman),  Oxford 
(Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  Aug. —  Sept.  Adventive 
from  Europe. 

Properties  similar  to  those  of  peppermint.  Often  culti- 
vated both  for  ornament  and  use. 

Mentha  citrata  Ehrh.    (like  Citrus  Limonum,  the  Lemon :    re- 
ferring to  its  odor). 

Bergamot  Mint. 

Rare.    Roadsides  and  waste  places  in  moist  ground :  East 

Hartford  (Weatherby),  Rocky  Hill  (Mrs.  F.  W.  Starmer), 

Oxford  (Harger),  Litchfield  (T.  F.  Allen),  Salisbury  (Mrs. 

C.  S.  Phelps).     Aug. —  Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Mentha  Cardiaca  Gerarde  (of  the  heart). 
Mentha  sativa  of  many  American  authors. 

Rare.  Southington,  wet  ground  (Andrews  &  Bissell). 
Aug. —  Sept.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Mentha  gentilis  L.  (related). 
Mentha  sativa  L. 
Spotted  or  Whorled  Mint.     Runaway  Robin. 

Rare.  Roadsides,  waste  places  and  about  old  houses : 
Ledyard  and  Preston  (Graves),  Union  and  Salisbury 
(Bissell),  Bolton  (Weatherby),  Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop), 
Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Bridgeport,  Fairfield, 
Newtown  and  Sherman  (Eames).  July  —  Sept.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Mentha  arvensis  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Field  Mint. 

Occasional.     Low  fields  and  wet  places.    July  —  Sept. 


344  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Mentha  arvensis  L.,  var.  canadensis  (L.)  Briquet. 
Mentha  canadensis  L. 
Wild  Mint. 

Frequent.    Wet  places,  often  along  streams.    July  —  Sept. 

COLLINSONIA  L.         Horse  Balm. 
Collinsonia  canadensis  L. 
Richweed.     Stone-root. 

Common.     Moist  rich  woods.     July  —  Sept. 
The  root  and  herb  are  used  in  medicine. 

PERILLA  L. 
Perilla  frutescens  (L.)  Britton  (shrubby). 
Perilla  ocymoides  L. 

Rare.  About  old  gardens  as  an  escape  from  cultivation : 
Groton  (Mrs.  C.  B.  Graves),  Southington  (Andrews),  Ox- 
ford (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  July  —  Sept.  Native 
of  Asia. 

Sometimes  cultivated  as  a  foliage  plant. 

SOLANACEAE.         NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY. 
CAPSICUM  L.         Pepper. 

Capsicum  annuum  L.  (annual). 
Red,  Cayenne  or  Chili  Pepper. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark),  Bridge- 
port (Eames).     July  —  Aug.     Fugitive  from  the  Tropics. 

Well  known  in  cultivation. 

LYCOPERSICUM  Mill.        Tomato. 
Lycopersicum  esculentum  Mill,  (edible). 
Lycopersicon  Lycopersicon  Karst. 
Tomato. 

Rare.     An  escape  in  waste  places  and  on  river  shores. 
Aug. —  Sept.     Introduced  from  South  America. 
Cultivated  for  its  edible  fruit. 

SOLANUM  L.         Nightshade.  t 

Solanum  tuberosum  L.  (producing  tubers).  \ 

Potato.  ■'^ 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  345 

Rare.  Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places.  July.  Fugi- 
tive from  temperate  South  America. 

One  of  the  important  food  plants  of  the  world. 

Solanum  Dulcamara  L.  (bitter-sweet). 

Woody    Nightshade.      Bittersweet.      Wolf    Grape.      Violet 

Bloom. 

Frequent.  Moist  or  wet  thickets,  waste  grounds,  road- 
sides, about  ponds  and  along  streams.  June  —  Aug. ;  fruit 
July  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  young  branches  and  leaves  are  sometimes  used  medici- 
nally and  were  formerly  officinal.  The  berries  are  somewhat 
poisonous. 

Solanum  nigrum  L.  (black).  '^ 

Black  or  Common  Nightshade. 

Frequent.  Moist  rich  soil  or  often  in  drier  places  or  on 
sea  beaches.    July  —  Sept. ;  fruit  Aug. —  Oct. 

Stock  are  sometimes  poisoned  by  eating  this  plant.  All 
parts  of  the  plant  are  said  to  be  more  or  less  poisonous. 
This  plant  has  recently  been  somewhat  extensively  advertised 
in  seed  catalogues  as  Garden  Huckleberry,  and  it  is  claimed 
the  ripe  berries  are  entirely  safe  and  wholesome  either  fresh 
or  cooked.    The  testimony  is  somewhat  conflicting. 

It  is  stated  that  in  some  countries  the  leaves  are  eaten  as 
a  pot-herb  after  thorough  cooking;  that  in  the  Dakotas  the 
plant  is  called  Stubbleberry,  and  the  ripe  fruit  is  much  used 
for  making  pies   and  preserves. 

On  the  other  hand  the  best  chemical  authorities  state 
that  active  poisonous  principles  have  been  found  in  the  ripe 
berries  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  the  plant.  The  species 
is  quite  variable,  and  it  is  probable  that  some  plants  are  more 
poisonous  than  others,  in  consequence  of  conditions  of  growth 
not  yet  understood. 

All  things  considered,  its  indiscriminate  use  as  a  food  plant 
cannot  be  recommended. 

Solanum  carolinense  L. 

Horse  or  Bull  Nettle.     Sand  Brier. 

Rare.     Fields  and  meadows:  Middletown  (Bissell),  Nau- 


34'''  COXNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

gatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Seymour  (Harger),  Milford  and 
Bridgeport  (Eames),  Norwalk  (G.  P.  Ells),  Salisbury  (Mrs. 
C.  S.  Phelps),  New  Milford  (E.  H.  Austin),  Greenwich  (J. 
W.  Robbins).  July — Sept.;  fruit  Aug. —  Oct.  Naturalized 
from  the  South. 

A  pernicious  weed  in  the  South,  destructive  to  cattle.  The 
root  and  leaves  are  employed  medicinally. 

Solanum  rostratum  Dunal  (beaked). 
Sand  Bur.    Buffalo  Bur. 

Rare.  Waste  or  cultivated  ground:  New  London  (Miss 
E.  Shelly),  Hartford  and  East  Haddam  (Dr.  E.  J.  Thomp- 
son), Southington  (Miss  L.  Upson,  Andrews),  Naugatuck 
(B.  B.  Bristol),  Milford  (Harger),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Car- 
penter), Kent  and  New  Milford  (E.  H.  Austin),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  July  —  Sept.  Adventive  from  the 
West. 

A  pernicious  weed  which  should  be  eradicated  on  its  first 
appearance. 

PHYSALIS  L.         Ground  Cherry. 
Physalis  angulata  L.  (angular). 

Rare.  Hartford,  in  waste  ground  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell). 
July  —  Sept.     Fugitive  from  the  South. 

Physalis  pruinosa  L.  (frosted). 
Strawberry  Tomato. 

Cultivated  or  waste  ground.  Rare  in  most  districts :  Nor- 
wich (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Groton  (Mrs.  C.  B.  Graves), 
Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell).  Occasional  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state  (Eames).     July  —  Oct. 

Physalis  Alkekengi  L. 
Winter  Cherry. 

Rare.     New  Milford,  spreading  from  cultivation    (E.  H. 
Austin).     Fruit  Aug. —  Oct.     Introduced  from  eastern  Asia. 
Physalis  heterophylla  Nees  (various-leaved). 

Physalis  virginiana  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  Mill. 

Occasional.  Dry  fields  and  waste  places.  June  —  Sept. ; 
fruit  Aug. —  Oct. 

The  var.  ambigua  (Gray)  Rydb.  (doubtful)  sometimes 
occurs  with  the  typical  form. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  347 

The  van  nyctaginea  (Dunal)  Rydb.  (like  the  Four- 
o'clock)  is  rare:  Windsor,  shaded  alluvial  soil  on  bank  of  the 
Connecticut  River  (Bissell). 

Physalis  subglabrata  Mackenzie  &  Bush  (nearly  smooth). 
Physalis  philadelphica  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  perhaps  not  Lam. 

Rare.  Waste  grounds,  roadsides  and  fields :  East  Windsor 
and  Norwalk  (Bissell),  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Waterbury 
(A.  E.  Blewitt),  New  Milford  (Eames  &  E.  H.  Austin), 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).     July — Sept. 

Sometimes  cultivated  for  its  edible  fruit. 

Physalis  virginiana  Mill. 

Physalis  lanceolata  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part,  not  Michx. 
Rare.      Dry    or    moist    fields:    Southington    (Andrews), 
Southbury   ( Harger) .     June  —  Aug. 

NICANDRA  Adans.         Apple  of  Peru. 
Nicandra  physalodes    (L.)    Pers.    (like  Physalis,  the  Ground 

Cherry). 
Physalodes  physalodes  Britton. 
Apple  of  Peru. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  and  cultivated  fields  :  Norwich  (Mrs. 
E.  E.  Rogers),  Southington  (Andrews),  New  Haven  (O. 
Harger),  Waterbury  (H.  S.  Clark),  Oxford  and  Ansonia 
(Harger),  Bridgeport  and  Norwalk  (Eames),  Winchester 
(A.  E.  Blewitt),  Norfolk  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).  July  — 
Sept.     Adventive  from  Peru. 

LYCIUM  L.         Matrimony  Vine. 
Lycium  halimifolium  Mill,  (having  leaves  like  Atriplex  Hali- 
mus,  the  Orach). 
Lycium  vulgar e  Dunal. 
Common   Matrimony  Vine. 

Rare  or  local.  Roadsides  and  about  old  houses.  May  — 
Sept. ;  fruit  Aug. —  Oct.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

DATURA  L.         Jamestown  or  Jimson  Weed.     Thorn  Apple. 

Datura  Stramonium  L.  (old  name  for  this  species). 
Stramonium.     Jimson  Weed.     Thorn  Apple. 


348  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBuU. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Waste  places,  mostly  in  rich  soil. 
July  —  Oct. ;  fruit  Oct.     Naturalized,  probably  from  Asia, 

The  leaves  are  officinal  and  with  the  seeds  are  valued  in 
medicine.  The  plant  is  poisonous.  In  numerous  instances 
children  have  been  killed  by  eating  the  seeds. 

Datura  Tatula  L.  (Persian  name  for  this  species). 

Purple  Stramonium.     Jimson  Weed.     Purple  Thorn  Apple. 

Rich  w^aste  places  and  on  sea  beaches.  Occasional,  becom- 
ing frequent  or  common  in  villages  and  cities.  July  —  Oct. ; 
fruit  Oct.     Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 

Poisonous  and  medicinal  like  Datura  Stramonium. 

Datura  Metal  L.  (Arabic  name  for  this  species). 

Rare.    Waste  ground:  New  Haven  (H.  S.  Clark),  Bridge- 
port (Eames).    July  —  Oct.;  fruit  Oct. 
Fugitive  from  tropical  America. 
A  narcotic  poison. 

Datura  meteloides  DC.  (like  Datura  Metel). 

Rare.  Waste  ground :  Southington,  two  plants  seen  for 
a  single  season  (Bissell  &  Andrews).  Aug. —  Sept.  Fugitive 
from  tropical  America. 

A  narcotic  poison.     Sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament. 

NICOTIANA  L.        Tobacco. 
Nicotiana  rustica  L.  (of  the  country). 
Wild  Tobacco. 

Rare.  New  Plaven,  waste  fields  (F.  W.  Hall,  1873),  New 
London  (Graves).  Aug.  —  Sept.  A  fugitive,  its  nativity  un- 
known, but  formerly  cultivated  by  the  Indians. 

Nicotiana  alata  Link  &  Otto  (winged). 

Rare.  Waste  places:  Bridgeport,  several  stations  (Eames), 
Southington  (Andrews).  Aug. —  Sept.  Native  of  South 
America. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant. 

Nicotiana  Tabacum  L.  (Indian  name). 
Tobacco. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Bridgeport  and  Fairfield  (Eames). 
Aug. —  Sept.     Fugitive  from  South  America. 

Well  known  in  cultivation. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  349 

PETUNIA  Juss. 

Petunia  axillaris  (Lam.)  BSP.  (growing  in  an  axil). 
White  Petunia. 

Rare.  Waste  places:  New  London  (Graves),  Southington 
(Andrews),  Ansonia  (Harger),  Bridgeport  and  Norwalk 
(Eames).  July — Sept.  Fugitive  or  in  part  adventive  from 
tropical  America. 

Commonly  cultivated  for  ornament. 

Petunia  violacea  Lindl.  (violet). 
Purple  Petunia. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  New  London  (Graves),  Oxford 
(Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  July  —  Sept.  Fugitive  or 
in  part  adventive  from  South  America. 

Cultivated,  Most  of  the  forms  in  cultivation  are  hybrids 
of  this  species  with  Petunia  axillaris. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE.  FIGWORT     FAMILY. 

VERBASCUM  L.         Mullein. 

Verbascum  Thapsus  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
Common  Mullein.    Velvet  Dock.     Flannel-leaf. 

Frequent  or  common.  Dry  fields,  pastures  and  newly 
cleared  land.    June  —  Oct.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  leaves,  tops  and  flowers  are  used  medicinally,  and  the 
leaves  are  often  dried  and  smoked  like  tobacco  for  respiratory 
affections. 

Verbascum  phlomoides  L.  (like  Phlomis,  the  Jerusalem  Sage) . 
Rare.     Granby,  a  few  plants  in  grassland   (L  Holcomb). 
July.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Verbascum  Blattaria  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
Moth  Alullein. 

Occasional.  Fields,  mostly  in  grassland  and  in  dry  soil. 
June  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  var.  albiflorum  Kuntze  (white-flowered)  sometimes 
occurs  with  the  species. 

Medicinal,  having  the  same  properties  as  Vcrbascuiu 
Thapsus. 


350  CONNECTICUT   CEOL.    AND   NAT.    UlST.    SURVEY.  [  BulL 

Verbascum   Pseudo-Lychnitis   Schnr    (simulating  Verbascum 
Lychnitis). 

Rare.  Kent,  a  few  plants  in  grassland  (Miss  J.  T. 
Gregory).     Aug.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

LINARIA  Hill.         Toadflax. 
Linaria  vulgaris  Hill   (common). 
Liiiaria  Linaria  Karst. 
Ramsted.     Butter  and  Eggs. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places.  June  — 
Oct.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  troublesome  weed,  difficult  to  eradicate.     Medicinal. 

Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dumont. 
Blue  Toadflax. 

Common.    Dry  to  moist  mostly  sterile  or  sandy  soil.    May 

—  Sept. 

A  part  of  the  flowers  are  usually  cleistogamous,  some- 
times all  of  them. 

Linaria  minor  (L.)  Desf.  (smaller). 
Chaenorrhinuin  minus  Lange. 

Rare.     Stamford,  in  waste  ground  (W.  H.  Hoyt).     June 

—  Aug.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Linaria  Elatine    (L.)    Mill,   (classical  name  for  some  kind  of 

Toadflax). 
Kickxia  Elatine  Dumont. 
Elatinoides  Elatine  Wettst. 

Rare.  There  is  in  the  Eaton  Herbarium  a  specimen  of 
this  species  collected  in  Connecticut  by  Charles  Wright,  but 
the  exact  locality  is  not  known.  Not  otherwise  reported  from 
the  state.     June  —  Sept.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Linaria  Cymbalaria  (L.)  Mill,  (like  a  cymbal). 
Cymbalaria  Cymbalaria  Wettst. 
Kenilworth  or  Coliseum  Ivy. 

Rare.  Roadsides,  waste  places  and  on  walls :  Norwich,. 
Groton  and  New  London  (Graves),  Windham  (Bissell), 
Bridgeport  (Fames),  Fairfield  (Mrs.  Mabel  Osgood  Wright, 
Eames),  Seymour  (Harger).  June  —  Sept.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  35I 

ANTIRRHINUM  L.         Snapdragon. 
Antirrhinum  Orontium  L. 

Small  Snapdragon. 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  one  plant  in  waste  ground  (Eames). 
June.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

SCROPHULARIA  L.         Figwort. 
Scrophularia  marilandica  L. 

Scrophularia  nodosa  L.,  var.  marilandica  Gray. 
Figwort.     Scrofula  Plant. 

Fields  and  thickets.  Rare  east  of  the  Connecticut  River : 
Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward).  Occasional  or  frequent  in  the 
western  part  of  the  state.     July  —  Sept. 

The  herb  and  root  are  medicinal  in  both  this  and  the 
following  species. 

Scrophularia  leporella  Bicknell  (a  little  hare). 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Fields,  thickets  and  fence-rows. 
Late  May  —  early  July. 

A  form  of  this  with  deeply  laciniate  leaves  occurs  at 
Bridgeport  (H.  S.  Clark). 

PENTSTEMON  Ait.         Beard-tongue. 
Pentstemon  hirsutus  (L.)  Willd.  (hairy). 
Pentstemon  puhescens  Ait. 

Dry  fields  and  banks.  Frequent  in  Litchfield  County ; 
rare,  occasional  or  local  in  other  parts  of  the  state.  Late 
May  —  early  July. 

Pentstemon  tubiflorus  Nutt.  (tubular-flowered). 

Rare.  Pastures  and  grassland:  Granby  (L  Holcomb), 
Sharon  (Bissell),  Kent  (H.  Mosher),  Sahsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S. 
Phelps).     June — July.     Adventive  from  the  West. 

Pentstemon  laevigatus  Ait.  (smoothed). 
Pentstemon  Pentstemon  Britton. 

Rare  or  occasional.     Wet  or  dry  grassland   and   waste 
places.     June  —  early  July.     Adventive  from  the  West. 
Pentstemon  laevigatus  Ait.,  var.  Digitalis  (Sweet)  Gray  (like 
Digitalis,  the  Foxglove). 
Pentstemon  Digitalis  Nutt. 
Pentstemon  calycosus  Small. 


352  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Occasional,  frequent  or  common.  Moist  or  dry  grassland. 
June  —  early  July.     Introduced  from  the  West. 

Pentstemon  grandiflorus  Nutt.  (large-flowered). 

Rare.     Granby,   a   few  plants   in  a  field    (I.   Holcomb). 
June.     Fugitive  from  the  West. 

CHELONE  L.         Turtlehead.     Snakehead. 
Chelone  glabra  L.  (smooth). 

Turtlehead.     Snakehead.     Balmony. 

Frequent.     Wet  places.     Aug. —  Sept. 
The  leaves  and  tops  are  medicinal. 

MIMULUS  L.         Monkey  Flower. 
Mimulus  ringens  L.  (gaping). 

Frequent.     Wet  thickets  and  open  places.  .  July  —  Sept. 

Mimulus  alatus  Ait.  (winged). 

Rare.  Wet  places  and  banks  of  streams:  Lyme  (Bissell), 
East  Hartford  (J.  F.  Smith),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark),  Stam- 
ford (W.  H.  Hoyt).    July  —  Sept. 

Mimulus  Langsdorffii  Donn. 

Mimulus  luteus  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Mimulus  guttatus  DC. 
Yellow  Monkey  Flower. 

Rare  or  local.  Wet  ground  along  brooks:  Norfolk  (J.  H. 
Barbour),  New  Milford  (Miss  J.  T.  Gregory).  June  —  Aug. 
Adventive   from   the   Pacific   Coast. 

LIMOSELLA  L.         Mudwort. 
Limosella  aquatica  L.   (aquatic),  var.  tenuifolia   (AA^olf)   Pers. 
(slender-leaved). 
Limosella  tenuifolia  Wolf. 
Mudwort. 

Occasional  on  muddy  tidal  shores.     June  —  Oct. 

ILYSANTHES  Raf.         False  Pimpernel. 
Ilysanthes  dubia  (L.)   Barnhart  (doubtful). 

Ilysauthes  riparia  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part,  and  perhaps 

of  Raf. 
Ilysanthes  gratioloides   Benth. 
Ilysanthes  attenuata  Small. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  353 

Frequent.     Wet  muddy  or  sandy  open  places  and  about 
ponds  and  streams.    June  —  Sept. 
Ilysanthes  anagallidea  (Michx.)  Robinson  (like  Anagallis,  the 

Pimpernel). 
Ilysanthes  diihia  of  American  authors,  not  Gratiola  dubia  L. 
Ilysanthes  riparia  Raf.   (?). 

Wet  muddy  or  sandy  places.  East  Haddam  (Eaton 
ilerb.),  and  occasional  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state 
(Eames) .     June  —  Sept. 

GRATIOLA  L.         Hedge  Hyssop. 

Gratiola  virginiana  L. 

Common.     Wet  places.     June  —  Sept. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Gratiola  aurea  Muhl.  (golden). 

Lake  and  river  shores.  Monroe  (H.  C.  Beardslee),  and 
occasional  or  frequent  in  central  and  eastern  Connecticut. 
June  —  Sept. 

DIGITALIS  L.         Foxglove. 
Digitalis  purpurea  L.   (purple). 
Common  Foxglove. 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  in  waste  places  (Eames).  June — July. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

VERONICA  L.         Speedwell. 
Veronica  virginica  L. 

Leptandra  virginica  Nutt. 
Culver's-root.     Culver's  Physic. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Fields,  thickets  and  fence-rows. 
July  —  Aug. 

The  rhizome  and  roots  are  medicinal  and  are  officinal. 

Veronica  longifolia  L.  (long-leaved). 

Rare.  Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  Water- 
ford  (E.  F.  Burleson),  Union  (Bissell),  Milford  and  Fair- 
field  (Eames).    July  —  Aug.    Native  of  Europe. 

Veronica  americana  Schwein. 
American  Brooklime. 

Springs  and  wet  places.     Windsor   (Eames  &  Harger), 


354  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  and  occasional  throughout 
the  western  part  of  the  state.     May  —  Aug. 

Medicinal.     Said  to  be  also  used  as  a  salad  plant. 

Veronica   scutellata    L.    (platter-like,   in   allusion    to   the   flat 
flowers). 
Swamp  or  Marsh  Speedwell. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Wet  places.     May  —  Oct. 

Veronica  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 

Speedwell.    Paul's  Betony.    Common  Speedwell. 
Common.     Dry  fields  and  woods.     May  — June. 
The  plant  has  medicinal  uses. 

Veronica  Chamaedrys  L.  (classical  name  for  Germander). 
Bird's-eye. 

Rare.  In  grassland:  New  London  (Graves),  Norfolk 
(Miss  M.  C.  Seymour).  May — June.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Veronica  Teucrium  L.  (like  the  Germander). 

Rare.      Fairfield,    grassy    roadside    (Eames),    Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    June.    Native  of  Europe. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  (thyme-leaved). 
Creeping  or  Thyme-leaved  Speedwell. 

Frequent   or   common.      Fields    and   thickets,   usually   in 
moist,  but  sometimes  in  dry  soil.     May  — July. 
Often  troublesome  as  a  weed  in  lawns. 

Veronica  peregrina  L.  (foreign), 
Neckweed.     Purslane  Speedwell. 

Frequent.      Cultivated   and   waste   ground  either   dry  or 
moist.     April  — June. 

Medicinal,   resembling   Veronica  officinalis  in  its  proper- 
ties.    Sometimes  troublesome  as  a  weed. 

Veronica  arvensis  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Corn  Speedwell. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Along  the  shore  a  weed  in  culti- 
vated ground  or  along  sandy  roadsides ;  inland  mostly  in  dry 


J 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  355 

'       rocky  woods  or  on  ledges.     May — June.     Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Medicinal  like  Veronica  ofHcinalis. 

Veronica  Tournefortii  C.  C.  Gmel. 
Veronica  Buxhaiimii  Tenore. 
Veronica  byzantina  BSP. 

Rare.  Cultivated  or  waste  ground:  Oxford  (Harger), 
Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson).  April  —  Nov.  Adven- 
tive  from  Europe. 

Veronica  hederaefolia  L.  (ivy-leaved). 
Ivy-leaved  Speedwell. 

Rare.  Norfolk,  introduced  along  roadsides  (Miss  M.  C. 
Seymour) .    April  — June.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

GERARDIA  L.         Gerardia. 

Gerardia  pedicularia  L,  (like  Pedicularis,  the  Lousewort). 
Dasystoma  pedicularia  Benth. 
Lousewort. 

Occasional.  Dry  sandy  or  rocky  woods  and  fields,  Aug. 
—  Sept. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Gerardia  fiava  L.  (yellow). 
Dasystoma  iiava  Wood. 
Downy  Yellow  or  False  Foxglove. 

Frequent.    Dry  woods  and  thickets.    July  —  Sept. 

Gerardia  virginica  (L.)  BSP. 
Gerardia  quercifolia  Pursh. 
Dasystoma  virginica  Britton. 
Oak-leaved  or  Smooth  False  Foxglove. 

Dry  woods.  Occasional,  becoming  frequent  near  the  coast. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

This  and  the  preceding  species  are  root-parasitic, 

Gerardia  purpurea  L.  (purple). 
Purple  Gerardia. 

Frequent  along  the  coast  in  moist  fields  and  borders  of 
marshes.     Aug. —  Oct, 


35^  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Gerardia  paupercula  (Gray)  Britton  (stunted). 
Gerardia  purpurea  L.,  var.  paupercula  Gray. 

Wet  sandy  places.  Rare  inland:  Thompson  (Weatherby 
&  Bissell),  Union  and  Salisbury  (Bissell),  East  Hartford 
and  Simsbury  (Weatherby),  Enfield  and  Southington  (An- 
drews &  Bissell).  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson). 
Occasional  or  frequent  along  the  coast.     Aug. —  Oct. 

Gerardia  maritima  Raf.  (of  the  seaside). 
Seaside  Gerardia. 

Occasional  or  local  on  the  coast  in  salt  marshes.  Aug. — 
Oct. 

Gerardia  tenuifolia  V'ahl   (slender-leaved). 
Gerardia  Gattingeri  Small. 
Gerardia. 

Frequent  or  common.  Woods,  thickets  and  fields,  mostly 
in  dry  soils.     Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  macrophylla  Benth.  (large-leaved),  Gerardia 
Besseyana  Britton,  occurs  at  Wethersfield  (C.  Wright),  and 
at  Orange    (Bissell). 

Gerardia  parvifolia  Chapman  (small-leaved). 

Gerardia  Skinneriana  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  Wood. 

Rare.  Farmington,  in  sandy  woods  (Miss  C.  A.  Shepard). 
Aug. —  Sept. 

CASTILLEJA  Mutis.         Painted  Cup. 
Castilleja  coccinea  (L.)  Spreng.  (scarlet). 

Scarlet  Painted  Cup.     Meadow  Pink.     Nosebleed.     Headache 
Plant.    Soldiers  on  the  Green. 

Occasional,  local  or  frequent.  Wet  meadows  and  pastures. 
April  — June. 

The  root  was  formerly  used  in  medicine.  The  species  is 
root-parasitic.     Sometimes  seen  with  yellow  flowers. 

MELAMPYRUM  L.         Cow  Wheat. 

Melampyrum  lineare  Lam.  (very  narrow). 
Melampyrum  americanum  Michx. 
Cow  Wheat. 

Common.     Dry  woods.    June  —  Aug. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  357 

PEDICULARIS  L.         Lousewort. 
Pedicularis  canadensis  L. 

Common  Lousewort.     Wood  Betony.     Greaseweed. 

Frequent  or  common.  Fields  and  woods  in  either  dry  or 
moist  ground.     May  — June. 

Pedicularis  lanceolata  Michx.  (lance-shaped). 
Swamp  Lousewort. 

Bogs  and  wet  meadows.  Rare,  occasional  or  local  in  most 
parts  of  the  state,  but  not  reported  from  Fairfield  County. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

RHINANTHUS  L.         Yellow  Rattle. 
Rhinanthus  Crista-galli  L.   (cock's-comb). 
Rhinanthiis  minor  Ehrh. 
Rattle.    Yellow  Rattle.    Rattle-box. 

Local.  Fields  and  meadows,  either  moist  or  dry:  North 
Branford  and  New  Haven  (Harger),  Cheshire  (Miss  Hotch- 
kiss),  Waterbury  (Eaton  Herb.),  and  occasional  westward 
and  southward  as  far  as  Milford  (W.  A.  Setchell,  H.  S. 
Clark,  Fames),  and  Stratford   (Fames).     May — June. 

SCHWALBEA  L.         Chafif-seed. 
Schwalbea  americana  L. 
Chafif-seed. 

Rare.  Fast  Lyme,  gravelly  roadside  (Mrs.  C.  B.  Graves). 
May  — July. 

LENTIBULARIACEAE. 
BLADDERWORT   FAMILY. 
UTRICULARIA  L.         Bladderwort. 
Utricularia  inflata  Walt,  (inflated). 

In  still  water.  Rare  in  most  districts:  Mansfield  (Weath- 
erby),  Windsor  (A.  W.  Driggs  &  Weatherby),  Bristol 
(J.  N.  Bishop).  Occasional  in  New  London  County 
( Graves ) .    July  —  Sept. 

Utricularia  clandestina  Nutt.  (secret). 

Rare.  Muddy  pools  or  shores:  Waterford  (Graves), 
Fairfield  (L.  N.  Johnson).     July. 


358  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Utricularia  vulgaris  L.  (common),  var.  americana  Gray. 
Utricularia  vulgaris  of  Manuals  in  part. 
Greater  Bladderwort. 

Occasional  or  local.  Still  water  or  slow  streams.  June  — 
Aug. 

Utricularia  minor  L.  (lesser). 
Smaller  Bladderwort. 

Rare.  In  still  water:  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon), 
New  Haven  (Eaton  Herb.),  Fairfield,  Milford  and  Ridgefield 
(Eames),  Easton  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Salisbury  (Mrs. 
C.  S.  Phelps).     May— June. 

Utricularia  gibba  L.  (humped). 

Rare,  local  or  occasional.  Shallow  water  or  mud  about 
swamps,  pools  and  ponds.     July  —  Oct. 

Utricularia  biflora  Lam.  (two-flowered). 

Rare.  Ponds  and  pools:  Groton  (Graves),  Southington 
(  Andrews  ) .     July  —  Sept. 

Utricularia  intermedia  Hayne  (intermediate). 

Sphagnum  bogs  and  borders  of  ponds.  Rare  in  northern 
districts,  becoming  occasional  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.     May  — July. 

The  flowers  are  seldom  seen. 

Utricularia  purpurea  Walt,  (purple). 
Purple  Bladderwort. 

In  ponds.     Rare  or  local  in  most  districts :   Middlebury 
(Harger),   Mansfield    (Weatherby),  Guilford    (G.  H.   Bart- 
lett).      Occasional   near   the   coast   in    New    London    County    |i 
(Graves).    Aug. 

Utricularia  resupinata  B.  D.  Greene   (bent  backward). 

Rare.  East  Lyme,  at  Dodge's  Pond  (Graves),  Woodbury, 
in  a  sphagnum  bog  (B.  B.  Bristol  et  al.).     July  —  Sept. 

Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.   (horned). 

Muddy  or  sphagnum  bogs.  Salisbury  (Bissell),  Norfolk 
(J.  W.  Robbins,  J.  H.  Barbour),  Woodbury,  Bethany  and 
Kent  (Harger),  Southington  (Andrews),  and  occasional  in 
New  London  County  (Graves).     Aug. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  359 

OROBANCHACEAE.  BROOM-RAPE    FAMILY. 

EPIFAGUS    Nutt.         Cancer-root.     Beech-drops. 
Epifagus  virginiana  (L.)  Bart. 
Leptamnium  virginiamim  Raf. 
Beech-drops. 

Occasional.    Dry  woods,  under  beech  trees.    Aug. —  Sept. 
The  earlier  flowers  are  cleistogamous.     Medicinal. 

CONOPHOLIS   Wallr.         Squaw-root.     Cancer-root. 
Conopholis  americana  (L.  f.)  Wallr. 
Cancer-root. 

Rare.  Rich  woods:  Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  New 
Haven   (Eaton  Herb,).     June. 

OROBANCHE  L.         Broom-rape. 
Orobanche  uniflora  L.  (one-flowered). 
Aphyllon  unifloriim  L.  Gray. 
Thalesia  uniflora  Britton. 
One-flowered  Cancer-root. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Dry  or  moist  woods  and  thickets, 
sometimes  in  fields  or  by  roadsides.     May  — June. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

BIGNONIACEAE.         BIGNONIA    FAMILY. 
TECOMA  Juss.         Trumpet-flower. 
Tecoma  radicans  (L.)  Juss.  (rooting). 
Trumpet  Creeper. 

Rare  or  local.  Roadsides  and  thickets  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation.     Aug. —  Sept.    Adventive  from  the  South. 

Cultivated  for  ornament.  In  the  South  it  becomes  a  per- 
nicious weed  in  cultivated  ground. 

CATALPA  Scop.         Indian  Bean.     Catalpa. 
Catalpa  bignonioides  Walt,  (like  Bignonia). 
Catalpa  Catalpa  Karst. 
Catalpa.     Candle  or  Bean  Tree. 

Rare.  Fidds  and  roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation : 
Norwich    and    New    London    (Graves),    Southington    (An- 


360  CONNECTICUT   C.EOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

drews),    Huntington   and    Southbury    (Harger),    Bridgeport 
(Eames).     June.     Adventive  from  the  Gulf  States. 

Planted  for  ornament  and  valuable  farther  south  for  its 
timber. 

MARTYNIACEAE.         MARTYNIA    FAMILY. 
MARTYNIA  L.         Unicorn-plant. 
Martynia  louisiana  Alill. 

Martynia  proboscidea  Gloxin. 
Unicorn-plant.     Proboscis  Flower. 

Rare.  Cultivated  ground:  Oxford  (Harger).  July  — 
Oct.     Fugitive  from  the  Southwest. 

The  young  pods  are  used  for  pickling. 

PHRYMACEAE.         LOPSEED    FAMILY. 
PHRYMA  L.         Lopseed. 
Phryma  Leptostachya  L.  (slender-spiked). 
Lopseed. 

Occasional.     Rich  woods   and  thickets.     July  —  Aug. 

PLANTAGINACEAE.         PLANTAIN    FAMILY. 
PLANTAGO   L.         Plantain.     Ribwort. 
Plantago  major  L.  (larger). 
Common  Plantain. 

Common.  Fields,  waste  places  and  especially  along  paths 
and  roadsides.     June  —  Sept. 

The  var.  intermedia  (GiHb.)  Dene,  (intermediate),  Plan- 
tago halophila  Bicknell,  is  frequent  on  the  borders  of  salt 
marshes  and  rarely  occurs  inland. 

The  leaves  and  root  are  medicinal.  The  young  leaves 
are  used  as  a  pot-herb.  An  unsightly  and  pernicious  weed  in 
lawns. 

Plantago  Rugelii  Dene. 
Plantain. 

Common.  Moist  fields,  yards,  thickets  and  woods.  June 
—  Aug. 

The  young  leaves  are  used  as  a  pot-herb. 


\(X    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  361 

Plantago  decipiens  Barneoud  (deceiving). 

Plantago  maritima  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Seaside  Plantain. 

Occasional  to  common  in  salt  marshes  and  on  tidal  shores. 
July  —  Oct. 

Plantago  lanceolata  L.  (lance-shaped). 

English  Plantain.     Rib  Grass.     Ripple  Grass. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides  and  waste  ground.  May  — 
Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  troublesome  weed.     The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Plantago  aristata  Michx.  (bearing  bristles). 
Plantago  patagonica  Jacq.,  var.  aristata  Gray. 

Occasional.  Dry  fields  and  roadsides.  June  —  Aug.  In- 
troduced from  the  West  and  becoming  more  frequent. 

Plantago  virginica  L. 

Dry  rocky  or  sandy  soil.  Rare  or  local  in  most  districts : 
Rocky  Hill  (M.  Hitchcock),  New  Haven  and  Oxford  (Har- 
ger),  Norwalk  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter,  Eames),  New  Milford 
(E.  H.  Austin).  Occasional  in  New  London  County 
( Graves ) .     May  — June. 

Plantago  elongata  Pursh   (lengthened). 
Plantago  pusilla  Nutt. 

Rare.  Old  Lyme,  sandy  roadside  (Bissell),  Guilford,  thin 
soil  on  the  edges  of  granite  outcrops  (G.  H.  Bartlett).     May. 

RUBIACEAE.         MADDER    FAMILY. 
ASPERULA  L. 
Asperula  glauca  (L.)  Bess,  (glaucous).  ^ 

Aspcnila  galioides  Bieb. 
Woodruff. 

Rare.  Southington,  in  fields  (Bissell).  June.  Adventive 
from  Europe. 

GALIUM    L.         Bedstraw.     Cleavers. 
Galium  Aparine  L.  (classical  name  for  some  species  of  Bed- 
straw). 
Cleavers.    Goose  Grass. 


362  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Frequent.    Moist  thickets  and  waste  places.     May  — June. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 
Galium  varum  L.  (true). 
Yellow  Bedstraw. 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  ground:  Waterford  (Graves), 
Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Plainville  (C.  D.  Bishop),  Nauga- 
tuck  (B.  B.  Bristol),  Huntington  (Karnes),  Stratford  (Mrs. 
R.  H.  Russell),  Norfolk  (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour),  Southbury 
(Weatherby  &  Harger),  Monroe  (Fames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey), 
Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
June — July.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Galium  Wirtgenii  F.  Schultz. 

Rare.     Norfolk,   in   grassland    (Miss    M.    C.    Seymour). 
June.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 
Galium  pilosum  Ait.  (hairy). 

Frequent.     Dry  soil  of  woods  and  fields.    July  —  Aug. 
Galium  pilosum  Ait.,  var.  puncticulosum   (Michx.)   Torr.   & 
Gray  (minutely  punctate). 

Rare.     Dry  ground:   South   Windsor    (A.   W.   Driggs). 
July  —  Aug. 
Galium  circaezans  Michx.  (imitating  Circaea,  the  Enchanter's 
Nightshade). 
Wild  Liquorice. 

Occasional  or  frequent.    Rich  woods.    June — July. 

Galium  lanceolatum  Torr.   (lance-shaped). 
Wild  Liquorice. 

Rich   woods.     Rare   in   New   London   County:   Norwich 
(Mrs.  F.  E.  Rogers),  Ledyard  and  Salem  (Graves).    Becom- 
ing occasional  to  frequent  northward  and  westward.    June  — 
July. 
Galium  boreale  L.  (northern). 
Northern  Bedstraw. 

Fields   and   rocky   banks.      Farmington    (Miss   Willard), 
New  Britain   (Bissell),  Derby   (Harger),  Milford   (Fames), 
and  occasional  northwestward.     June  — July. 
Galium    Mollugo    L.    (classical    name    for    some    bur-bearing 
plant). 
Wild  Madder. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND    FERNS.  363 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  grassland :  East  Haddam  (Dr.  E. 
J.  Thompson),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Southington  and 
Winchester  (Bissell),  Bridgeport,  Fairfield  and  Westport 
(Eames).     June — July.     Naturalized   from  Europe. 

The  plant  is  medicinal.  » 

Galium  erectum  Huds.  (erect). 

Rare.  Grassy  fields:  Plainville  (Bissell),  Southington 
(Andrews  &  Bissell),  Westport  (Eames),  Norwalk  (Eames 
&  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  May  — 
June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Galium  palustre  L.  (of  marshes). 

Rare  or  local.  Swamps:  New  London  (Graves),  Lyme 
(Graves,  Harger),  Plainville  and  Southington  (Bissell), 
Litchfield  (Bissell  &  Weatherby).    June — July. 

Galium  trifidum  L.  (three-cleft). 

Galium  trifidum  L.,  var.  pusillum  Gray. 

Rare.      Cold    swamps:     Norfolk    and    Sharon    (Bissell), 
Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell).    July  — Aug. 
Galium  Claytoni  Michx. 

Galium  trifidum  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Frequent.     Swamps  and  bogs.     June  —  Aug. 

Galium  tinctorium  L.  (used  for  dyeing). 
Galium  trifidum  L.,  var.  latifolium  Torr. 

Frequent.     Bogs  and  swamps.     June — July. 

Galium  labradoricum  Wiegand. 

Galium  tinctorium  L.,  var.  labradoricum  Wiegand. 

Rare.  Larch  swamps:  Norfolk  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell), 
Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fernald).     Late  May — June. 

Galium  asprellum  Michx.  (slightly  rough). 
Rough  Bedstraw. 

Frequent.    Swamps  and  borders  of  streams.    July. 

Galium  triflorum  Michx.   (three-flowered). 
Sweet-scented  Bedstraw. 

Frequent.  Dry  woods,  often  in  rocky  ground.  June  — 
Aug. 

DIODIA  L.         Buttonweed. 

Diodia  teres  Walt,  (rounded). 

Rare  or  local.     Beaches  along  the  coast  and  in  dry  sandy 


364  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

fields:  Old  Saybrook  (Bissell),  New  Haven  (O.  Harger), 
Bridgeport  (L.  N.  Johnson),  Fairfield,  plentiful  on  the  beach 
(Eames),  Sherman,  introduced  in  grassland  (Eames,  E.  H. 
Austin  &  J.  Pettibone).    July  —  Oct. 

MITCHELLA  L.         Partridge  Berry. 

Mitchella  repens  L.  (creeping). 

Partridge  Berry.     Squaw  Vine.     Checkerberry. 

Frequent  or  common.  Rich  woods.  June  — July  ;  fruit 
Sept.,  persisting  through  the  winter. 

The  berries  are  edible  but  insipid.  A  form  with  white 
berries  is  reported  from  Canaan.  The  plant  is  medicinal  and 
was  formerly  much  used  by  Indian  squaws. 

CEPHALANTHUS  L.         Buttonbush. 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis  L.  (w^estern). 
Buttonbush. 

Common.  Shallow  water  of  ponds,  swamps  and  ditches. 
July  —  Aug. 

The  bark  is  medicinal. 

HOUSTONIA  L. 

Houstonia  caerulea  L.   (sky-blue). 
Bluets.     Innocence.     Mayflower. 

Common.  Fields  and  woods,  mostly  in  moist  ground. 
April  — June. 

Houstonia  longifolia  Gaertn.  (long-leaved). 
Houstonia  purpurea  L.,  var.  longifolia  Gray. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  ground :  Ledyard  (Mrs.  C.  B.  Graves), 
Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Waterford  (Miss  Crofton), 
East  Lyme  (Mrs.  F.  H.  Dart  &  Miss  Bond),  Sprague  (Miss 
Smith),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Oxford  (Harger),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).     June— July. 

Houstonia  lanceolata  (Poir.)  Britton  (lanceolate). 
Houstonia  purpurea  L..  var.  calycosa  Gray. 

Rare.  Upland  meadow  in  Wilton  (Miss  M.  K.  Jennings). 
June  — July.     Adventive   from   the  West  or  possibly  native. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  365 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.         HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY. 

DIERVILLA  Adans.         Bush  Honeysuckle. 
Diervilla  Lonicera  Mill,  (like  Lonicera,  the  Honeysuckle). 
Diervilla  trifida  Moench. 
Diervilla  Diervilla  MacM. 
Bush  Honeysuckle. 

Frequent.  Dry  or  moist  woods  and  on  banks.  May  — 
July. 

Medicinal. 

LONICERA  L.         Honeysuckle. 
Lonicera  caerulea  L.    (sky-blue),  var.  villosa   (Michx.)   Torr. 

&  Gray  (hairy). 
Lonicera  caerulea  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Mountain  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

Swamps  and  low  or  rocky  pastures  and  thickets.  Plain-. 
ville  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Griswold  and  Voluntown  (Graves)  ; 
and  occasional  or  even  common  in  northeastern  Connecticut, 
where  it  is  sometimes  troublesome  in  pastures  and  is  locally 
known  as  Hardback.     May  — June ;    fruit  June  —  July. 

The  berries  are  edible,  resembling  the  blueberry  in  flavor. 

Lonicera  tatarica  L. 

Tartarian  Honeysuckle. 

Rare.  Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  Fairfield 
(Fames),  Redding  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Cornwall  (H. 
S.  Clark  &  Bissell).     May.     Introduced  from  Asia. 

Lonicera  canadensis  Marsh. 
Lonicera  ciliata  Muhl. 
American  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

Dry  rocky  woods.  Old  Lyme  (Graves),  North  Branford 
(A.  W.  Evans),  Middletown  (L.  N.  Johnson),  Meriden 
(Eaton  Herb.),  and  occasional  in  Litchfield  County.  May; 
fruit   June. 

Lonicera  Xylosteum  L.  (bone-wood ;  referring  to  the  hardness 
of  the  wood). 
European  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

Rare.     Westport,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  a  roadside 


366  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

(Eames).     Mid-May  —  early  June;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept.   Na- 
tive of  the  Old  World. 

Lonicera  orientalis  Lam.   (of  the  Orient). 

Rare.  Escaped  from  an  old  nursery  to  a  pasture  at 
Wethersfield  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell).  June.  Adventive  from 
Asia. 

Lonicera  japonica  Thunb. 
Japanese  Honeysuckle. 

Roadsides  and  thickets.  Occasional  or  local  in  most  dis- 
tricts, becoming  frequent  near  the  coast.  June  —  Oct. 
Naturalized  from  Asia. 

Medicinal.     Often  cultivated  for  ornament. 

Lonicera  sempervirens  L.   (evergreen). 
Trumpet  Honeysuckle. 

Occasional  in  woods  and  copses  near  the  coast ;  also  es- 
caped from  cultivation  inland  at  South  Windsor  (A.  W. 
Driggs),  East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C. 
S.  Phelps).    June;  fruit  Aug. 

Cultivated  for  ornament.     Medicinal. 

Lonicera  dioica  L.  (dioecious). 
Lonicera  glauca  Hill. 
Wild  Honeysuckle. 

Occasional.  Woods  and  thickets.  May  —  mid- June ; 
fruit  July. 

SYMPHORICARPOS   Ludwig.         Snowberry. 

Symphoricarpos  orbiculatus  Moench   (circular). 
Symphoricarpos  vulgaris  Michx. 
Symphoricarpos  Symphoricarpos   MacM. 
Indian  Currant.     Coral-berry. 

Rare.  Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  Water- 
ford  (Graves),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell),  Monroe 
and  Seymour  (Harger),  Bridgeport  and  Darien  (Eames), 
New  Milford  (C.  K.  Averill),  SaHsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
July  —  Sept. ;  fruit  Oct. —  Dec.  Introduced  from  the  West 
or  South. 

Cultivated  for  ornament,  as  is  the  following  species. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  367 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus  Michx.  (racemed),  var.  laevigatus 

Fernald  (smoothed). 
Symphoricarpos  racemosus  of  authors,  not  Michx. 
Snowberry.     Snowball. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  about  old  house  sites  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation:  Ledyard  and  Montville  (Graves),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews),  Goshen  (Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger),  Milford, 
Fairfield  and  Ridgefield  (Eames).  June  —  Aug.;  fruit  Sept. 
—  Oct.     Introduced  from  the  Northwest. 

LINNAEA  L.         Twin-flower. 

Linnaea  borealis  L.  (northern),  var.  americana  (Forbes)  Reh- 
der. 
Linnaea  borealis  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Linnaea.     Twin-flower. 

Rare.  Woods,  either  moist  or  dry :  Ledyard  and  Franklin 
(Graves),  Glastonbury  (Mrs.  F.  W.  Starmer),  Granby  (L 
Holcomb),  New  Haven,  formerly  on  East  Rock  (H.  C. 
Beardslee),  Milford  (G.  B.  Grinnell,  W.  A.  Setchell),  Corn- 
wall  (E.  E.  Brewster).     June. 

TRIOSTEUM  L.         Horse  Gentian.     Feverwort. 

Triosteum  perfoliatum   L.    (with  leaves  meeting  around  the 

stem). 
Feverwort.     Tinker's  Weed.     Wild  Coffee. 

Frequent  in  dry  fields  and  copses  in  the  shore  towns ;  not 
reported  inland.     Late  May  — June  ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

Medicinal,  as  is  the  following  species. 

Triosteum  aurantiacum  Bicknell  (orange-colored). 
Feverwort.    Wild  Coffee.     Horse  Gentian. 

Dry  woods,  copses  or  pastures.  Groton  (Bissell),  Frank- 
lin (Graves),  and  occasional  or  local  westward  and  north- 
ward.    May  — June ;  fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

Triosteum  angustifolium  L.  (narrow-leaved). 

Rare.  Rocky  or  sandy  open  woods :  South  Windsor  and 
East  Granby  (H.  S.  Clark),  Milford  and  Stratford,  four 
widely  separated  stations  (Eames).    May;  fruit  Aug. 


368  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

VIBURNUM   L.         Arrow-wood.     Laurestinus. 
Viburnum  alnifolium  Marsh,  (alder-leavecl). 
Viburnum  lantanoides  Michx. 
Hobble-bush.    Witch  Hobble.     Moosewood. 

Rich  woods.  Union  (Graves,  Bissell),  Hamden  (D.  C. 
Eaton),  Monroe  (H.  C.  Beardslee),  Redding  (F.  Mills), 
and  occasional  or  frequent  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
state.     May  ;  fruit  July. 

Viburnum  Opulus  L.   (classical  name  for  some  Alaple),  var. 

americanum  (Mill.)  Ait. 
Viburnum  Opulus  Gray's  Maiu:al  ed.  6,  not  L. 
Viburnum  americanum  Mill. 
High-bush  Cranberry.     Cranberry  Tree.     Cramp-bark.     Pim- 

bina. 

Swamps  and  wet  ground.  Southington  (Andrews), 
Waterbury  (H.  J.  Bassett),  Brookfield  (C.  K.  Averill),  and 
rare  or  local  through  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state.  May 
— June  ;  fruit  Aug. 

The  fruit  is  edible.  The  bark  is  of  considerable  value 
medicinally  and  is  officinal.  A  cultivated  form  of  the  Euro- 
pean J'ibuniuni  Opulus  with  transformed  florets  is  the  com- 
mon Snowball  of  cultivation. 

Viburnum  acerifolium  L.  (maple-leaved). 

Maple-leaved   Viburnum.      Dockmackie.     Arrow-wood. 

Common.  Dry  woods  and  thickets.  June ;  fruit  July  — 
Aug. 

Medicinal. 

Viburnum  pubescens  (Ait.)   Pursh   (downy). 
Downy  Arrow-wood. 

Rare.  Dry  rocky  woods;  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  New 
Haven  (Eaton  Herb.),  Meriden  (Bissell),  Southington  (An- 
drews), Cheshire  (Harger),  Hamden  and  Kent  (Eames), 
Salisbury   (C.  K.  Averill).     May — June;  fruit  Aug. 

Viburnum  dentatum  L.  (toothed). 
Arrow-wood.     Mealy  Tree. 

Frequent.  Swamps  and  on  banks  of  streams.  June ;  fruit 
Aug. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  369 

Viburnum  cassinoides  L.   (like  Ilex  Cassine,  the  Yaupon). 
Withe-rod.     Wild  Raisin. 

Swamps  and  wet  woods.  Frequent  except  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Fairfield  County  where  it  is  not  known.  June  ; 
fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

Viburnum  nudum  L.  (naked). 
AVild  Raisin. 

Rare.  Swampy  woods:  Milford  and  Derby  (Fames). 
Late  June  — July. 

Viburnum  Lentago  L.  (tough;  pliant). 

Sweet  Viburnum.     Sheepberry.     Nannyberry.     W'ild  Raisin. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Thickets  and  fence-rows  in  either 
dry  or  wet  ground.     Late  May  — June  ;  fruit  Sept. —  Oct. 

The  var.  sphaerocarpum  Gray  (round-fruited)  some- 
times occurs  with  the  species,  but  its  distribution  is  not  known. 

The  fruit  is  edible  but  is  unpalatable  to  many  persons. 
The  bark  of  the  root  is  medicinal  and  is  officinal,  with,  and 
under  the  name  of,  Vibuniuj>i  pruiiifoUnm. 

Viburnum  prunifolium  L.  (plum-leaved). 
Black  Haw.     Sloe.     Stag-bush. 

Rocky  woods  and  thickets.  Fairfield  (Fames),  and  occa- 
sional or  frequent  near  the  coast  westward.  May  —  early 
June  ;  fruit  Sept. 

The  var.  globosum  Nash  (spherical)  occurs  at  Greenwich 
(Bissell). 

The  bark  of  the  root  is  much  valued  for  its  medicinal 
properties  and  is  officinal. 

SAMBUCUS  L.         Flder. 

Sambucus  canadensis  L. 

Common  or  Black-berried  Elder. 

Common.  Moist  thickets  and  fence-rows.  Mid-June  — 
July  ;   fruit  Aug. —  Sept. 

The  berries   are  used   for  making  wine.     The   fruit  and 
l)ark  are  medicinal,  as  are  the  flowers  which  were   formerly 
officinal. 
Sambucus  racemosa  L.  (racemed). 
Sambucus  pubciis  Michx. 
Red-berried  Flder. 

24 


370  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.  'SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Rocky  woods  and  thickets.  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),. 
North  Stonington,  Preston  and  East  Haddam  (Graves),  New 
Haven  and  Trumbaill  (Eames),  Wilton  (Eames  &  G.  P.  Ells), 
and  occasional  or  frequent  northward.  May ;  fruit  June  — 
July. 

VALERIANACEAE.         VALERIAN    FAMILY. 
VALERIANA  L.         Valerian. 

Valeriana  officinalis  L.   (of  the  shops). 
Garden  A^alerian  or  Heliotrope, 

Rare.  Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  Water- 
ford  and  Lebanon  (Graves),  Southington  (Andrews),  Nor- 
folk (Miss  M.  C.  Seymour),  Fairfield  (Eames),  Westport 
(Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  Darien  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter). 
June.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

The  root  is  well  known  for  its  medicinal  properties  and 
is  officinal. 

VALERIANELLA  Hill.         Corn  Salad.         Lamb's  Lettuce. 

Valerianella  Locusta  (L.)  Betcke  (old  name  for  this  plant). 
ValcriancUa  oUtoria  Poll. 
Corn  Salad. 

Rare.  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  ground  in  Fair- 
field (Eames).    Aug.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Abroad  is  prized  as  a  fall  and  winter  salad  plant,  but  is 
little  known  in  America. 

Valerianella  radiata  (L.)  Dufr.  (having  rays). 

Rare.  Waterford,  many  plants  on  the  banks  of  the  Nian- 
tic  River  (Miss  E.  Shelly).     June — July. 

DIPSACACEAE.         TEASEL    FAMILY. 
DIPSACUS  L.         Teasel. 

Dipsacus  sylvestris  Huds.  (of  the  woods). 
Wild  Teasel.     Gipsy  Combs. 

Rare.  Roadsides,  pastures  and  waste  places :  Middletown 
(W.   H.   Blanchard),   Southington    (Andrews),   New   Haven 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  37I 

(Eaton  Herb.),  Milford,  Bridgeport  and  Newtown  (Eames), 
Southbury  (Harger),  Goshen  (Bissell),  Salisbury  (C.  C.  God- 
frey).    July — Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

KNAUTIA  L. 
Knautia  arvensis  (L.)  T.  Coulter  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Scahiosa  arvensis  L. 
Field  Scabious. 

Rare.  Southington,  a  few  plants  in  an  old  field  (W.  N. 
Clute).     June — July.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

CUCURBITACEAE.         GOURD    FAMILY. 
MOMORDICA  L.         Balsam-apple. 
Momordica  Charantia  L. 

Balsam-apple.     Art  Pumpkin.     La-kwa. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  in  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bis- 
sell).   Aug. —  Sept.     Fugitive  from  the  Tropics. 

The  fruit  is  sometimes  used  medicinally.  Cultivated  for 
its  fruit  by  the  Chinese. 

CITRULLUS  Neck. 
Citrullus  vulgaris  Schrad. 
Citrullns  Citrullus  Karst. 
Watermelon.     Citron. 

Rare.  Waste  places  and  about  dumping  grounds.  July  — 
Sept.     Fugitive  from  Africa. 

CUCUMIS  L. 
Cucumis  Melo  L.  (an  apple-shaped  melon). 
Melon.     IMuskmelon.     Cantaloupe. 

Rare.  Waste  or  cultivated  ground.  June  —  Aug.  Fug'- 
tive  from  southern  Asia. 

Common  in  cultivation,  having  many  varieties  dependent 
on  the  nature  of  the  fruit. 

Cucumis  sativus  L.  (sown  ;  planted). 
Cucumber. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  about  gardens  and  on  dumps.  July 
—  Aug.     Fugitive  from  southern  Asia.  ^ 


3/2  CONNFXTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

CUCURBITA    L.         Gourd.     Squash.     Tumpkin. 
Cucurbita  maxima  Duchesne  (greatest). 
Hubbard  Squash.    Marrow  Squash. 

Rare.  Cultivated  and  waste  ground.  July  —  Aug.  Fugi- 
tive, probably  from  tropical  America. 

Cucurbita  moschata  Duchesne  (musky). 

China  Squash.    Canada  or  Winter  Crookneck  Squash. 

Rare.      Waste   ground    and    about    dumps.      July  —  Aug. 
Fugitive,  probably  from  tropical  America. 
Cucurbita  Pepo  L.  (classical  name). 
Pumpkin. 

Rare  or  occasional.     Waste  places  and  cultivated  ground. 
July  —  Aug.     Fugitive,  probably   from  tropical  America. 
Was  formerly  cultivated  by  the  Indians. 
Cucurbita  Pepo  L.,  var.  condensa  Bailey   (condensed). 
Summer  Crookneck   Squash.     Scallop   Squash. 

Rare.  Waste  and  cultivated  ground.  June  —  Aug.  Fugi- 
tive from  tropical  America. 

SICYOS   L.         One-seeded  Bur  Cucumber. 

Sicyos  angulatus  L.  (angular). 
Star  Cucumber. 

Moist  rich  soil  of  river  lianks  and  waste  places.  Frequent 
to  common  along  the  coast  and  larger  rivers  ;  rare  elsewhere. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

ECHINOCYSTIS  Torr.  &  Gray.         Wild  Balsam-apple. 
Echinocystis  lobata  (Michx.)  Torr.  &  Gray  (lobed). 
MicraDipclis  lobata  Greene. 
Wild  Cucumber. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Moist  rich  soil  along  streams  and 
in  waste  places.     July  —  Sept. 

Often  planted  for  ornament. 

CAMPANULACEAE.         BLUEBELL    FAMILY. 
SPECULARIA  Fabricius.         Venus's  Looking-glass. 
Specularia   perfoliata    (L.)    A.    DC.    (with    leaves    that    meet  \ 
around  the  stem).  | 

Lcgouzia  perfoliata  Britton. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  373 

\'enus"s  Looking-glass. 

Frequent  to  common.    Dry  woods  and  fields.    June  —  Aug. 
Reduced  forms  occur  having  all  the  flowers  cleistogamous. 

CAMPANULA  L.         Eellflower. 

Campanula  rapunculoides  L.  (like  Campanula  Rapunculus,  the 

Rampion). 
liellflower.  • 

Occasional.  Roadsides  and  waste  places.  June  —  Oct. 
Naturalized    from    Europe. 

The  var.  ucranica  (Bess.)  K.  Koch  occurs  at  (7iroton 
(Graves),  Putnam  and  Southington  (Bissell),  Huntington 
(Eames). 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  (round-leaved). 
Campanula  intercedens  Witasek. 
Harebell.    Bluebell. 

Dry,  often  rocky  soil  or  on  ledges.  Rare  in  the  eastern, 
central  and  southern  parts  of  the  state,  becoming  frequent 
or  common  in  northwestern  Connecticut.     June  —  Sept. 

Campanula  patula  L.  (open;  spreading). 

Rare.  Plainfield,  a  few  plants  in  a  newly  seeded  field 
(J.  L.  Sheldon).    June.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh  (like  Galium  Aparine,  the  Bed- 
straw). 
Marsh  Bellflower. 

Frequent.     Bogs  and  wet  meadows.     Late  June  — Jtdy. 

Campanula  carpatica  Jacq. 

Rare.  Southington,  a  few  plants  in  newly  seeded  ground 
(Andrews  &  Bissell).     May — June.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

JASIONE  L.         Sheep's-bit. 
Jasione  montana  L.  (of  mountains). 
Sheep's-bit. 

Rare.  Plainfield,  a  few  plants  in  a  newly  seeded  field 
(J.  L.  Sheldon),  East  Lyme  (Miss  F.  McCook).  June. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 


374  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

LOBELIACEAE.         LOBELIA    FAMILY. 
LOBELIA  L. 

Lobelia  cardinalis  L.  (cardinal). 
Cardinal-flower. 

Frequent.     Open  or  shaded  wet  places.     July  —  Sept. 

One  of  our  most  brilliant  flowers,  and  often  succeeds  well 
in  cultivation.    The  plant  is  sometimes  used  medicinally. 

Lobelia  siphilitica  L.  (syphilitic). 
Great  Blue  Lobelia. 

Moist  grassland  or  borders  of  streams.  Orange  (Fames), 
Oxford  (Harger),  and  occasional  westward  and  northward, 
becoming  frequent  or  common  in  Litchfield  County.  July  — 
Sept. 

The  plant  is  sometimes  used  medicinally. 

Lobelia  spicata  Lam.  (spiked). 

Frequent  to  common.    Fields  and  meadows.    June  —  Aug. 

Lobelia  Kalmii  L. 

Swamps  and  on  wet  ledges.  Goshen  (J.  P.  Brace,  1822), 
Litchfield  and  Norfolk  (Bissell),  New  Milford  (C.  K.  Averill 
&  E.  H.  Austin),  becoming  frequent  in  the  limestone  district 
of  northwestern  Connecticut.     July  —  Oct. 

Lobelia  infiata  L.   (inflated). 
Indian  Tobacco. 

Common.  Woods,  fields,  roadsides  and  cultivated  ground. 
July  —  Oct. 

The  leaves,  tops  and  seeds  are  medicinal,  the  leaves  and 
tops  officinal.  Somewhat  poisonous,  resembling  tobacco  in 
in  its  action. 

Lobelia  Dortmanna  L. 
Water  Lobelia. 

In  ponds  and  lakes.  Rare  in  most  districts :  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  Canaan  (J.  H.  Barbour),  Litchfield  (L. 
M.  Underwood),  Middlebury  (Harger),  Ridgefield  (Fames), 
Monroe  (H.  C.  Beardslee),  Mansfield  (Weatherby),  Thomp- 
son (R.  W.  Woodward  &  Weatherby),  Killingly  (Weatherby 
&  Bissell),  Salem  (W.  A.  Setchell),  Griswold  (E.  F.  Burle- 


V.i.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  375 

son.      Occasional    near    the    coast    in    New    London    County. 
July  —  Sept. 

COMPOSITAE.         COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 
VERNONIA  Schreb.         Ironweed. 

Vernonia  noveboracensis  VVilld. 
Ironweed. 

Occasional,  frequent  or  common.  Low  pastures  and  open 
swamps.    July  —  Sept. 

The  root  is  medicinal.  Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed  in 
low  pastures. 

EUPATORIUM  L.         Thoroughwort. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  L.  (purple). 

Joe-Pye  Weed.     Purple  Boneset.     Trumpet  Weed.     Queen 

of  the  Meadow.     Gravel-root. 

Rare,  local  or  frequent.  Moist  woods  and  in  swamps. 
July  —  Sept. 

The  root  is  valued  for  its  medicinal  properties  and  the 
leaves  are  also  used. 
Eupatorium    purpureum     L.,     var.     maculatum     (L.)     Darl. 

(spotted). 
Eupatorium  maculatum  L. 
Joe-Pye  Weed.    Trumpet  Weed.     Purple  Boneset. 

Common.     Open  swampy  places.    July  —  Sept. 

Sometimes  occurs  with  white  flowers.     Medicinal  like  the 
typical  form  of  the  species. 
Eupatorium    purpureum    L.,    var.    amoenum    (Pursh)     Gray 

(pleasant). 
Eupatorium  maculatum  L.,  var.  amoenum  Britton. 

Rare.  In  swamps:  Preston  (Graves),  Huntington 
( Eames ) .     July  —  Sept. 

Eupatorium  hyssopifolium  L.  (having  leaves  like  Hyssop). 

Rare.  Dry  ground,  mostly  in  the  shore  towns :  East  Lyme 
(Miss  A.  M.  Ryon  &  Graves),  Old  Saybrook,  Westbrook  and 
Orange  (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  Inland  at  Southing- 
ton  (Bissell).     Aug. —  Sept. 


37*5  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Eupatorium  verbenaefolium  Michx.   (having  leaves  like  Ver- 
bena, the  A^ervain). 

Eupatorium   tcucrifoliuin  Willd. 

Rough  Boneset. 

Open   woods   and   borders   of   swamps,   usualh^   in   sandy 

soil.     Rare  at  Monroe  (Harger),  and  Southington  (Bissell)  ; 

occasional  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  River,  becoming 

frequent  near  and  along  the  coast.     Aug. —  Sept. 
]\Iedicinal  like  Eupatorium  perfoliatum. 

Eupatorium  pubescens  Muhl.  (downy). 

Eupatorium  rotundifolium  L.,  var.  ovatum  Torr. 

Open  woods  and  thickets,  mostly  in  dry  ground.  Rare  at 
Stratford  (Eaton  Herb.,  Eames),  and  East  Haven  (Bissell)  ; 
occasional  in  New  London  County  and  in  the  valley  of  the 
Connecticut   River.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Eupatorium  sessilifolium  L.  (sessile-leaved). 
Upland  Boneset. 

Dry  woods.  Rare  in  most  districts :  Southington  and 
Meriden  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Beacon  Falls,  Ansonia  and 
Seymour  (Harger),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  Occa- 
sional in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum  L.   (with  leaves  meeting  around  the 

stem). 
Boneset.     Thoroughwort.     Ague-weed.     Wild  Sage. 

Common.     Low  or  wet  ground.     Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  truncatum  Gray  (cut  off)  is  rare:  Old  Say- 
brook  (Harger),  Woodbury  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey). 

A  form  with  the  leaves  in  whorls  of  three  has  been  col- 
lected at  Bolton   (Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson). 

The  leaves  and  tops  are  much  used  in  domestic  medicine 
and  are  officinal. 

Eupatorium  urticaefolium  Reichard  (having  leaves  like  Urtica, 

the  Nettle). 
Eupatorium  agcratoides  L.f. 
White  Snakeroot. 

Occasional,  local  or  frequent.  Rocky  woods  in  rich  soil. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

The   root   is   medicinal. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  377 

Eupatorium  aromaticum  L.  (aromatic). 
White  Snakeroot. 

Rare.  Dry  woods:  Lisbon  (Graves),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E. 
E.  Rogers),  New  Haven  (Eaton  Herb.).     Aug. 

The  root  is  used  medicinally  like  that  of  Eupatorium 
urticac  folium. 

MIKANIA  Willd.         Climbing  Hemp-weed. 
Mikania  scandens  (L.)  Willd.  (climbing). 
Willoughbya  scandens  Kuntze. 
Climbing  Boneset  or  Hemp-weed. 

Swamps  and  along  streams.  Occasional  or  local  in  most 
parts  of  the  state  ;  frequent  in  southwestern  Connecticut.    Aug. 

—  Sept. 

LIATRIS  Schreb.         Button  Snakeroot.     Blazing  Star. 
Liatris  scariosa  Willd.  (thin  and  dry). 
Lacinaria  scariosa  Hill. 
Devil's  Bit.     Blazing  Star. 

Dry,  mostly  sandy  soil  of  fields,  thickets  and  sand  dunes. 
Frequent  in  the  shore  towns ;  occasional  or  local  northward, 
especially  in  the  central  part  of  the  state.     Aug. —  Oct. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

GRINDELIA  Willd.         Gum-plant.     Tar-weed. 
Grindelia  squarrosa  (Pursh)  Dunal  (with  spreading  scales). 
Gum-plant. 

Rare.     Waste  ground:  Naugatuck  (B.  B.  Bristol).     July 

—  Sept.     Fugitive  from  the  West. 

The  plant  is  used  as  a  medicine  by  the  Indians.  The 
leaves  and  fruiting  tops  are  officinal. 

CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt.         Golden  Aster. 
Chrysopsis  falcata  (Pursh)   Ell.  (sickle-shaped). 
Golden  Aster. 

In  sand,  especially  on  sea  beaches.  Rare  inland :  Colchester 
(Dr.  E.  J,  Thompson).  Plentiful  on  the  coast  from  Milford 
(Harger,  Fames)  westward  to  Westport,  especially  on  beaches 
in  Stratford  and  Bridgeport  (Fames).     July  —  Oct. 


378  COXNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [  Bull. 

SOLIDAGO  L.         Golden-rod. 

Solidago  squarrosa  Muhl.  (with  spreading  scales). 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  rocky  woods  in  either  trap  or  lime- 
stone soils:  Meriden  (Eaton  Herb.),  Berlin  and  New  Britain 
(Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews),  Farmington  and  Cheshire 
(Harger),  Salisbury   (Bissell).     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  caesia  L.  (bluish-gray). 

Frequent.  Woods  and  thickets,  usually  in  rich  soil.  Late 
Aug.—  Oct. 

The  var.  axillaris  (Pursh)  Gray  (axillary)  is  occasional 
with  the  species.  The  var.  paniculata  Gray  (panicled)  oc- 
curs at  Willington  (Bissell)  and  New  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton). 
A  hybrid  with  Solidago  latifolia  has  been  collected  at  Lantern 
Hill,  North  Stonington   (Graves). 

Solidago  latifolia  L.  (broad-leaved). 
Solidago  Hexicaulis  L.  in  part. 

Occasional  or  local.  Rich,  often  rocky,  woods.  Aug. — 
Oct. 

Solidago  bicolor  L.  (two-colored). 
White  Golden-rod. 

Common.     Dry  fields  and  open  woods.     Aug. —  Oct. 

Solidago  hispida  Muhl.  (rough-hairy). 

Solidago  bicolor  L.,  var.  concolor  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Rare.  Dry  rocky  woods  or  fields  :  Franklin  (R.  W.  Wood- 
ward), Waterford  (Graves),  Meriden  (Andrews),  Simsbury 
(L  Holcomb),  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Oxford  (Harger), 
Farmington  and  Winchester  (Bissell).     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  puberula  Nutt.  (slightly  downy). 

Rare  or  local.  Rocky  or  sandy  woods  and  fields,  some- 
times in  moist  ground :  North  Stonington,  Voluntown,  Water- 
ford  and  Stafford  (Graves),  Union  (Graves,  Bissell),  Hamp- 
ton and  East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Glastonbury  (Mrs.  F. 
W.  Starmer),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Southington  (An- 
drews &  Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger),  Milford  (Fames),  Salis- 
bury (Bissell).     Aug. —  Sept. 

A  handsome  species. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  379 

Solidago  uliginosa  Nutt.  (growing  in  marshes). 

Rare.     Salisbury,  in  swamps    (Bissell).     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  speciosa  Nutt.  (showy). 

Dry  fields,  pastures  and  open  woods.  Putnam  (Weath- 
erby  &  Bissell),  Willington  (Graves  &  Bissell),  Hampton  and 
South  Windsor  (Weatherby),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps, 
Bissell)  ;  becoming  occasional  southward  and  frequent  near 
the  coast.     Sept. —  Oct. 

Of  striking  habit  and  a  beautiful  plant  when  in  flower. 

Solidago  sempervirens  L.   (evergreen). 

Common  on  and  about  salt  marshes  and  along  tidal 
streams.     Aug. —  Oct. 

Solidago  patula  Muhl.  (open;  spreading). 

Wet  places,  either  open  or  shaded.  Rare  in  New  London 
County.     Occasional  or  frequent  elsewhere.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  arguta  Ait.  (sharp). 

Rocky  woods  or  in  half-shade.  Rare  in  New  London 
County:  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward).  Occasional  or  fre- 
quent elsewhere.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  juncea  Ait.  (like  Juncus,  the  Rush). 

Common.     Dry  fields  and   roadsides.     July  —  Aug. 
This  is  the  earliest  to  bloom  of  our  common  Golden-rods. 
A  form   approaching  var.  ramosa  Porter  &  Britton  has 
been  found  at  Wolcott   (H.  S.  Clark  &  Bissell),  and  Derby 
(Eames). 

Solidago  neglecta  Torr.  &  Gray  (neglected). 

Frequent.     Swamps  and  open  bogs.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  uniligulata  (DC.)  Porter  (having  one  ray  flower). 
Solidago  neglecta  Torr.  &  Gray,  van  linoides  Gray. 

Rare.  In  swamps:  Groton  (Graves),  Thompson  (Weath- 
erby &  Bissell),  Franklin  (R.  W.  Woodward).  SaHsbury 
(Bissell).     Aug. 

Solidago  odora  Ait.  (fragrant). 
Sweet  Golden-rod. 

Dry  woods  and  copses,  usually  in  sandy  soil.     Occasional 


380  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

in  the  central  part  of  the  state  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  River;  frequent  near  the  coast.     July  —  Aug. 
The  leaves  and  tops  are  used  medicinally. 

Solidago  Elliottii  Terr.  &  Gray. 

Rare.     Usually  in  swampy  ground  but  sometimes  in  drier 
places:  Voluntown,  Groton  and  Waterford   (Graves),  Wind- 
sor  (H.  S.  Clark,  Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Southington    (An- 
drews &  Bissell),  Glastonbury  and  Goshen   (Bissell).     Sept. 
Solidago  ulmifolia  Muhl.  (having  leaves  like  Ulmiis,  the  Elm). 
Occasional.     Dry  woods  and  copses.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  rugosa  ]\Iill.  (wrinkled). 

Solidago  altissinia  of  authors,  not  L. 
Golden-rod.     Wallweed. 

Common.  Fields,  thickets  and  roadsides  in  various  soils. 
Aug. —  Oct. 

The  var.  sphagnophila  Graves  (loving  peat-moss)  occurs 
in  sphagnum  swamps  in  Voluntown  and  Waterford  (Graves). 

X  Solidago  asperula  Desf.  (roughish). 

Rocky  ground.  Occasional  on  the  coast  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Connecticut  River  eastward    (Graves).     Aug. —  Sept. 

This  is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  Solidago  rugosa 
and  Solidago  semperzirens. 

Solidago  aspera  Ait.  (rough). 

Solidago  rugosa  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 

Occasional.  Woods,  fields  and  roadsides,  usually  in  dry 
ground.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.  (of  groves). 

Common.     Dry  fields  and  open  places.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  canadensis  L. 

Solidago  canadensis  L.,  var.  glahrata  Porter. 

Rare.  Alluvial  soil  at  Selden's  Cove,  Lyme  (Graves). 
Late  July  —  Aug. 

Solidago  altissima  L.  (tallest). 

Solidago  canadensis  of   Gray's    Manual   ed.   6  in   part. 
Solidago  canadensis  L.,  var.  scahra   Torr.   &   Gray. 
Solidago  canadensis  L.,  var.  scabriuscula   Porter. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  381 

Golden-rod. 

Common.    Fields,  roadsides  and  fence-rows.    Aug. —  Sept. 
A  handsome  and  well-marked  species. 

Solidago  serotina  Ait.   (late). 

Rare,  occasional  or  local.     IMoist  places,  often  in  alluvial 
soil.     July  —  Aug. 
Solidago  serotina  Ait.,  var.    gigantea  (Ait.)  Gray  (gigantic). 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Low  fields  and  thickets  and  bor- 
ders of  swamps.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  rigida  L.  (stiff). 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  fields  and  open  woods :  Stonington 
and  Mansfield  (Graves),  Andover  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps),  East 
Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon,  Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett),  Branford  (O.  Harger),  East  Haven  and  Brookfield 
(Harger),  Milford  (Bissell),  Stratford  (Eames).  Monroe 
(H.  C.  Beardslee),  Norwalk  (E.  H.  Baldwin).     Aug.— Oct. 

Solidago   graminifolia    (L.)    Salisb.    (grass-leaved),   var.    Nut- 

tallii   (Greene)   Fernald. 
Solidago  lanccolata  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part. 
Enthamia  grmninifolia  Britton's  Manual  in  part. 

Frequent  or  common.  Moist  ground,  usually  in  rich  soil, 
and  in  swamps.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Solidago  tenuifolia  Pursh  (narrow-leaved). 

Enthamia  caroliniana  of  American  authors  in  part,  not  Greene. 
Enthamia  tennifolia  Greene. 

Dry  or  moist  fields.  Common  in  southwestern  Connecti- 
cut ;  occasional  or  local  elsewhere.     Aug. —  Oct. 

Sometimes  troublesome  to  farmers  as  a  weed  in  pastures. 

BOLTONIA  L'FIer. 
Boltonia  asteroides  (L.)  L'Her.  (aster-like). 
Boltonia. 

Rare.  Roadsides,  waste  ground  and  rocky  woods  :  Thomp- 
son (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs).  Meri- 
den  (R.  W.  Woodward  &  Andrews).  Sept.  Introduced  from 
the  West. 

A  good  plant  for  hardy  borders  and  often  cultivated  for 
ornament. 


382  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

ASTER    L.         Starwort.     Aster.     Frost-flower. 
Aster  divaricatus  L.  (widely  divergent). 
Aster  corynihosus  Ait. 
Aster  cannesiniis  Burgess. 
Aster  tenebrosus  Burgess. 
Aster  divaricatus  and  varieties  Burgess. 
Aster  Claytoni  Burgess. 
Aster  Claytoni  Burgess,   var.    crispicans   Burgess. 

Common.  Woods  and  thickets,  in  either  moist  or  dry 
ground.      Aug. —  Sept. 

A  very  variable  species  with  many  described  forms. 

Aster  Schreberi  Nees. 

Aster  curvescens  Burgess. 

Aster  curvescens  Burgess,  var.  nmhelliformis  Burgess. 

Aster  curvescens  Burgess,  var.  oviformis  Burgess. 

Rare,  local  or  frequent.     Woods  and  thickets,  usually  in 
rich  soil.    July  —  Aug. 
Aster  macrophyllus  L.  (large-leaved). 
Aster  roscidus   Burgess. 
Aster  macrophyllus   and   varieties    Burgess. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Rich  woods,  more  often  in  rocky 
places.     Mid-July — Sept. 

The  var.  pinguifolius  Burgess  (greasy-leaved)  occurs 
at  Colchester  (Graves),  Meriden  and  Southington  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  Bristol  and  Norwalk  (Bissell),  Trumbull  and 
Fairfield  (Fames),  Bridgeport  and  New  Milford  (C.  K. 
Averill). 

The  var.  ianthinus  (Burgess)  Fernald  (violet-colored), 
Aster  ianthinus  Burgess,  Aster  violaris  Burgess,  Aster  multi- 
formis Burgess,  Aster  nobilis  Burgess,  is  rare:  Groton 
(Graves),  Union  (Bissell),  Meriden  (Andrews),  Milford  (H, 
S.  Clark),  Fairfield  County  (Fames). 
Aster  Herveyi  Gray. 

Rare.  Dry  woods:  Groton  (Graves),  Stratford  (Fames). 
Aug. —  Sept. 

Aster  spectabilis  Ait.  (showy). 

Rare.  Dry  rocky  or  sandy  soil :  Voluntown,  Groton  and 
Waterford   (Graves).     Sept. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  383 

Aster  radula  Ait.  (a  scraper;  referring  to  the  rough  leaves). 

Rare.  Low  ground:  Voluntown  (Graves),  East  Hartford 
(Weatherby),  Hamden   (Eaton  Herb.).     Sept. 

Aster  novae-angliae  L. 

New  England  Aster. 

Frequent.  Fields  and  roadsides,  usually  in  moist  rich  soil. 
Aug. —  (3ct. 

The  var.  roseus  (Desf.)  DC.  (rosy;  pink)  is  sometimes 
seen. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  Asters. 

Aster  patens  Ait.  (spreading). 

Frequent.  Dry  fields  and  open  woods,  in  sandy  or  sterile 
soil.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Aster  undulatus  L.  (wavy). 

Aster  undulatus  and  varieties  Burgess. 

Common.  Woods,  thickets  and  fields  in  dry  soil.  Aug. — 
Oct. 

A  very  variable  species. 

Aster  cordifolius  L.  (having  heart-shaped  leaves). 
Aster  cordifolius  and  varieties  Burgess. 

Common.     Woods,  thickets  and  roadsides.     Sept. —  Oct. 

The  var.  polycephalus  Porter  (many-headed)  is  occa- 
sional, as  well  as  a  variety  of  forms  intermediate  between  it 
and  the  species.  A  hybrid  with  Aster  ericoides  occurs  at 
Salisbury   (Mrs.   C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell). 

Aster  Lowrieanus  Porter. 

Rare.  Dry  open  woods:  New  Haven  (R.  W.  Woodward). 
Sept. 

The  var.  lanceolatus  Porter  (lance-shaped),  var.  land- 
folius  Porter,  Aster  cordifolius  L.,  var.  lanceolatus  Porter, 
is  rare  or  local  in  rich  woods. 

A  great  variety  of  intermediates  between  tlie  variety  and 
the  typical   form  have  been  noted. 

Aster  laevis  L.  (smooth). 

Frequent  or  common.  Moist  or  dry  fields,  thickets  and 
borders  of  woods.  Late  July  —  Sept. 


384  CONNECTICUT   GEOL,    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBuU. 

The  van  amplifolius  Porter  (large-leaved)  occurs  at 
Hampton  (A.  W.  Driggs). 

Very  variable  as  to  form  of  leaf.     A  handsome  species. 

Aster  concinnus  Willd.   (neat;  elegant). 

Rare.  Southington,  rock  crevices  of  dry  shaded  ledges 
at  Meriden  Mt.  (Andrews).     Sept. 

One  of  the  rarest  plants  of  North  America.  Three,  or 
doubtfully  four,  other  stations  only  are  known.  See  Rhodora 
2  :i66. 

Aster  ericoides  L.  (like  Erica,  the  Heath). 

Common.     Dry  mostly  open  places.     Sept. —  Oct. 

The  var.  villosus  Torr.  &  Gray  (hairy),  var.  pilosus 
Porter,  is  occasional  in  New  London  County  (Graves),  and 
occurs  as  far  west  as  New  Haven  (J.  A.  Allen).  A  hybrid 
with  Aster  undulatus  occurs  at  Oxford  (Harger). 

Aster  amethystinus  Nutt.  (of  the  color  of  amethyst). 

Rare.  Dry  to  moist  open  ground :  New  London  and 
Sprague  (Graves),  Oxford  and  Southbury  (Harger),  Salis- 
bury (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).     Sept. 

Aster  multiflorus  Ait.  (many-flowered). 

Common.     Dry  fields  and  roadsides.     Sept. —  Oct. 
The  var.  exiguus  Fernald   (small;  mean)   sometimes  oc- 
curs with  the  typical  form. 

Aster  dumosus  L.  (bushy). 

Dry   soil   of   open   fields   or   in   half   shade.      Southington 

(Andrews    &    Bissell),    Farmington     (Bissell),    Manchester 

(Weatherby),   Stafford    (Graves),  Old   Saybrook    (Bissell); 

becoming  frequent  in  eastern  Connecticut.    July  —  Sept.    The 

so-called  Aster  Gravesii  Burgess  is  apparently   a  hylirid  of 

Aster  dumosus  with  some  other  species,  probably  Aster  lacins, 

and  occurs  at  Water  ford  (Graves). 

Aster  dumosus   L.,  var.   coridifolius    (Michx.)    Torr.   &   Gray 

(having  leaves  like  Coris,  a  genus  of  the  Primrose  Fam- 

ily). 

Rare.     Sandy  thickets   or   more  open  ground :   Ellington 
(Weatherby),  Southington  (Bissell).    Aug. —  Sept. 
Aster  dumosus  L.,  var.  strictior  Torr.  &  Gray  (more  upright). 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  385 

Rare.  Dry  fields  :  Stafford  and  Groton  (Graves).  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Aster  vimineus  Lam.  (bearing  long  flexible  twigs). 

Common.     Moist  fields  and  roadsides.     Aug. —  Oct. 
The  var.  foliolosus  Gray  (leafy)   is  occasional,  growing 
with  the  typical  form. 

Aster  lateriflorus  (L.)  Britton  (having  one-sided  flower-clus- 
ters). 

Aster  diffusus  Ait. 

Aster  lateriflorus  Britton,  var.  pendulus  Burgess. 

Common.    Fields  and  woods  in  either  moist  or  dry  ground. 

Aug. —  Oct. 
Aster  lateriflorus  (L.)  Britton,  var.  hirsuticaulis  (Lindl.)  Por- 
ter (hairy-stemmed). 

Aster  hirsuticaulis  Lindl. 

Aster  diffusus  Ait.,  var.  hirsuticaulis  Gray. 

Occasional.     Moist  shaded  ground.     Sept. —  Oct. 
Aster  lateriflorus  (L.)  Britton,  var.  thyrsoideus  (Gray)  Shel- 
don  (wand-like). 

Aster  diffusus  Ait.,  var.  thyrsoideus  Gray. 

Rare.     Fields:  Fairfield  and  Westport  (Fames).     Sept. — 

Oct. 

Aster  Tradescanti  L. 

Rare.  In  swamps:  Fast  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Strat- 
ford  (Fames),  Salisbury   (Bissell).     Aug. —  Sept. 

Aster  paniculatus  Lam.  (panicled). 

Frequent  or  common.  Moist  roadsides  and  thickets,  and 
in  alluvial  soil  along  streams.     Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  simplex  (Willd.)  Burgess  (simple)  and  the  var. 
ACUTiDENS^  Burgess  (having  sharp  teeth)  occur  rarely  in 
moist  ground. 

Aster  longifolius  Lam.  (long-leaved). 

Rare.     In  swamps:  Farmington  and  Litchfield  (Bissell). 
Sept. 
Aster  novi-belgii  L. 

Moist  or  wet  ground  or  in  swamps.     Common  along  the 
25 


386  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

coast ;  frequent  in  the  Connecticut  Valley ;  occasional,  local 
or  rare  elsewhere.    Sept. —  Oct. 

Aster  tardiflorus  L.  (late-flowering). 

Rare.     Borders  of  swamps  and  in  low  thickets :  Stafford, 
Plymouth  and   Salisbury    (Bissell).     Sept. 
Aster  prenanthoides  Muhl.  (like  Prenanthes,  the  Rattlesnake- 
root). 

Rare.     Wet  thickets:   Trumbull    (Eames).     A   specimen 
in  the  Bassett  Herbarium  at  Waterbury,  labelled  "  Ct.,"  is 
apparently  of  this  species.     Sept. 
Aster  puniceus  L.  (crimson). 
Red-stalked  Aster. 

Frequent  to  common.  Open  or  wooded  wet  places.  Aug. 
—  Sept. 

The  var.  compactus  Fernald  (close)  ;  the  var.  firmus 
(Nees)  Torn  &  Gray  (strong),  var.  laevicaulis  Gray;  the 
var.  DEMissus  Lindl.  (low)  ;  and  the  var.  lucidulus  Gray 
(somewhat  shining)  are  all  reported  to  occur  rarely  or  occa- 
sionally with  the  species. 
The  root  is  medicinal. 

Aster  umbellatus  Mill,  (umbellate). 
Doellingcria  lunhellata  Nees. 

Frequent.     Moist  woods  and  thickets.    July  —  Sept. 

Aster  infirmus  IMichx.   (not  strong). 
Docllingeria  infirma  Greene. 

Rare.  Dry  woods  and  thickets:  West  Hartford  (Har- 
ger),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Meriden  and  Wol- 
cott  (Andrews),  New  Milford  and  Kent  (C.  K.  Averill), 
New  Fairfield  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).    July  —  Aug. 

Aster  linariifolius  L.   (having  leaves  like  Linaria,  the  Toad- 
flax). 
lonactis  linariifolius  Greene. 

Frequent  or  local.  Dry  open  sandy  or  sterile  soil.  Aug. — 
Oct. 

Aster  tataricus  L.  f. 
Siberian  Aster. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND    FERNS,  387 

Rare.  Killingly,  escaped  from  cultivation  to  waste  ground 
(Graves).     Oct.     Introduced  from  Asia. 

Aster  acuminatus  Michx,  (taper-pointed). 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Rich  woods.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Aster  tenuifolius  L.  (slender-leaved). 

Frequent  in  salt  marshes  and  about  tidal  waters.  Aug. — 
Oct. 

Aster  subulatus  Michx.  (awl-shaped). 

Common  in  salt  marshes.     Sept. —  Oct. 

ERIGERON  L.         Fleabane. 

Erigeron  pulchellus  Michx.  (pretty) . 
Erigeron  hellidifolius  Muhl. 
Robin's  Plantain. 

Common.  Fields,  meadows  and  op6n  woods,  usually  in 
moist  soil.     May — June. 

!  Erigeron  philadelphicus  L. 

Daisy  Fleabane.    Skevish. 

Fields,  meadows  and  roadsides.  Norwich  (J.  Trumbull), 
Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Southington  (Andrews),  and  fre- 
quent in  towns  along  the  Connecticut  and  Housatonic  Rivers. 
June  — July. 

The  herb  is  medicinal. 

Erigeron  annuus    (L.)    Pers.    (annual). 
Daisy  Fleabane.     Sweet  Scabious. 

Common.     Fields  and  waste  places.    June  —  Sept. 
The  herb  has  medicinal  properties. 

Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.  (branching), 
Erigeron  strigosus  Muhl. 
Daisy  Fleabane. 

Common.     Fields  and  waste  places.    June  —  Sept. 

The  var.  discoideus  (Robbins)  BSP.  (having  disk  flowers 
only)  is  occasional  with  the  species. 

Erigeron  canadensis  L. 

Leptilon  canadense  Britton. 

Horse-weed.    Canada  Fleabane.    Butter-weed. 


388  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Common.     Cultivated  and  waste  ground.     July  —  Oct, 
The  herb  is  used  medicinally  and  the  oil  distilled  from  it 
is  ofificinal.     Often  a  troublesome  weed. 

SERICOCARPUS  Nees.         White-topped  Aster. 
Sericocarpus  asteroides  (L.)  BSP.  (aster-like). 
Sericocarpus  conyzoides  Nees. 

Common.     Dry  woods  and  fields,     July  —  Aug. 

Sericocarpus  linifolius  (L.)  BSP.  (having  leaves  like  Linum, 

the  Flax). 
Sericocarpus  solidagineus  Nees, 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  fields,  woods  and  on  rocky  summits: 
Groton  and  Waterford  (Graves),  East  Hartford  (A.  W. 
Driggs  &  Weatherby),  East  Windsor  (Bissell),  Southington 
and  Plainville  (Audrews,  Bissell),  Hamden,  Waterbury  and 
Oxford  (Harger),  Beacon  Falls  and  Huntington  (Fames). 
July  —  Aug. 

BACCHARIS  L.         Groundsel  Tree. 
Baccharis  halimifolia  L.  (having  leaves  like  Atriplex  Halimus). 
Groundsel  Tree.     Pencil  Tree. 

Rare.  Borders  of  salt  marshes :  Stonington  and  Groton 
(Graves),  New  London  (Miss  M,  Crofton),  Fast  Lyme  (Miss 
A.  M.  Ryon,  Gen.  Haskins),  East  Haven  (Harger),  Bridge- 
port (C.  K.  Averill,  Fames),  Norwalk  (Miss  A,  F.  Carpenter, 
Bissell).     Sept.;  fruit  Oct. 

PLUCHEA   Cass,         Marsh   Fleabane, 
Pluchea  camphorata  (L.)  DC,  (having  the  odor  of  camphor). 
Salt  Marsh  Fleabane, 

Frequent  on  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.     Aug. —  Oct. 
Rarely  occurs  with  white  flowers. 

ANTENNARIA    Gaertn.         Everlasting.     Ladies'    Tobacco. 

Pussy's  Toes, 
Antennaria  Parlinii  Fernald, 
Antennaria  arnoglossa  Greene. 

Rare.    Dry  woods  and  banks:  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  i 
East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  New  Haven  (M,  L,  Fernald), 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  389 

Woodstock,  Wallingford  and  Monroe  (Harger),  Winchester 
(Bissell).    May. 

Antennaria  canadensis  Greene. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  woods  and  fields:  Stafford  (Graves), 
Lisbon  and  Southbury  (Harger),  Bolton,  East  Hartford  and 
Salisbury  (Weatherby),  West  Hartford  (A.  W.  Driggs), 
Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  North  Canaan  (Bissell). 
May. 

Antennaria  plantaginifolia    (L.)    Richards,    (plantain-leaved). 
Antennaria  plantaginea  R.  Br. 
Plantain-leaved  Everlasting. 

Frequent  to  common.  Dry  woods  and  fields.  Late  April 
—  May. 

Antennaria  fallax  Greene  (deceitful). 
Antennaria  ambigens  Fernald. 

Dry  woods  and  fields.  Frequent  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  state,  becoming  local  or  occasional  eastward  and  north- 
ward.    May. 

Antennaria  neodioica  Greene. 

Frequent.     Dry  fields  and  open  woods.     April  —  May. 

Antennaria  neglecta  Greene  (neglected). 
Indian  Tobacco. 

Common.  Dry  or  sterile  places,  mostly  in  open  fields. 
April  —  May. 

The  earliest  flowering  and  most  plentiful  species  of  the 
genus. 

ANAPHALIS  DC.         Everlasting. 
Anaphalis  margaritacea  (L.)  Benth.  &  Hook,  (pearly). 
Pearly  Everlasting. 

Frequent  to  common.  Fields  and  pastures,  usually  in  dry 
soil.     July  —  Sept. 

The  leaves  are  medicinal  and  reputed  to  be  a  cure  for 
rattlesnake  bite. 

GNAPHALIUM  L.         Cudweed. 
Gnaphalium  polycephalum  Michx.   (many-headed) 
Gnaphalium  obtusifoliiim  of  Britton's  Manual. 


390  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Common  or  Sweet  Everlasting. 

Common.     Dry  ground  in  various  soils.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Gnaphalium  decurrens  Ives  (decurrent). 
Everlasting. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  fields  and  woods:  Southington  (Bis- 
sell),  New  Haven  (E.  Ives),  Oxford,  Seymour  and  Middle- 
bury  (Harger),  Litchfield  (Eaton  Herb.),  Huntington,  New 
Milford  and  Kent  (Eames),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
Aug. —  Sept. 

Gnaphalium  uliginosum  L.   (growing  in  marshes). 
Cudweed.    Low  Cudweed. 

Common.  Fields  and  roadsides  in  moist  ground.  June  — 
Sept. 

Gnaphalium  purpureum  L.  (purple). 
Purplish  Cudweed. 

Rare  or  local.  Dry  fields  and  pastures :  Stonington,  Gro- 
ton  and  Waterford  (Graves).    June  —  Aug. 

INULA  L.         Elecampane. 
Inula  Helenium  L.  (classical  name). 
Elecampane. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Fields,  pastures  and  roadsides, 
mostly  in  moist  rich  soil.  July  —  Sept.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

The  root  is  medicinal  and  was  formerly  officinal. 

POLYMNIA  L.         Leafcup. 
Polymnia  canadensis  L. 
Leafcup. 

Rare  or  local.  Rocky  open  woods  on  slopes  of  loose  trap 
rock:  North  Branford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Durham,  north  end 
of  Pistapaug  Pond  (O.  D.  Allen),  also  in  Wallingford,  in  a 
similar  situation  y^  mile  from  the  Durham  locality  (Harger). 
Sept. 

SILPHIUM  L.         Rosin-weed. 
Silphium  perfoliatum  L.  (having  leaves  that  meet  around  the 
stem). 
Cup  Plant. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  39I 

Rare.     Waste  ground:  Southington    (Weatherby  &  Bis- 
sell),  Fairfield  (Eames).     Aug.     Introduced  from  the  West. 
The  rhizome  is  medicinal. 

IVA  L.         Marsh  Elder.     Highwater-shrub. 
Iva  oraria  Bartlett  (of  the  coast). 

Iva  frutescens  of  Gray's  Manual  ed,  6,  not  L. 
Highwater-shrub. 

Common  on  salt  marshes  and  seashores.    July  —  Sept. 

Iva  xanthifolia  Nutt.  (having  leaves  like  Xanthium,  the  Clot- 
bur). 

Rare.  Waste  places:  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Bridge- 
port (Eames),  New  Milford  (E.  H.  Austin).  July  —  Sept. 
Introduced  from  the  West. 

AMBROSIA    L.         Ragweed. 
Ambrosia  bidentata  Michx.  (two-toothed). 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  in  waste  ground  (Eames).  Sept. 
Fugitive  from  the  West. 

Ambrosia  trifida  L.  (three-cleft). 
Great  Ragweed. 

Moist  places  and  alluvial  flats.  Usually  rare;  but  local, 
frequent  or  common  along  the  larger  rivers  and  in  south- 
western Connecticut.     Aug. —  Sept. 

The  var.  integri folia  (Muhl.)  Torr.  &  Gray  (having 
entire  leaves)  is  occasional  with  the  typical  form. 

A  coarse  and  unsightly  weed. 

Ambrosia  artemisiifolia  L.  (having  leaves  like  Artemisia,  the 

Wormwood). 
Ragweed.     Hog-weed.     Bitter-weed.    Roman  Wormwood. 

Common.  Open  places,  especially  in  waste  and  cultivated 
ground.    July  —  Sept. 

A  troublesome  and  pernicious  weed  in  all  soils.  Its  pollen 
is  said  to  cause  hay  fever.    The  plant  is  medicinal. 

XANTHIUM  L.        Clotbur.     Cocklebur. 
Xanthium  spinosum  L.  (spiny) . 
Prickly  or  Spiny  Clotbur. 


392  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVR;Y.  [Bull. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Naugatuck 
(A.  E.  Blewitt).  Aug.— Sept. ;  fruit  Sept.— Nov.  Adven- 
tive  from  tropical  America. 

The  leaves  are  medicinal. 

Xanthium  canadense  Mill. 
Xanfhitwi  glabratiun  Britton. 
Xanthium  piingcns  Wallr.   (?). 
Xanthium  strumarium  of  Britton  &  Brown's  111.  Flora. 

Rare  or  local.  Sandy  roadsides  and  beaches,  banks  of 
streams  and  in  waste  places  :  Stratford  and  Fairfield  (Eames), 
Oxford  (Harger),  West  Hartford,  Goshen,  Norwalk  and 
Sharon  (Bissell).     Aug. —  Sept. 

Xanthium  commune  Britton   (growing  in  colonies). 

Rare.  Banks  of  streams  and  in  waste  places :  East  Wind- 
sor (Bissell),  Stratford,  Bridgeport,  Fairfield  and  New  Mil- 
ford   (Fames),  Stamford   (A.  W.  Driggs).     Aug. —  Sept. 

Xanthium  echinatum  Murr.   (hedgehog-like). 

Xanthium  canadense  Mill.,  var.  echinatum  Gray. 

Frequent  or  common.  Waste  places,  banks  of  streams 
and  about  ponds.    Aug. —  Sept. 

HELIOPSIS   Pers.         Ox-eye. 
Heliopsis  helianthoides  (L.)  Sweet  (like  Helianthus,  the  Sun- 
flower). 
Heliopsis  laevis  Pers. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  and  sandy  woods :  Southington 
(Andrews  &  Bissell),  Seymour  (Harger),  Naugatuck  (A.  E. 
Blewitt).  Fairfield  (Eames).  July — Sept.  Introduced  from 
the  West. 

Heliopsis  scabra  Dunal  (rough). 

Rare.  Dry  fields  and  roadsides:  East  Lyme  (Miss  A. 
M.  Ryon  &  Graves),  Montville  (Graves),  Berlin  (Andrews 
&  Bissell),  Cheshire  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Oxford  (Harger),  Sey- 
mour and  Huntington   (Eames).     July  —  Sept. 

RUDBECKIA  L.         Cone-flower. 
Rudbeckia  triloba  L.  (three-lobed). 

Rare.    Roadsides  and  banks  of  streams :  Hartford  (H.  S. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  393 

Clark  &  Bissell),  Meriden  (Andrews),  Waterbury  (A.  E. 
Blewitt),  Woodbury  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey),  New  Mil- 
ford  (C.  K.  Averill,  Eames),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
Aug. —  Sept.    Introduced  from  the  West. 

Rudbeckia  subtomentosa  Pursh  (somewhat  woolly). 

Rare.  Roadside  in  Windsor  (Bissell).  Aug. —  Sept. 
Adventive  from  the  West. 

Rudbeckia  hirta  L.  (rough). 

Yellow  Daisy.     Black-eyed  Susan,     Nigger-head. 

Common.  Fields  and  meadows,  more  often  in  dry  ground. 
June  —  Aug.     Introduced  from  the  West. 

Rudbeckia  speciosa  Wenderoth  (showy). 
Cone-flower. 

Local.  Waterford  (Miss  A.  Smith),  Brookfield,  fairly 
plentiful  in  a  field  and  along  a  roadside  (Harger).  Aug. — 
Sept.     Adventive  from  the  south-central  United  States. 

Rudbeckia  laciniata  L.  (slashed). 
Tall  Cone-flower.     Thimble-weed. 

Occasional  to  frequent.  Moist  thickets  and  along  streams. 
July  —  Sept. 

A  double-flowered  form  of  this  is  often  cultivated  for 
ornament  under  the  name  of  Golden  Glow,  and  sometimes 
escapes  to  roadsides  and  waste  ground.  The  plant  is  medicinal. 

BRAUNERIA  Neck.         Purple   Cone-flower. 
Brauneria  pallida  (Nutt.)  Britton  (pale). 
Echinacea  angustifolia  of  authors,  not  DC. 
Purple  Cone-flower. 

Rare.  Dry  ground:  Griswold  (E.  F.  Burleson),  East 
Lyme  (Mrs.  F.  H.  Dart),  Vernon  (A.  W.  Driggs),  Southing- 
ton  (Andrews).     July.     Adventive  from  the  West. 

LEPACHYS  Raf. 
Lepachys  pinnata  (Vent.)  Torr.  &  Gray  (pinnate). 
Ratihida  pinnata  Barnhart. 
Cone-flower. 

Rare.  Oxford,  in  dry  fields  (Harger).  Aug.  Fugitive 
from  the  West. 


394  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST,   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

HELIANTHUS   L.         Sunflower. 

Helianthus  annuus  L.  (annual). 
Common  Sunflower. 

Occasional.  Waste  places  as  an  escape  from  cultivation. 
July  —  Sept.     Adventive  from  the  western  United  States. 

Cultivated  for  ornament  and  for  its  seeds  which  yield 
an  oil  or  are  fed  to  poultry.    The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Helianthus  petiolaris  Nutt.  (provided  with  leaf-stalks). 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation:  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon),  Hartford  (H.  S. 
Qark),  Naugatuck  (B.  B.  Bristol),  New  Milford  (E.  H. 
Austin).  Aug. —  Sept.  Introduced  from  the  western  United 
States. 

Helianthus  debihs  Nutt,  (weak). 

Rare,      Waste    ground:     Waterbury     (A.    E.    Blewitt). 
Sept. —  Oct.     Fugitive  from  the  South, 
Helianthus  debilis  Nutt,,  var,  cucumerifolius  (Torr,  &  Gray) 
Gray  (cucumber-leaved). 

Rare.  New  London,  escaped  from  gardens  (Graves), 
Bridgeport  (Eames).  July  —  Aug,  Fugitive  from  the  South- 
west, 

Helianthus  scaberrimus  Ell.  (very  rough). 
Helianthus  rigidus  Desf. 

Rare,  Dry  fields:  Waterbury  (A,  E,  Blewitt),  Oxford 
(Harger),     Aug. —  Sept,     Adventive  from  the  West. 

Helianthus  laetiflorus  Pers.  (flowering  abundantly). 

Rare,  Glastonbury,  along  roadside  and  in  waste  ground 
(Bissell),     Aug, —  Sept,     Adventive  from  the  West, 

Helianthus  grosseserratus  Martens  (coarsely  toothed). 

Rare,  Fields  and  open  places :  Newington,  apparently 
native  at  this  station  (Weatherby),  Oxford,  probably  intro- 
duced (Harger),    Aug, —  Sept, 

Helianthus  giganteus  L,  (gigantic), 

Helianthus  giganteus  L,,  var,  ambiguus  Torr.  &  Gray, 

Moist  ground  and  banks  of  streams.  Occasional  or  fre- 
quent near  the  coast  eastward,  becoming  common  in  the  south- 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  395 

western  part  of  the  state;  extending  inland  as  far  as  Water- 
bury  (H.  J.  Bassett)  and  Kent  (Eames).    Aug. —  Sept. 

Helianthus  Maximiliani  Schrad. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  New 
Milford  (E.  H.  Austin),  Bridgeport  (Eames).  Mid-July  — 
Aug.     Fugitive  from  the  western  United  States. 

Helianthus  divaricatus  L.  (widely  diverging). 

Common.  Dry  fields,  thickets  and  open  woods.  July  — 
Sept. 

Helianthus  strumosus  L.   (bearing  wens  or  swellings). 

Frequent.     Thickets  and  borders  of  woods.    Aug. —  Sept. 
The  var.  mollis  Torr.  &  Gray  (soft),  var.  macrophyllus 
Britton,  is   rare:    Groton    (Graves),   Norwich    (Mrs.   E.   E. 
Rogers),  Willington   (Graves  &  Bissell). 

Helianthus  trachehifolius  Mill,  (having  leaves  like  Trachelium, 

the  Throatwort). 

Rare.  There  is  a  specimen  of  this  in  the  Gray  Herbarium 
collected  at  New  Haven  by  Charles  Wright.  Not  otherwise 
known  from  the  state.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Helianthus  decapetalus  L.  (having  ten  petals). 
Wild  Sunflower. 

Frequent.  Moist  or  dry  woods,  thickets  and  fence-rows. 
Aug. —  Sept. 

Helianthus  tuberosus  L.  (bearing  tubers.) 
Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

Occasional.  Waste  places  and  roadsides.  Aug. —  Oct. 
Naturalized  from  the  West. 

The  tubers  are  edible  and  are  used  for  pickles  and  salads ; 
they  also  furnish  a  valuable  food  for  stock.  The  plant  was 
formerly  cultivated  by  the  Indians. 

COREOPSIS  L.        Tickseed. 

Coreopsis  tinctoria  Nutt.  (used  for  dyeing). 

Rare.  Waste  places:  New  London  (Graves),  Southington 
(Andrews),  Bridgeport,  Stratford  and  Norwalk  (Fames). 
June  —  Sept.     Adventive  from  the  West. 


396  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND  NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Coreopsis  lanceolata  L.  (lance-shaped). 

Rare.    Roadsides:  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Ox- 
ford (Harger).    July.     Adventive  from  the  Southwest. 

BIDENS  L.         Bur  Marigold. 
Bidens  discoidea    (Torr.   &  Gray)    Britton    (having  only   disk 
flowers). 
Coreopsis  discoidea  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Swamps  and  about  ponds.    Occasional  near  the  coast  and 
throughout  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  River.    Aug. —  Sept, 

Bidens  frondosa   L.    (leafy). 
Bidens  melanocarpa  Wiegand. 
Common  Beggar-ticks.     Stick-tight. 

Common.     Moist  fields,  swamps,  waste  places  and  culti- 
vated ground.    Aug. —  Sept. 

Bidens  vulgata  Greene  (common). 
Bidens  frondosa  Wiegand,  not  L. 
Beggar-ticks.    Stick-tight. 

Frequent.      Fields,   roadsides    and   cultivated   ground,   in 
moist  soil.    Aug. —  Sept. 
Bidens  comosa  (Gray)  Wiegand  (bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs). 
Bidens  connata  Muhl.,  var.  comosa  Gray. 

Frequent.     Moist  soil  in  various  situations.     Aug. —  Oct 

Bidens  connata  Muhl.,  var.  petiolata   (Nutt.)   Farwell  (having 

leaf-stalks). 
Bidens  connata  of  authors  in  part. 
Swamp  Beggar-ticks. 

Frequent.    Swamps  and  wet  woods.    Aug. —  Sept. 

A  form  with  ray  flowers  occurs  occasionally. 

Bidens  cernua  L.  (nodding). 

Bidens  cernua  L.,  var.  elliptic  a  Wiegand. 
Stick-tight. 

Common.     Wet  meadows,  along  ditches  and  on  shores. 
Sept.—  Oct. 

Bidens  laevis  (L.)  BSP.  (smooth). 
Bidens  chrysanthemoides  Michx. 
Bur  Marigold. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  397 

Marshes  and  borders  of  ponds  and  streams.  Frequent 
near  the  coast  in  southwestern  Connecticut  and  inland  as  far 
as  Ridgefield  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey)  ;  occurs  also  along 
the  Connecticut  River  throughout  its  course;  not  reported 
elsewhere.     Aug. —  Oct. 

Bidens  bipinnata  L,  (twice-pinnate). 
Spanish  Needles. 

Rocky  woods,  roadsides  and  waste  places  in  sandy  soil. 
New  London  (Graves),  Oxford  (Harger),  and  occasional 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,    Aug. —  Oct, 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Bidens  leucantha  Willd.  (white-flowered). 

Rare.  Hartford,  in  waste  ground  (H,  S.  Clark).  Sept. 
Fugitive  from  the  South. 

Bidens  trichosperma  (Michx.)  Britton  (with  hairy  seeds). 
Coreopsis  trichosperma  Michx, 
Tickseed  Sunflower, 

Rare.    New  Haven,  Goffe  St.  (O.  Harger).    Aug.— Oct. 

Bidens  aristosa  (Michx,)  Britton  (bearing  bristles). 
Coreopsis  aristosa  Michx. 

Rare,  Waste  places:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E,  Rogers), 
Lebanon  and  Windham  (Graves),  Sept,  Fugitive  from  the 
West, 

Bidens  Beckii  Torr, 
Water  Marigold, 

Rare,  In  ponds:  Lyme  (Graves),  Guilford  (G.  H,  Bart- 
lett),  Wallingford  (Harger),  North  Haven  (Eaton  Herb,), 
Plainville  (J.  N.  Bishop),  East  Granby  (Harger),  Danbury 
(Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).    Aug. —  Sept, 

GALINSOGA   Ruiz   &  Pavon, 
Galinsoga  parviflora  Cav,  (small-flowered), 
Galinsoga, 

Local,  Waste  ground,  mostly  in  cities,  July  —  Sept,  Ad- 
ventive  from  tropical  America, 

The  var,  hispida  DC,  (rough-hairy)  is  often  more  plen- 
tiful than  the  typical  form. 


398  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST,   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

HELENIUM  L.         Sneezeweed. 
Helenium  nudiflorum  Nutt.  (naked-flowered). 

Rare.  Fields:  Groton  (Mrs.  C.  B.  Graves),  East  Lyme 
(F.  H.  Dart),  Bridgeport  (Fames).  June  —  Oct.  Intro- 
duced from  the  South. 

Helenium  autumnale  L.  (autumnal). 
Sneezeweed.     Staggerwort. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Swamps  and  on  river  banks. 
Aug. —  Oct. 

The  herb  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  Arnica  and  in  powder 
as  a  snuff  for  catarrh.  The  flowers  are  poisonous  and  cattle 
and  horses  are  sometimes  killed  b}^  eating  freely  of  them, 

Helenium  tenuifolium  Nutt.  (fine-leaved). 

Rare.  Bridgeport,  in  railroad  wastes  (Fames),  Aug. — 
Sept.    Adventive  from  the  South. 

ACHILLEA  L.         Yarrow. 
Achillea  Millefolium  L.  (thousand-leaved). 
Common  Yarrow.     Milfoil. 

Common.     Fields  and  waste  ground.     June  —  Nov. 
A  form  with  pink  or  reddish  flowers  is  grown  for  orna- 
ment and  sometimes  escapes  from  gardens  to  roadsides.    The 
plant  is  medicinal. 

Achillea  lanulosa  Nutt.  (woolly). 
Yarrow. 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  ground :  Southington  (Andrews), 
and  probably  elsewhere,  as  it  has  not  been  distinguished  from 
Achillea  Millefolium.  July  —  Aug.  Introduced  from  the 
West. 

ANTHEMIS   L.         Chamomile. 
Anthemis  Cotula  L.  (like  Cotula,  the  Buck's-horn). 
May-weed.     Dog  Fennel.     Fetid  Chamomile. 

Common.      Roadsides    and    waste    places.      June  —  Nov. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Anthemis  arvensis  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Corn  Chamomile. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  399 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground.  May — June.  Ad- 
ventive  from  Europe. 

The  var.  agrestis  (Wallr.)  DC.  (of  fields)  occurs  rarely 
in  waste  ground. 

Both  the  species  and  the  variety  are  medicinal. 

Anthemis  nobilis  L.   (well-known). 
Garden  Chamomile. 

Rare.  Wolcott,  roadside  near  a  deserted  dwelling  (An- 
drews &  Bissell).    Aug.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

The  plant  is  medicinal,  the  flower-heads  officinal. 

Anthemis  tinctoria  L.  (used  for  dyeing). 
Golden  Marguerite.     Yellow  Chamomile. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  grassland  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation:  Franklin  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  East  Windsor  (Bis- 
sell), Southington  (Andrews),  Oxford  (Harger),  Fairfield 
(Fames),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter),  Litchfield  (Miss 
E.  H.  Thompson).     June  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Often  cultivated  for  ornament. 

MATRICARIA  L.        Wild  Chamomile. 

Matricaria  inodora  L.  (odorless). 

Rare.  Waste  places  and  in  grain  fields :  Naugatuck 
(B.  B.  Bristol),  Bridgeport  (Fames),  Oxford  and  Southbury 
(Harger),  Wilton  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter).  June — Sept. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Vlatricaria  Chamomilla  L.   (classical  name  for  this  plant). 
German  Chamomile. 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  waste  ground  (B.  B.  Bristol).  July  — 
Aug.    Fugitive  from  Europe. 

The  dried  flower-heads  are  officinal,  and  are  much  used  in 
household  practice,   especially  by  German  people. 

j^atricaria  suaveolens  (Pursh)  Buchenau  (sweet-smelling). 

!     Matricaria  matricarioides  Porter. 
Matricaria  discoidea  DC. 
Pineapple-weed, 

Rare.  Waste  places:  Naugatuck  (B.  B.  Bristol),  Bridge- 
port (Fames).    July.    Fugitive  from  the  Pacific  Coast. 


4CXD  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [BuU. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM  L. 
Chrysanthemum    Leucanthemum    L.     (white-floAvered),    van 
pinnatifidum  Lecoq  &  Lamotte   (pinnately  cleft). 
Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum  of  Manuals. 
Daisy.     White  or  Ox-eye  Daisy.     White-weed.     Marguerite. 
Common.     Fields,  meadows  and  roadsides.     May  — July. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Often   a   troublesome   weed   in   grassland.     The   plant   is 
medicinal. 

Chrysanthemum  Parthenium    (L.)    Bernh.    (ancient  name  of 

some  plant). 
Feverfew. 

Rare.    Waste  ground  as  an  escape  from  gardens.    June  — 
Aug.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

The  herb  is  medicinal. 

Chrysanthemum  Balsamita  L.,  var.  tanacetoides  Boiss.   (like 

Tanacetum,  the  Tansy). 
Costmary.    Alecost.    Mint  Geranium. 

Rare.    Escaped  from  gardens  to  fields  and  roadsides :  East  i 
Lyme    (Graves),    Groton    (Graves   &   Bissell),    Southington 
(Andrews  &  Bissell),  Oxford  (Harger),  Trumbull  (Fames), 
Wilton    (Miss  A.   E.   Carpenter).     Sept. —  Oct.     Adventive 
from  Asia. 

Medicinal. 

TANACETUM  L.         Tansy. 
Tanacetum  vulgare  L.  (common). 
Common  Tansy. 

Frequent.      Roadsides    and    waste    places.      July  —  Oct. 
Naturalized   from   Europe. 

The  var.   crispum   DC.    (crisped)    is  occasional  with  the 
species. 

The  leaves  and  flowering  tops   are  medicinal   and   were 
formerly  officinal. 

ARTEMISIA  L.         Wormwood. 
Artemisia  caudata  Michx.  (tailed). 

Dry  sandy  ground.     Common  along  the  coast,  extending 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  4OI 

inland   as   far   as   Wallingford   and   Haddam    (Bissell),   and 
Seymour    (Harger).      Aug. —  Sept. 

Artemisia  campestris  L.   (of  fields),  var.  pubescens   (Jord.  & 

Fourr.)  Rouy  &  Foucaud  (downy). 

Rare.     Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (A.  E.  Blewitt,  Har- 
ger).     Mid-Aug. —  Sept.      Fugitive   from   Europe. 
Artemisia  Abrotanum  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
Old  Man.     Southernwood. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  as  an  escape  from  gardens :  Bridge- 
port and  Fairfield  (Eames).  July  —  Oct.  Fugitive  from 
Europe. 

Medicinal  much  like  Artemisia  Absinthium. 

Artemisia  vulgaris  L.   (common). 

Common  Mugwort.    Felon-herb.    Sailor's  Tobacco. 

Rare  or  occasional.  Roadsides,  waste  ground  and  about 
old  gardens:  New  London  and  Sprague  (Graves),  East  Hart- 
ford (Weatherby),  Southington  (Andrews  &  Bissell),  Lisbon, 
Oxford  and  Southbury  (Harger),  Fairfield  County  (Eames). 
July  —  Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 
Artemisia  Dracunculus  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
Tarragon.     Estragon. 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (B.  B.  Bristol).  July 
—  Sept.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

In  Europe  it  is  cultivated  for  its  leaves  which  are  used  for 
seasoning. 
Artemisia  Stelleriana  Bess. 

Dusty  Miller.     Beach  Wormwood.     Old  Woman. 

Occasional  on  sea-shores  in  New  London  County  (Graves). 
July  —  Aug.     Naturalized  from  Asia. 

Sometimes   cultivated    for   ornament. 
Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  (biennial). 

Rare.     Waste  ground:    Bloomfield   (Bissell),  Naugatuck 
(B.  B.  Bristol),  Stratford   (Harger),  New  Milford   (E.  H. 
Austin).     Sept.     Adventive  from  the  West. 
Artemisia  annua  L.  (annual). 

Rare.     Waste  ground:  East  Lyme   (Graves),  Naugatuck 

26 


402  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

(B.  B.  Bristol),  Bridgeport  (Eames).    Aug. —  Sept.    Fugitive 
from  Asia. 

Artemisia  Absinthium  L.(  classical  name  for  this  plant). 
Wormwood. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  places  as  an  escape  from 
gardens:  East  Windsor  (Bissell),  Naugatuck  (A.  E.  Blewitt), 
Oxford  (Harger),  Milford  and  Fairfield  (Eames),  Sahsbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    Aug. —  Sept.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

The  leaves  and  tops  were  formerly  much  prized  in  domes- 
tic medicine  and  were  until  recently  officinal. 

Artemisia  pontica  L. 
Roman  Wormwood. 

Rare.  Roadsides  as  an  escape  from  cultivation :  Scotland 
(Graves),  Southington  (Weatherby  &  Bissell),  Salisbury 
(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).    July  —  Aug.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

In  Europe  this  species  is  much  used  in  the  preparation  of 
absinthe. 

Artemisia  frigida  Willd.  (cold). 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  waste  ground  (B.  B.  Bristol).  Aug. 
Fugitive  from  the  western  United  States. 

TUSSILAGO  L.         Coltsfoot. 
Tussilago  Farfara  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
Coltsfoot.     Coughwort. 

Occasional  or  local.  Wet  places,  roadsides  and  along 
streams,  usually  in  heavy  soils.  March  —  May.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

A  popular  remedy  for  coughs  and  colds  and  much  used 
in  domestic  medical  practice. 

PETASITES  Hill.         Sweet  Coltsfoot. 
Petasites  palmatus  (Ait.)  Gray  (palmate). 
Sweet  Coltsfoot. 

Rare.  Salisbury,  wet  cold  woods  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
April. 

Petasites  vulgaris  Hill  (common). 
Petasites  Petasites  Karst. 
Butterbur. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  4O3 

Rare.     Hartford,  escaped  from  a  garden  (Mrs.  W.  Seli- 
ger).     April.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 
The  plant. is  medicinal. 

ERECHTITES   Raf.         Fireweed. 
Erechtites  hieracifolia   (L.)    Raf.    (having  leaves  like  Hiera- 
cium,  the  Hawkweed). 
Erechtites  praealta  Raf. 
Fireweed.     Pilewort. 

Common.  Fields,  roadsides  and  woodland  clearings  in 
either  dry  or  moist  ground ;  also  on  borders  of  salt  marshes. 
July  —  Oct. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 

CALENDULA  L.         Marigold. 
Calendula  officinalis  L.  (of  the  shops). 
Pot  Marigold.     Calendula.     Mary-bud. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  as  an  escape  from  gardens :  South- 
ington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  South  Norwalk  (Miss  A.  E.  Car- 
penter).    July  —  Aug.     Fugitive  from  southern  Europe. 

This  is  the  "  Marygold "  of  Shakespeare.  The  dried 
flowers  are  medicinal,  often  used  in  the  treatment  of  wounds. 

CACALIA   L.         Indian  Plantain. 
Cacalia  suaveolens  L.  (sweet-smelling). 
Synosma  suaveolens  Raf. 
Indian  Plantain. 

Dry  or  moist  open  woods  or  banks.  Rare  in  most  dis- 
tricts :  East  Haven  (D.  C.  Eaton  et  al.),  Derby  (H,  C.  Beards- 
lee).  Local  near  the  coast  from  Orange  westward  (Fames), 
July  —  Sept. 

SENECIO   L.         Groundsel.     Ragwort.     Squaw-weed. 
Senecio  vulgaris  L.  (common). 
Common    Groundsel. 

Rare.  Waste  and  cultivated  ground :  New  London 
(Graves),  Hartford  (H.  S.  Clark),  Southington  (Andrews), 
Bridgeport  (Miss  A.  E.  Carpenter).  June  —  Nov.  Adven- 
tive  from  Europe. 

The  plant  is  medicinal. 


404  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  fBull. 

Senecio  viscosus  L.  (sticky). 

Rare.  Waste  ground  :  Stamford  (Eames  &  W.  H.  Hoyt). 
July  —  Aug.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Senecio  obovatus  Muhl.  (inversely  egg-shaped ;  the  broad  end 
up). 
Senecio  aureus  L.,  var.  obovatus  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Squaw-weed.     Ragwort. 

Dry  soil,  mostly  in  open  woods.  Occasional  to  frequent 
west  of  the  Connecticut  River,  but  not  reported  from  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state.     May  — June. 

Senecio  aureus  L.  (golden). 

Life-root.     Golden   Ragweed  or   Ragwort.      Swamp   Squaw- 
weed.  ' 
Frequent  to  common.    Swamps  or  in  wet  ground.    May  — 

June. 

The  roots   and   tops   of  this  and   allied   species   are   used 

medicinally. 

Senecio  Balsamitae   Muhl.,  var.  praelongus   Greenman    (very 

long). 
Senecio  aureus  L.,  var.  Balsainitac  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in 

part. 

Rare.  Dry  grassland  and  open  woods :  Oxford  and  South- 
bury  (Harger),  Woodbury  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).    June. 

No  other  specimens  of  this  variety  have  been  seen  and  none 
of  the  typical  form.  Probably  most  reports  of  the  latter  are 
based  on  forms  of  Senecio  ohoz'atus. 

ARCTIUM    L.         Burdock. 

Arctium  Lappa  L.   (a  bur). 

Arctium  Lappa  L.,  var.  majus  Gray. 
Great  Burdock. 

Roadsides  and  waste  ground.  Rare  or  local  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state,  becoming  occasional  northw^ard.  July  — 
Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  roots  of  this  and  allied  species  are  officinal  and  the 
seeds  and  leaves  are  also  used  medicinally.  Both  this  and  the 
following  species  are  unsightly  weeds. 


Xo.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    y\ND    FERNS.  405 

Arctium  minus   (Hill)   Bernh.   (smaller). 
Arctium  Lappa  L.,  var.  minus   Gray. 
Arctium  Lappa  L.,  var.  tomentosum  Gray. 
Arctium  tomentosum  of  Britton's  Manual  in  part. 
Common  Burdock. 

Common.  Roadsides  and  waste  places.  July  —  Oct. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  A  form  with  woolly  involucral 
bracts  sometimes  occurs. 

CARDUUS  L.         Plumeless  Thistle. 

Carduus  acanthoides  L.  (like  Acanthus,  the  Bear's-breech). 
Curled  Thistle. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps). 
July  —  Aug.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

CIRSIUM  Hill.         Common  or  Plumed  Thistle. 

Cirsium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Hill  (lance-shaped). 
Carduus  lanceolatus  L. 
Cnicus  lanceolatus  Willd. 
Common  or  Bull  Thistle. 

Frequent.  Roadsides  and  pastures.  July  —  Sept.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe. 

Cirsium  spinosissimum  (Walt.)  Scop,  (very  spiny). 
Carduus  spinosissinms  Walt. 
Cnicus  horridulus  Pursh. 
Yellow  Thistle. 

Occasional  in  fields  and  borders  of  salt  marshes  along  the 
coast.    June  — July. 

Rarely  occurs  with  purple  flowers. 

Cirsium  discolor  (Muhl.)  Spreng.  (of  different  colors). 
Carduus  discolor  Nutt. 
Cnicus  altissimus  Willd.,  var.  discolor  Gray. 
Field  Thistle. 

Fields  and  thickets.  Occasional  in  most  sections,  but  fre- 
quent to  common  along  the  coast  and  throughout  the  Housa- 
tonic  Valley.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Flowers  sometimes  white. 


406  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVl'.Y.  [Bull. 

Cirsium  altissimum  (L.)  Spreng-.  (tallest). 
Car  duns  altissimus  L. 
Cnicus  altissinms  Willd. 
Tall  Thistle. 

Rare.  Introduced  with  garden  seed  about  a  yard,  a  few 
plants  only,  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  Aug. —  Sept. 
Fugitive  from  the  West. 

Cirsium  muticum  Michx.  (pointless). 
Cardmis  muticus  Pers. 
Cnicus  muticus  Pursh. 
Swamp  Thistle. 

Frequent.     Swamps  and  moist  thickets.     Aug. —  Sept. 

Cirsium  pumilum  (Nutt.)  Spreng.  (low). 
Carduiis  odoratus  Porter. 
Cnicus  pumilus  Torr. 
Pasture  or  Bull  Thistle. 

Common.     Fields  and  pastures.     July  —  Sept. 

Cirsium  arvense   (L.)   Scop,   (of  cultivated  ground). 
Carduiis  arvensis  Robson. 
Cnicus  arvensis  Hoffm. 

Canada  Thistle. 

Frequent.  Fields,  meadows,  pastures  and  waste  ground. 
June  —  Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  var.  vestitum  Wimm.  &  Grab,  (clothed)  and  the 
var.  integrifolium  Wimm.  &  Grab,  (entire-leaved)  occur 
in  grassland  in  SaHsbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell)  ;  the 
first  named  variety  has  also  been  found  at  Orange  { Weath- 
erby). 

A  pernicious  weed  extremely  difficult  to  eradicate.  The 
root  is  medicinal. 

A  statute  of  Connecticut  enacted  in  1881,  provides  that 
"  Every  owner  or  possessor  of  lands  shall  cut  down  all  wild 
carrots  and  Canada  thistles  growing  thereon,  or  in  the  high- 
way adjoining,  so  often  as  to  prevent  them  going  to  seed ; 
and  upon  failure  so  to  do,  any  person  aggrieved,  or  any  citizen 
of  the  town  wherein  the  lands  are  situated,  may  complain  to 
any  grand  juror  of  said  town,  who  shall  thereupon  forthwith 
notify  such  owner  or  possessor  of  such  complaint.     Tf  said 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  407 

owner  or  possessor  shall  still  neglect  to  comply  with  the  pro- 
visions of  this  section,  he  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  five 
dollars,  for  each  and  every  day  of  such  neglect  after  such 
notice."    Revised  Statutes,  sec.  1374. 

ONOPORDUM    L.         Cotton   or   Scotch   Thistle. 

Onopordum  Acanthium  L. 

Cotton  Thistle. 

Rare.  Fields  and  roadsides :  Ledyard,  Groton  and  Water- 
ford  (Graves),  New  Haven  (Harger).  July  —  Sept.  Ad- 
ventive   from   Europe. 

CENTAUREA  L.         Star  Thistle. 

Centaurea  Jacea  L. 
Meadow  Centaury. 

Rare.     Fields:  Norwich   (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Guilford 
(G.  H,  Bartlett),  Southington  (Bissell),  Bridgeport  (Fames). 
June  —  Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 
Centaurea  Jacea  L.,  var.  lacera  Koch  (torn). 

Rare.  In  fields:  Granby  (Bissell),  Naugatuck  (A.  E. 
Blewitt),  Oxford  (Harger),  Bridgeport  (Fames).  June  — 
Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Centaurea  Cyanus  L.  (classical  name  for  this  species). 
Corn-flower.     Bluebottle.     Bachelor's  Button. 

Rare.  Waste  ground  and  about  gardens  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation:  Ledyard  and  Lyme  (Graves),  Fast  Wind- 
sor (Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Seymour  and 
Oxford  (Harger),  Fairfield  County  (Fames).  June  —  Oct. 
Introduced  from  Europe. 

Often  cultivated  for  ornament.     The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Centaurea  nigra  L.  (black). 

Spanish  Buttons.  Hardheads.  Knapweed.  Black  Centaury. 
Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  ground :  New  London  and 
Waterford  (Graves),  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt),  Bridge- 
port (Fames),  Norwalk  (G.  P.  Ells),  Salisbury  (Bissell). 
May  —  Aug.  Introduced  from  Europe. 
Centaurea  nigra  L.,  var.  radiata  DC.  (bearing  rays). 

Rare.    Waste  ground:  Waterbury  (J.  N.  Bishop),  Oxford 


408  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bill' 

(Harger),   Bridgeport    (Eames).      May  —  Aug.     IntroducKi 
from  Europe. 

Centaurea  maculosa  Lam.  (spotted). 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  ground:  Griswold  (E.  F.  Burli  - 
son),  Granby  (I.  Holcomb),  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thonii. 
son),  Salisbury  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps).  Aug.  Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Centaurea  vochinensis  Bernh. 

Rare.  Fields  and  roadsides :  Southington  (Andrews  >S: 
Bissell),  Fairfield  and  Darien  (G.  P.  Ells).  June  —  Seja 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

LAPSANA  L.         Nipple-wort. 
Lapsana  communis  L.  (growing  in  colonies). 
Nipple-wort. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  New  Haven  (A.  W.  Evans).  June 
—  Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

CICHORIUM  L.         Succory.     Chicory. 
Cichorium  Intybus  L.   (classical  name  for  this  species). 

Cichorium  Intybus  L..  var.  dk'oricatuiii  of  American  authors, 

probably  not  DC. 
Common  Chicory.     Blue  Sailors. 

Occasional  or  frequent.  Fields  and  roadsides.  June  — 
Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  root  is  medicinal ;  it  is  also  used  as  an  adulterant 
of  and  substitute  for  cofifee.  The  flowers  are  sometimes  rose- 
color  or  rarely  pure  white. 

KRIGIA  Schreb.         Dwarf  Dandelion. 
Krigia  virginica  (L.)  Willd. 

Adopogon  caroliniamim  Britton. 
Dwarf  Dandelion. 

Frequent.     Dry  sandy  or  sterile  ground.     April  —  Sej't. 

Krigia  amplexicaulis  Nutt.  (stem-clasping). 
Adopogon  virginiciim  Kuntze. 
Cynthia. 

Rare.    Dry  sandy  soil :  Litchfield  (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson), 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  4O9 

Southbury    (Mrs.   H.   G.   Morse),  Washington    (C.   C.  God- 
frey), Greenwich   (W.  P.  Alcott).     May  —  July. 

HYPOCHAERIS  L.         Cat's-ear. 
Hypochaeris  radicata  L.  (having  roots ;  referring  to  the  long 
tap-roots). 
Cat's-ear. 

Rare.  In  grassland:  Southington  (Bissell),  Bridgeport 
and  Fairfield  (Eames).    July.    Adventive  from  Europe. 

Has  proved  to  be  a  bad  weed  in  some  parts  of  New 
England. 

LEONTODON  L.         Hawkbit. 
Leontodon  autumnalis  L.  (autumnal). 
Fall  Dandelion.     Arnica. 

Moist  grassland.  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett)  ;  and  frequent 
or  common  in  the  town  of  Thompson  (Weatherby  &  Bissell), 
also  in  Hartford  County  and  some  adjacent  towns.  May  — 
Nov.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Leontodon  autumnalis  L.,  var.  pratensis  Koch  (of  meadows). 
Fall  Dandelion. 

Moist  grassland.  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Litch- 
field (Miss  E.  H.  Thompson)  ;  and  occasional  in  Hartford 
County.     May  —  Nov.     Naturalized   from  Europe. 

Leontodon  hastilis  L.   (like  a  spear-shaft). 

Rare.  Southington,  in  fields  (Bissell).  May — June. 
Fugitive   from   Europe. 

Leontodon  nudicaulis  (L.)   Banks  (naked-stemmed). 
Leontodon  hirtiis  L. 

Local.  In  grassland :  Waterford,  plentiful  at  one  station 
(Graves),  East  Lyme  (Miss  A.  M.  Ryon).  July  — Aug. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

PICRIS  L. 
Picris  hieracioides  L.  (like  Hieracium,  the  Hawkweed). 

Rare  or  local.  Fields  and  waste  places:  Old  Lyme 
(E.  F.  WilHams),  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bartlett),  Westport, 
plentiful  in  one  locality,  and  Bridgeport  (Eames),  Salisbury 


4IO  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

(Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  Bissell).    June — July.    Adventive  from 
Europe. 

Picris  echioides  L.  (like  Echium,  the  Viper's  Bugloss). 
Ox-tongue. 

Rare.  Southington,  in  cultivated  ground  (Andrews), 
Fairfield,  in  grassland  (Eames).  July  —  Sept.  Fugitive  from 
Europe. 

TRAGOPOGON  L.         Goat's  Beard. 
Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  (having  leaves  like  Allium  Porrum, 
the  Leek). 
Oyster-plant.     Salsify. 

Rare.  Fields  and  roadsides:  Tolland  (Weatherby  &  Bis- 
sell), Southington  (Andrews,  Bissell),  Ridgefield  (W.  H. 
Hoyt).     May — June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Tragopogon  pratensis  L.  (of  meadows). 
Goat's  Beard. 

Fields  and  roadsides.  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers), 
Orange  (Harger),  and  occasional  in  the  western  part  of  the 
state.     June  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  root  is  medicinal. 

TARAXACUM  Ludwig.         Dandelion. 
Taraxacum  officinale  Weber  (of  the  shops). 
Taraxacum  Taraxacum  Karst. 
Common  Dandelion. 

Common.  Fields,  lawns  and  waste  ground.  April  —  Nov., 
but  especially  in  May.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  root  is  medicinal  and  is  officinal ;  it  is  also  used  as  a 
substitute  for  cofifee.     The  plant  is  much  used  as  a  pot-herb. 
Taraxacum  officinale  Weber,  var.  palustre    (Sm.)    Blytt    (of 
marshes). 

Frequent.  Moist  fields  and  waste  places.  April  —  Nov. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Uses  and  properties  as  in  the  typical  form  of  the  species. 

Taraxacum  erythrospermum  Andrz.  (red-seeded). 
Red-seeded  Dandelion. 

Local.     Usually  in  dry  but  sometimes  in  moist  fields  or 


.\u.    14. J  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FP:RNS.  4II 

open  woods.     May  —  Nov.,  especially  in  May.     Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Uses  and  properties  as  in  Taraxacum  officinale. 

SONCHUS  L.         Sow  Thistle. 
Sonchus  arvensis  L.  (of  cultivated  ground). 
Field  Sow  Thistle. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  waste  places:  Norwich  (W.  A.  Set- 
chell),  New  London  and  Montville  (Graves),  Preston  (Mrs. 
E.  E.  Rogers),  East  Hartford  (Weatherby),  Bridgeport 
(Eames).     Late  Jnne  —  Sept.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  (suitable  for  a  pot-herb). 
Common  Sow  Thistle. 

Occasional.     Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.     July  —  Oct. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Medicinal. 

Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill  (rough). 
Spiny-leaved  Sow  Thistle. 

Rare  to  occasional.  Waste  ground  and  on  shores.  July  — 
Aug.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

LACTUCA  L.         Lettuce. 
Lactuca  scariola  L. 

Prickly  Lettuce. 

Rare.  Waste  ground:  New  London  (Graves),  Naugatuck 
(B.  B.  Bristol),  Norwalk  (Eames).  July  —  Aug.  Adventive 
from  Europe. 

The  herb  is  medicinal. 
Lactuca  scariola  L.,  var.  integrata  Gren.  &  Godr.  (entire). 
Lactuca  virosa  of  American  authors,  not  L. 
Prickly  Lettuce. 

Occasional.  Waste  ground,  mostly  near  railroads  or  in 
populous  districts.  Aug. —  Sept.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
The  herb  is  medicinal. 

Lactuca  canadensis  L. 

Wild  Lettuce.     Horse-weed. 

Common.     Fields  and  roadsides.     June  —  Aug. 

The  var.  Montana  Britton  (of  mountains),  var.  integri- 


412  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

folia  of  some  authors,  not  Lactuca  integrifolia  Bigel.,  is  rare 
or  occasional  with  the  typical  form. 
The  plant  is  medicinal. 

Lactuca  integrifolia  Bigel.   (entire-leaved). 

Lactuca  sagittifolia  of  Britton's  Manual  in  part. 

Rare.  Roadsides  and  fields:  Union  (Bissell),  Hartford 
(A.  W.  Driggs),  Seymour  (Eames  &  C.  K.  Averill).  Prob- 
ably occurring  at  other  localities,  its  distribution  unknown. 
July  —  Sept. 

Lactuca  hirsuta  Muhl.  (hairy). 

Rare.  Dry  woods  or  fields :  Groton,  Montville  and  Water- 
ford  (Graves),  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Elhngton, 
Bristol  and  Wolcott  (Bissell),  Southington  (Andrews,  Bis- 
sell), Meriden  (Andrews),  Oxford  and  Southbury  (Harger), 
Stratford  and   Fairfield    (Eames).     July  —  Aug. 

Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  (having  spikes). 
Lactuca  Icucophaea  Gray. 
Wild  Blue  Lettuce. 

Frequent.  Roadsides,  thickets  and  woodlands.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

Lactuca  saliva  L.  (sown;  planted). 
Lettuce. 

Rare.      Waste    ground    as    an    escape    from    cultivation : 
Bridgeport  (Eames).     June  —  Aug.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 
Well  known  as  a  salad  plant. 

CREPIS  L.         Hawk's  Beard. 
Crepis  capillaris  (L.)  Wallr.  (hair-like). 
Crepis  virens  L. 
Crepis  virens  L.,  var.  dentata  Bisch. 

Rare.  In  grassland:  Groton  (Graves),  North  Stonington 
and  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Plainfield  (J.  L.  Sheldon), 
East  Hartford  (C.  C.  Hanmer),  East  Windsor  (Bissell), 
Oxford  (Harger),  Nor  walk  (G.  P.  Ells),  Greenwich  (W.  E. 
Wheelock) .     Aug. —  Sept.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Crepis  tectorum  L.  (of  dwellings). 

Rare.  North  Stonington  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers).  Sept. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  4I3 

Crepis   taraxacifolia   Thuill.    (having   leaves   like  Taraxacum, 
the  Dandelion). 

Rare.  Southington,  in  grassland  (Bissell).  May — June. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Crepis  setosa  Haller  f.  (bristly). 

Rare.  Fairfield,  in  grassland,  probably  introduced  with 
grass  seed  (Fames).     Sept. —  Oct.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Crepis  rigida  W.  &  K.   (stifif). 

Rare.  Southington,  in  fields  (Bissell).  June — July. 
Fugitive  from  Europe. 

PRENANTHES  L.         Rattlesnake-root. 
Prenanthes  alba  L.  (white). 
Nabalus  albus  Hook. 
White  Lettuce.     Rattlesnake-root. 

Rare,  local  or  frequent.  Open  woods,  copses  and  fence- 
rows.    Aug. —  Oct. 

The  plant  and  roots  are  medicinal. 

Prenanthes  serpentaria  Pursh  (classical  name). 
Nabalus  serpentarius  Hook. 
Lion's-foot.     Gall-of-the-earth. 

Woods  and  thickets.  Voluntown,  Waterford  and  Wind- 
ham (Graves),  Groton  and  Oxford  (Harger),  Southington 
(Bissell),  and  occasional  toward  the  south  and  southwest. 
Aug. —  Oct. 

The  root  and  leaves  are  medicinal. 

Prenanthes  trifoliolata   (Cass.)    Fernald   (with  three  leaflets). 
Nabalus  trifoliolatiis  Cass. 

Prenanthes  serpentaria  Gray's  Manual  ed.  6  in  part,  not  Pursh. 
Gall-of-the-earth. 

Frequent.     Woods  and  thickets.     Aug. —  Oct. 

Extremely  variable  in  leaf  form. 

Prenanthes  altissima  L.  (very  tall). 
Nabalus  altissimus  Hook. 
Gall-of-the-earth. 

Occasional  or  frequent.     Rich  woods.     Aug. —  Oct. 

The  var.  hispidula  Fernald  (minutely  hispid)  occurs  at 
Stafford  (Graves  &  Bissell),  and  Oxford  (Harger). 


414  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND  NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

The  plant  is  medicinal.     All  species  of  Prenanthes  have 
been  used  as  a  remedy  for  the  bites  of  venomous  snakes. 


( 


HIERACIUM  L.         Hawkweed. 
Hieracium  Pilosella   L.    (somewhat  hairy). 

Mouse-ear.  i 

Rare.     Dry  grassland:   Southington    (Andrews),   Wilton 
(Miss    A.    E.    Carpenter).      May — July.      Adventive    from  ii 
Europe. 

Hieracium  aurantiacum  L.  (orange-colored). 

Orange  Hawkweed.     Devil's  Paint-brush.     Grim  the  Collier. 

Rare,  occasional  or  local.  Dry  to  wet  woods,  fields  and 
roadsides.     June.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  bad  weed  in  some  parts  of  northern  New  England. 

Hieracium  fioribundum  Wimm.  &  Grab,  (many-flowered). 

Rare.  Fields  and  waste  ground:  Guilford  (G.  H.  Bart- 
lett),  Wallingford  (A.  W.  Evans  &  Harger),  East  Haven 
(Andrews),  Cheshire  (Bissell),  Southington  (M.  W.  Fris- 
bie).     May — June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Hieracium  pratense  Tausch   (of  meadows). 
King  Devil. 

Rare.  Fields:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Bristol 
(H.  S.  Clark  &  J.  N.  Bishop),  Waterbury  (A.  E.  Blewitt), 
Stamford  (W.  H.  Hoyt).     June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Hieracium  venosum  L.  (veiny). 

Rattlesnake-weed.     Poor  Robin's  Plantain. 

Frequent.     Dry  woods  and  fields.     June  — July. 

The  van  subcaulescens  Torr.  &  Gray  (having  a  short 
stem)    is  occasional  with  the  species. 

The  leaves  and  tops  are  medicinal. 

Hieracium  paniculatum  L.  (having  an  open,  branched  flower- 
cluster). 
Frequent.      Dry   woods.     July  —  Sept. 

Hieracium  marianum  Willd. 

Rare.  Dry  woods:  Norwich  (Mrs.  E.  E.  Rogers),  Frank- 
lin    (R.    W.    Woodward),    Glastonbury     (A.    W.    Driggs), 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  415 

Orange  and  Oxford  (Harger),  Huntington  and  Woodbury 
(Eames),   Salisbury    (Bissell).     July. 

Hieracium  scabrum  Michx.   (rough). 

Frequent.     Woods  and  thickets,  mostly  in  dry  soil.     July 
J     —  Sept. 

jHieracium  Gronovii  L. 

I     Hairy  Hawkweed. 

'  Dry  fields  or  open  woods,  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil.     Fre- 

quent in  most  districts  but  not  reported  from  Litchfield  County. 
Aug. —  Oct. 

jUieracium  canadense  Michx. 
Canada  Hawkweed. 

Occasional.     Fields  and  thickets  in  either  moist  or  dry 
j     soil.     Aug. —  Sept. 


4l6  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND  NAT.   HIST.  SURVEY.  [Bull. 


Appendix. 


ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 

Page  19,  under  Woodzvardia  virginica,  add :  Stafford 
(Weatherby). 

Page  22,  under  Aspidium  marginale,  add :  The  var. 
ELEGANs  J.  Robinson  (elegant)  has  been  found  in  rich  woods 
at  New  Fairfield  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey).  Forms  ap- 
proaching this  variety  are  not  rare. 

Page  2)Z-'  after  Isoctcs  Dodgci,  insert : 
Isoetes  Dodgei  A.  A.  Eaton,  var.  Robbinsii  A.  A.  Eaton. 

Rare.  North  Stonington,  shallow  water  of  Lantern  Hill 
Pond  (Graves  &  Bissell).     July  —  Sept. 

Page  35,  under  Pinus  syizrstris.  add  :  Wethersfield  (H.  S. 
Clark  &  Bissell). 

Page  39,  under  Sparganium  eurycarpiim,  after  "A.  W. 
Driggs  "  change  text  to  read :  East  Windsor,  Windsor  and 
Sharon,  at  Indian  Pond  (Bissell).  Occasional  along  the 
Housatonic  River  from  Oxford  (Harger)  northward,  and  near 
the  coast  in  New  Haven  and  Fairfield  Counties. 

Page  43,  under  Potamogcton  hiipleuroidcs,  add:  Kent 
(Eames). 

Page  49,  under  Sorghum  Imlepcnse,  add:  New  Haven 
(Bissell). 

Page  51,  under  Panicuin  philadelphiciim,  add:  Sharon, 
at  Mudge  Pond   (Weatherby). 

Page  52,  under  Panicum  Wcrneri,  add :  Southbury 
(Weatherby),  New  Milford   (Bissell). 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  417 

Page  54,  under  Paniciini  subvillosum,  add :  Orange 
(Bissell). 

Pages  54-55,  under  Panicum  villosissimiim,  omit  "  South- 
bury  (Harger),"  and  add:   Kent  (Bissell). 

Page  66,  under  Trisetum  spicatmn,  add :  East  Granby,  on 
trap  ledges  (Harger). 

Page  69,  under  Spartina  patens,  var.  caespitosa,  add: 
Bridgeport  (Eames). 

Page  y2,  under  Brisa  media,  add :  Southbury,  along  road- 
side (Harger), 

Page  72,  under  Cynosurus  cristatus,  add :  Oxford,  in  a 
lawn  (Harger). 

Page  yj,  under  Bromus  commutatus,  add:  Middletown, 
at  several  widely  separated  localities  (Bissell).  Omit  "  Fugi- 
tive "  and  substitute :    Adventive. 

Page  yy,  after  Bromus  tectorum,  insert: 
Bromus  sterilis  L.  (sterile). 

Local.  Middletown,  well  established  on  sandy  railroad 
embankments    (Bissell).     June.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Pages  77-78,  under  Bromus  altissimus,  add :  Franklin 
(R.  W.  Woodward). 

Page  78,  after  Bromus  altissimus,  insert : 
Bromus  incanus  (Shear)  Hitchc.  (hoary). 

Rare.  Putnam,  thicket  near  river  bank  (Weatherby  & 
Bissell).    July  —  Aug. 

Page  81,  after  Elymus  canadensis,  insert : 
Elymus  brachystachys  Scribn.  &  Ball  (short-spiked). 

Rare.  Naugatuck,  in  dry  ground,  introduced  with  mill 
waste  (A.  E.  Blewitt).  Fugitive  from  the  southwestern 
United  States. 

Page    84,    under    Eleocharis    diandra,    add :      Hartford 
(Bissell). 
27 


4l8  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Page  84,  under  Eleocharis  ovata,  add :  Hartford 
(Weatherby  &  Bissell). 

Page  85,  under  Eleocharis  intermedia,  add :  Sharon,  at 
Indian  Pond  (R.  W.  Woodward). 

Page  87,  under  Scirpus  rubrotinctus,  add :  New  Milford 
(Harger). 

Page  87,  under  Scirpus  atrovirens,  add:  Franklin  (R.  W. 
Woodward),  New  Britain  and  Canaan  (Bissell). 

Page  88,  under  Scirpus  cyperinus,  var.  peliiis,  add : 
Colebrook  and  Salisbury  (M.  L.  Fernald). 

Page  90,  under  Rynchospora  alba,  add :  the  var.  macra 
Clarke  (large)  occurs  at  Southington  (Bissell). 

Page  92,  under  Carex  tribuloides,  var.  reducta,  change 
statement  of  range  to  read:  Rare  or  occasional  in  the 
northern  half  of  the  state. 

Page  93,  under  Carex  straminea,  change  statement  of  range 
to  read :    Occasional  or  local  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state. 

Page  94,  under  Carex  foenea,  var.  perplexa,  add: 
Thomaston  (A.  E.  Blewitt). 

Page  96,  after  Carex  trisperma,  insert: 
Carex  trisperma  Dewey,  var.  Billingsii  Knight. 

Local.  Bethany,  plentiful  in  a  swamp  (B.  B.  Bristol  & 
A.  E.  Blewitt).    June— July. 

Page  98,  under  Carex  aurea,  add  :  Sherman  (A.  E.  Blewitt 
&  Harger). 

Page  99,  under  Carex  Davisii,  add:  East  Granby 
(Harger). 

Page  100,  under  Carex  aestivalis,  add:  Colebrook  (M.  L. 
Fernald). 

Page  100,  after  Carex  umbellata,  insert: 
Carex  umbellata  Schk.,  var.  brevirostris  Boott  (short-beaked). 
Rare.     Cheshire,  dry  rocky  hills  (A.  E.  Blewitt).     June. 
Very  large  plants  growing  in  large  tufts. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  419 

Page  loi,  under  Care.v  polynwrpha,  add:  Waterbiiry 
(A.  E.  Blewitt). 

Page  104,  under  Car  ex  iiava,  add:  Waterbury  (A.  E. 
Blewitt). 

Page  105,  under  Carcx  ca^tanea,  add:  Canaan,  moist 
sandy  thicket  (Mrs.  C.  S.  Phelps  &  A.  E.  Blewitt). 

Page  106,  under  Carex  trichocarpa,  add :  New  Milford, 
plentiful  in  meadows  along  the  Housatonic  River. 

Page  107,  under  Carex  retrorsa,  add:  Sherman  (A.  E. 
Blewitt  &  Harger). 

Page  108,  under  Carex  intumescens,  var.  Fernaldii,  add: 
Colebrook,  many  plants  in  rich  woods  (M.  L.  Fernald). 

Page  112,  under  WolMa  columbiana,  add:  Orange 
(Harger). 

Page  112,  before  Xyris  caroliniana,  insert: 
<yris  montana  Ries  (of  mountains). 

Rare.  Woodbury,  in  sphagnum  bog  (Harger).  July  — 
Aug. 

Pages  114-115,  under  Juncus  tenuis,  var.  anthelatus,  add: 
East  Haven  (Bissell). 

Page  115,  under  Juncus  Dudleyi,  change  statement  of 
habitat  and  range  to  read :  Sandy  or  sterile  ground,  in  either 
moist  or  dry  places.  East  Granby  (Harger),  South  Windsor 
(Bissell),  Meriden  (Andrews),  and  occasional  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  state. 

Pages  115-116,  under  Juncus  brachycephalus,  add:  Kent 
(Eames),  New  Milford  (Bissell). 

Page  123,  under  Smilacina  trifolia,  add:  Stafford 
(Weatherby). 

Page  131,  under  Habenaria  orbiculata,  add:  Ledyard 
(B.  T.  Avery,  Jr.). 


420  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull.  \ 

Page  133,  under  Pogonia  aMnis,  add:  Ledyard  (B.  T. 
Avery,  Jr.). 

Page  134,  under  Spiranthes  ceniua,  var.  ochroleuca,  add: 
Occasional  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

Page  136,  under  Microstylis  monophyllos,  add:  Colebrook 
(Bissell). 

Pages  139-140,  under  Salix  discolor,  var.  erioccphala,  add: 
Durham  (J.  Barratt). 

Pages  139-140,  under  Salix  discolor,  var.  prinoides,  add: 
Durham  (J.  Barratt). 

Page  140,  after  Salix  sericea,  insert : 
Salix  subsericea  (Anders.)   Schneider  (somewhat  silky). 

Rare  or  local.  Colebrook,  wet  ground  along  roadsides  and 
borders  of  woods  (M.  L.  Fernald  &  Bissell).  April  —  mid- 
May  ;  fruit  May  — June. 

Page  143,  under  Myrica  Gale,  omit  "  not  reported  from 
the  vicinity  of  the  coast." 

Page  146,  after  Corylus  ro strata,  insert : 
Corylus  heterophylla  Fisch.   (various-leaved). 

Rare.  Wethersfield,  sparingly  escaped  about  an  old 
nursery  (H.  S.  Qark  &  Bissell).  April;  fruit  Sept.  Fugitive 
from  Europe. 

Page  154,  under  Madura  pomifera,  add:  Wethersfield 
(Bissell). 

Page  158,  under  Rumex  elongatus,  add:  New  Britain 
(Bissell). 

Pages  160-161,  under  Polygonum  lapathifolium,  add  :  The 
var.  NODOSUM  (Pers.)  Weinmann  (knotty)  occurs  at  Lyme 
(Graves  &  Bissell). 

Page  164,  under  Polygonum  cuspidatum,  add  :  Southington 
(Andrews). 

Page  165,  under  Cycloloma  atriplicifoliuni,  add :  Danbury 
(Fames  &  C.  C  Godfrey). 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  421 

Page   165,   under  Kochia  Scoparia,  add:     New   London 
(Graves),  Derby,  along  a  roadside  (Harger). 

Page   167,  under  Beta  vulgaris,  add :    Sometimes  found 
about  dumping  grounds. 

Page  169,  under  Salsola  Kali,  add  :    The  var.  caroliniana 
(Walt.)  Nutt.  occurs  with  the  typical  form. 

Page  173,  after  Spergulariu  marina,  insert: 
Spergularia  canadensis  (Pers.)  Don. 
Buda  borealis  Wats. 
Tissa  canadensis  Britton. 

Rare.      Groton,  border  of  salt  marsh  at  Esker  Point 
(Graves  &  Bissell).    June  —  Aug. 

Page  179,  under  Silene  noctiiiora,  add  :    Winchester  (M.  L. 
Fernald  &  Weatherby). 

Page  186,  under  Ranunculus  sceleratus,  add:  Wethersfield 
(Dr.  E.  J.  Thompson),  Newington  (Bissell). 

Page  186,  under  Ranunculus  allegheniensis,  add  :    Redding 
(Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey). 

Page  191,  after  Nigella  saliva,  insert: 
Nigella  damascena  L. 
Love-in-a-Mist. 

Rare.    Newtown,  about  a  garden  (Eames  &  C.  C.  Godfrey). 
June.    Fugitive  from  Eurasia. 

Sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament. 

Page   194,  under  Podophyllum  peltatum,   add :    Perhaps 
native  at  Southington  (Bissell). 

Page  196,  under  Eschscholtsia  calif ornica,  add  :   Roadside, 
Salisbury  (R.  W.  Woodward  &  Weatherby). 

Page    200,    under    Alyssum    alyssoides,    add :      Griswold 
(E.  F.  Burleson). 

Page  201,  after  Lepidium  campestre,  insert: 
Lepidium  Draba  L.  (like  Draba,  the  Whitlow  Grass). 
Hoary  Cress. 


422  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.    HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Rare.     Guilford,  a  few  plants  in  a  field  (G.  H.  Bartlett). 
May — June.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

Page  202,  under  Brasska  alba,  add:     Hartford  (Bissell). 

Page  242,  under  Rosa  setigera,  add  :    Middlefield  (Bissell). 

Page    242,    under    Rosa    spinosissima,    add:      Cornwall 
(Miss  M.  J.  Whitney). 

Page  292,  under  Epilobium  adenocaulon,  add :     Monroe 
(Harger). 

Page  347,  after  Lycium  halimifolium,  insert : 
HYOSCYAMUS  L.        Henbane. 
Hyoscyamus  niger  L.  (black). 
Black  Henbane. 

Rare.    Middletown,  in  waste  ground  (J.  Barratt).    June  — 
July.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

The  plant  is  medicinal,  the  leaves  of  the  second  year's 
growth  officinal. 

Page  396,  after  Bidens  comosa,  insert: 
Bidens  connata  Muhl.  (united). 

Rare.    Swamps  and  borders  of  streams :   Lyme  (Graves 
&  Bissell),  Huntington  and  Milford  (Harger).    Aug. —  Sept. 


NATIVE  PLANTS  NOT  FOUND  IN  RECENT  YEARS. 

The  species  named  below  were  found  growing  in  Connecticut 
by  former  collectors  whose  specimens  have  been  preserved,  but 
none  of  them  have  been  seen  within  the  last  twenty  years,  and 
most  of  them  have  not  been  found  for  a  much  longer  period. 
They  are  listed  here  to  call  special  attention  to  them  that  it  may 
be  ascertained  whether  they  can  at  present  be  found  growing  in 
the  state  or  not. 

Lycopodium  Selago  L. 
Isoetes  foveolata  A.  A.  Eaton. 
Sparganium  angustifolium   Michx. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  423 

Sparganium  fluctuans    (Morong)    Robinson. 

Potamogeton  lateralis  Morong. 

Elymus  australis  Scribn.  &  Ball. 

Carex  livida   (Wahlenb.)   Willd. 

Melanthium   latifolium   Desr. 

Euphorbia  Ipecacuanhae  L. 

Acerates  viridiflora  Ell.,  var.  lanceolata  (Ives)  Gray. 

Trichostema  lineare  Walt. 

Helianthus  tracheliifolius  Mill. 

Bidens  trichosperma  (Michx.)  Britton. 


EXCLUDED  SPECIES. 

The  following  species  and  varieties,  reported  from  Connecticut 
in  earlier  lists,  have  been  omitted  from  the  present  Catalogue, 
either  because  of  known  errors,  or  because  no  authentic  speci- 
mens of  them  have  been  found. 

The  names  are  those  of  the  older  lists ;  in  all  cases,  however, 
in  which  they  diflFer  from  those  in  the  seventh  edition  of  Gray's 
Manual,  the  latter  are  also  given,  after  the  original  names. 

Abbreviations  indicate  the  list  or  lists  in  which  each  species 
appears.  These  abbreviations  and  the  lists  they  represent,  are 
as  follows : 

Berz.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Higher  Cryp- 
togams growing  without  cultivation  within  thirty 
miles  of  Yale  College.  Published  by  the  Berzelius  So- 
ciety.    New  Haven,  1878. 

Bi.  Bishop,  James  N.  A  Catalogue  of  all  Phaenogamous 
Plants  at  present  known  to  grow  in  the  State  of  Con- 
necticut. Rep.  Sec.  Conn.  Board  Agric.  1884-5.  Hart- 
ford, 1885. 

B2.  Same,  2d  edition.  Vascular  Cryptogams  added.  Rep. 
Sec.  Conn.  Board  Agric.  1895.     Hartford,  1896. 

Ba.  Same,  Additions  and  Corrections.  Rep.  Sec.  Conn.  Board 
Agric.  1897.    Hartford,  1898. 

B3.  Same,  3d  edition.  Rep.  Sec.  Conn.  Board  Agric.  1900. 
Hartford,  1901. 


424  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Biss.     Bissell,  C.  H.     Fern  Flora  of  Connecticut.     Fern  Bul- 
letin, vol.  xiv,  1906. 

B.  &  A.     Bissell,  C.  H.,  and  Andrews,  Luman.     Flora  of  the 

Town    of    Southington    and    Vicinity.      Conn.    School 
Document  No.  222.     [Hartford]   1902. 
Br.     Brace,  John  P.     List  of  Plants  growing  spontaneously 
in   Litchfield  and   in   its  Vicinity.     American  Jour,   of 
Science,  vol.  iv,  1822. 

C.  &  S.     Case,  George  R.,  and  Setchell,  William  A.     A  Cat- 

alogue of  Wild  Plants  growing  in  Norwich  and  Vicinity, 
arranged  in  the  order  of  flowering  for  the  year  1882. 
Norwich,  1883. 

D.  Driggs,  A.  W.    Notes  on  the  Flora  of  Connecticut.    Conn. 

School  Document  No.  198.      [Hartford]    1901. 
Leon.     Leonard,  Emily  J.     Catalogue  of  the  Phaenogamous 

and  Vascular  Cryptogamous  Plants  found  growing  in 

Meriden,  Conn.    Trans.  Meriden  Sci.  Ass.,  i,  1884.   Meri- 

den,  1885. 
R.     Rogers,  Mrs.  Elisha  E.    Flora  of  Norwich.    Conn.  School 

Document  No.  213.     [Hartford]  1902. 

Cryptogramma  acrostichoides  R.  Br.    Biss. 

An    error   in    transcribing.      Should    have    read    Cryp- 
togramma Stelleri. 

Asplenium  viride  Huds.     B2. 

Noted  as  doubtful  by  Bishop. 
Dryopteris  aculeata  Braunii  (Spenner)  Underw.    Polystichum 

Braunii  (Spenner)  Fee     B2. 

Botrychium  Lunaria  Sw.    B2,  B3,  R. 

Probably  Botrychium  simplex. 
Isoetes  lacustris  L,     B2,  B3. 

An  error  in  determination.     Plant  was  Isoetes  Tucker- 
mani. 
Pinus  inops  Ait.     Pinus  virginiana  Mill.     Ba. 

An  error  in  determination.     Tree  was  Pinus  sylvestris. 
Juniperus  Sabina  L.,  var.  procumbens  Pursh.    Juniperus  hori- 

zontalis  Moench.  B2,  B3. 

An  error  in  determination.     Plant  was  Juniperus  com- 
munis, var.  depressa. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING  PLANTS  AND  FERNS.  425 

Potamogeton  crispus  L.     B2,  B3. 

Triglochin  palustris  L.    Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Paspalum  laeve  Michx.    Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3,  R. 

Avena  fatua  L.    B2,  B3. 

Danthonia  sericea  Nutt.    Leon. 

Poa  flexuosa  Muhl.    Poa  autumnalis  Muhl.    Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Festuca  ovina  L,,  var.  duriuscula  Hack.    Ba,  B3. 

An  error  in  determination.     Plant  was  Festuca  rubra. 

Cyperus  Houghtonii  Torr.    B3. 

An    error   in    determination.      Plant   was    Cyperus    fili- 
culmis. 

Scirpus  supinus   L.,  var.  Hallii   Gray.     Scirpus   Hallii   Gray. 
B2. 

Rynchospora  capillacea  Torr.     B2,  B3. 

Carex  adusta  Boott.     Berz.,  Bi. 

Carex  exilis  Dewey.    C.  &  S.,  B3,  R. 

Perhaps  correct,  but  no  specimen  has  been  seen  by  the 
committee. 

Carex  Goodenowii  J.  Gay.    B3. 

Lemna  perpusilla  Torr.    Ba. 

Juncus  scirpoides  Lam.    Bi,  B2,  B3. 

ITelonias  bullata  L.    Leon. 

Allium  sativum  L.    Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Lilium  Catesbaei  Walt.    Leon. 

Cypripedium  arietinum  R.  Br.    Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Perhaps  correct,  but  no  specimen  has  been  seen. 

Cypripedium  candidum  Willd.     B3,  D. 

Habenaria  rotundifolia  Richards.     Orchis  rotundifolia  Banks. 
Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Probably  actually  collected  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Robbins,  but 
no  specimen  has  been  seen. 

Habenaria  peramoena  Gray.     Leon. 


426  CONNECTICUT  GEOL.   AND   NAT.   HIST.   SURVEY,  [Bull. 

Salix  petiolaris  Sm.    B3. 

An  error  in  determination. 

Alnus  viridis  DC.     B3. 

Rumex  sanguineus  L.    B2,  B3. 

Rumex  maritimus  L.     Rumex  persicarioides  L.     Bi,  B2. 

Polygonum  maritimum  L.    B2. 

Chenopodium  Bonus-Henricus  L.  B2,  B3. 

An  error  in  determination.     Plant  was  Atriplex  patula, 
var.  hastata. 

Stellaria  pubera  Michx.    Leon. 

Cerastium  viscosum  L.    Berz.,  C.  &  S.,  Bi,  B2,  B3,  R. 

Holosteum  umbellatum  L.    Leon. 

Silene  nivea  Otth.     B2,  B3. 

Talinum  teretifolium  Pursh.    Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Specimen  extant,  but  not  certainly  from  Connecticut. 
Ranunculus  Flammula  L.    Br. 
Thalictrum  clavatum  DC.     Leon. 
Berberis  canadensis  Pursh.    B2. 

An   error  in  determination.     Plant  was   Berberis  vul- 
garis. 

Crataegus  tomentosa  L.    Berz.,  Leon.,  Bi,  B3, 

Geum  macrophyllum  Willd.     B2,  B3. 
Probably  Geum  strictum. 

Rubus  invisus  Bailey.    B.  &  A. 

An  error  in  determination.    Plant  was  a  form  of  Rubus 
villosus. 

Baptisia  australis  R.  Br.     Leon. 

Trifolium  medium  L.    Leon. 

Desmodium  strictum  DC.    B3. 

Clitoria  mariana  L.    Leon. 

Euphorbia  glyptosperma  Engelm.     Ba,  B3. 

Euphorbia  dentata  Michx.    Br.,  Leon. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  427 

Vitis  indivisa  Willd.    Cissus  Ampelopsis  Pers.    Leon. 

Vitis  bipinnata  Torr.  &  Gray.    Cissus  arborea  (L.)  Des  Monl- 
ins.    Leon. 

Vitis  cordifolia  Michx.    Berz.,  Leon.,  Bi,  B2,  B3,  R. 

An  error  in  determination.     Plant  was  Vitis  vulpina. 

Helianthemum  corymbosum  Michx.     Leon. 

Viola  striata  Ait.    Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Specimens  extant,  but  not  certainly  from  Connecticut. 

Viola  canina  L.    Leon. 

Probably  carelessly  written  for  Viola  canina,  var.  syl- 
vestris  of  Gray's  Manual  ed.  5  (= Viola  conspersa). 

Opuntia  Rafinesquii   Engelm.     Berz.,  Bi,  B2,   B3. 

Epilobium  Hornemanni  Reichenb.     B2. 

An  error  in  determination.     Plant  was  probably  Epilo- 
bium adenocaulon. 

Hippuris  vulgaris  L.     Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Bupleurum  rotundifolium  L.     Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Probably  correct,  but  no  specimen  has  been  seen. 
Thaspium  aureum  Nutt.    Br.  (as  Smyrneum),  C  &  S.,  Leon., 

Bi,  B2. 

Probably  Zizia  aurea. 

Thaspium  trifoliatum  Gray.     Berz.,  Bi,  B2. 
Probably  Zizia  aurea. 

Thaspium  barbinode  Nutt.     C.  &  S. 
An  error  in  determination. 

Azalea     arborescens     Pursh.        Rhododendron     arborescens 
(Pursh)  Torr.    Leon. 

Vaccinium  arboreum  Marsh.    C.  &  S. 
An  error  in  determination. 

Vaccinium  corymbosum  Ait.,  var.   pallidum   Gray.     Leon. 

Samolus  Valerandi  L.    B2,  B3,  R. 

Probably  Samolus  fioribundus. 

Gentiana  Amarella  L.    B2,  B3. 

Probably  Gentiana  quinquefolia. 


428  CONNECTICUIT  GEOL.  AND  NAT.  HIST  SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Gentiana  Saponaria  L.    Br.,  B2. 

Probably  Gentiana  Andrewsii. 

Apocynum  cannabinum  L.,  var.  hypericifolium  Gray.     Ba. 

Periploca  graeca  L.     Leon. 

Perhaps  correct,  but  no  specimen  has  been  seen. 

Asclepiodora  viridis  Gray.    B2. 

Probably  meant  for  Acerates  viridiflora. 

Asclepias    paupercula    Michx.      Asclepias    lanceolata    Walt. 
Leon. 

Asclepias  ovalifolia  Decsne.     Leon. 

Asclepias  parviflora  Pursh.     Asclepias  perennis  Walt.     Leon. 

Cuscuta    tenuiflora    Engelm.      Cuscuta    Cephalanthi    Engelm. 
Leon. 

Ajuga  reptans  L.    Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3,  B.  &  A. 

An  error  in  determination.  The  plant  was  Ajuga  gen- 
evensis. 

Isanthus   caeruleus   Michx.     Isanthus  brachiatus    (L.)    BSP. 
Br.,  B2,  B3. 

Scutellaria  saxatilis  Riddell.    Leon. 

Lamium  album  L.    Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3,  B.  &  A. 

Probably  wrong  determination.  In  two  cases  the  plant 
is  known  to  have  been  a  white-flowered  form  of  Lamium 
maculatum. 

Stachys  palustris  L.,  var.  cordata  Gray.    Stachys  cordata  Rid- 
dell.   Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3. 
Probably  a  form  of  Stachys  tenuifolia,  var.  aspera. 

Monarda  punctata  L.     Leon. 

Satureja  hortensis  L.     Berz.,  Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Pycnanthemum  aristatum  Michx.    Br. 

Mentha  rotundifolia  L.    Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Physalis  pubescens  L.     Leon.,  Bi,  B2. 

Linaria  genistifolia  Mill.     C.  &  S. 

Antirrhinum  majus  L.     B3. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  429 

Mimulus  Jamesii  Torr.    Mimulus  glabratus  HBK.,  var.  Jamesii 
(Torr.  &  Gray)  Gray.    Ba. 

An  error  in  determination.     Probably  Alinulus  Langs- 
dorffii. 

Micranthemum    Nuttallii    Gray.      Micranthemum    micranthe- 
moides  (Nutt.)  Wettst.     Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Veronica  Anagallis  L.  Veronica  Anagallis-aquatica  I..     B2. 
Probably  Veronica  americana. 

Veronica  Beccabunga  L.     Br. 

I  Veronica  agrestis  L.    C.  &  S. 

Gerardia  linifolia  Nutt.     Leon. 

Utricularia  striata  LeConte.    Utricularia  fibrosa  Walt.    Bi. 

Lonicera  Caprifolium  L.    Leon.,  Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Valeriana  edulis  Nutt.    Bi,  B2,  B3, 

Campanula  americana  L.    C.  &  S.,  Leon. 

C.  &  S.  report  later  corrected  by  them. 

Liatris  squarrosa  Willd.    B2,  B3. 

An  error  in  determination.     Plant  was  Liatris  scariosa. 

Liatris  cylindracea  Michx.    B2,  B3. 

Chrysopsis  mariana  Nutt.     B3. 

Specimens  extant,  bvit  not  certainly  from  Connecticut. 

Solidago  stricta  Ait.     Leon. 

Aster  concolor  L.    Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Aster  sagittifolius  L.    B2,  B3. 

Aster  salicifolius  Willd.     B2,  B3. 
An  error  in  determination. 

Diplopappus  amygdalinus  Torr.   &  Gray.     Aster  umbellatus 
Mill.,  var.  latifolius  Gray.     Leon. 

Helianthus  angustifolius  L.    B2,  B3. 

Helianthus  doronicoides  Lam.     Bi,  B2,  B3. 

Coreopsis  rosea  Nutt.    B3. 

In  B3   occurs  also  the  combination  Helianthus  scabra  (sic), 


430  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

without  author  citation,  and  in  Leon,  the  combinations  Saponaria 
iiiflata,  Ampclopsis  trifolia  and  Centaur ea  arvense  (sic).  Of 
these  the  first  two  are  probably  errors  for  Heliopsis  scabra  and 
Silene  inflata  respectively.  The  others  are  presumably  mistakes 
of  the  same  sort,  but  it  is  not  apparent  for  what  they  were 
intended. 

According  to  Britton's  Manual,  3d  ed.,  Scleria  reticularis 
Michx.,  var.  pubescens  Britton,  occurs  in  Connecticut;  and,  on 
the  strength  of  presumably  reliable  records,  Gray's  Manual,  7th 
ed.,  credits  Setaria  imberbis  R.  &  S.  to  the  state.  The  committee, 
however,  have  seen  no  specimens  of  these  plants  from  Connecti- 
cut, and  they  are  therefore  omitted  from  the  present  Catalogue. 


FUGITIVE  SPECIES. 

The  species  named  in  the  following  lists  of  fugitives  are 
known  to  have  occurred  spontaneously  in  Connecticut,  thus 
requiring  mention  in  the  Catalogue.  For  convenience  of  refer- 
ence they  are  given  in  their  proper  place  under  the  families  to 
which  they  belong.  They  are  not,  however,  to  be  regarded  as 
properly  forming  a  part  of  our  uncultivated  flora,  and  in  making 
up  the  tables  of  statistics  that  follow  they  are  left  out  of  account 
entirely. 

These  fugitives  may  be  separated  into  groups  as  follows : 

Group  i. 

Species  of  which  neither  seed  nor  plant  is  ordinarily  hardy  in 
this  climate  and  which  can  therefore  continue  but  for  a  single 
season ;  mostly  plants  of  dumping  grounds. 

Zea  Mays  L. 

Eichhornia  crassipes  (Mart.)  Solms. 

Cicer  arietinum  L. 

Vicia  Faba  L. 

Pisum  sativum  L. 

Pisum  sativum  L.,  var.  arvense  (L.)   Poir. 

Phaseolus  vulgaris  L. 

Phaseolus  vulgaris  L.,  var.  nanus   (L.)  Taubert. 

Ricimis  communis  L. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  43 1 

Abutilon  pictum  (Gill.)  Walp. 
Hibiscus  esculentus  L. 

Group  2. 

Annual  or  biennial  species  cultivated  either  for  use  or  orna- 
ment, that  persist  for  a  year  or  two  in  the  locality  where  culti- 
vated or  where  the  seeds  may  be  accidentally  scattered  ;  perennials, 
joften  grown  for  ornament,  that  rarely  escape  and  maintain  them- 
iselves  for  a  few  years  and  later  disappear ;  and  species  that  appear 
spontaneously  but  remain  only  a  year  or  two. 

Polypogon  monspeliensis  (L.)  Desf. 

Avena  sativa  L. 

Cynodon  Dactylon  (L.)  Kuntze. 

Secale  cereale  L. 

Triticum  sativum  Lam. 

Hordeum  vulgare  L. 

Cyperus  fuscus  L. 

Juncus  brachycarpus  Engelm. 

Sisyrinchium  albidum  Raf. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench. 

Beta  vulgaris  L. 

Portulaca  grandiflora  Hook. 

Papaver  Rhoeas  L. 

Argemone  alba  Lestib. 

Argemone  mexicana  L. 

Lobularia  maritima  (L.)  Desv. 

Lepidium  sativum  L. 

Raphanus  sativus  L. 

Brassica  Napus  L. 

Brassica  Rapa  L. 

Brassica  oleracea  L. 

Lunaria  annua  L. 

Cleome  spinosa  L. 

Reseda  alba  L. 

Cytisus  scoparius  (L.)  Link. 

Trifolium  incarnatum  L. 

Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  (Nutt.)  Pursh. 

Geranium  dissectum  L. 

Anethum  graveolens  L. 


432  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Lysimachia  vulgaris  L. 

Ipomoea  coccinea  L. 

Verbena  officinalis  L. 

Salvia  pratensis  L. 

Salvia  splendens  Ker. 

Capsicum  annuum  L. 

Solanum  tuberosum  L. 

Datura  meteloides  DC. 

Nicotiana  rustica  L. 

Nicotiana  Tabacum  L. 

Linaria  Elatine  (L.)   Mill. 

Pentstemon  grandiflorus  Nutt. 

Citrullus  vulgaris  Schrad. 

Cucumis  Melo  L. 

Cucumis  sativus  L. 

Cucurbita  maxima  Duchesne. 

Cucurbita  moschata  Duchesne. 

Cucurbita  Pepo  L. 

Cucurbita  Pepo  L.,  var.  condensa  Bailey. 

Anthemis  nobilis  L. 

Artemisia  Abrotanum  L. 

Calendula  officinalis  L. 

Cirsium  altissimum  (L.)   Spreng. 

Leontodon  hastilis  L. 

Lactuca  sativa  L. 

Crepis  taraxacifolia  Thuill. 

Crepis  rigida  W.  &  K. 


Group  3. 

Species  that  are  cultivated  and  inclined  to  escape,  and  species 
that  appear  spontaneously,  the  latter  mostly  brought  in  with  hay 
or  grain,  with  grass  or  clover  seed,  in  mill  supplies  and  by  rail- 
roads ;  that  are  of  so  recent  introduction  or  have  been  so  little 
observed  that  it  is  not  yet  known  whether  they  will  persist. 

The  line  drawn  between  this  group  and  a  number  of  species 
regarded  as  adventive  is  of  necessity  somewhat  arbitrary,  and 
no  doubt  further  observation  will  show  that  some  of  the  species 
listed  here  have  become  a  part  of  our  uncultivated  flora.     It  is 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  433 

also  possible  that  a  species  now  considered  adventive  and  well 
established  may  later  disappear. 

Sorghum  halepense  (L.)  Pers, 

Echinochloa  frumentacea  (Roxb.)  Link. 

Bromus  squarrosus  L. 

Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey. 

Elymus  brachystachys  Scribn.  &  Ball. 

Salix  incana  Schrank. 

Corylus  heterophylla  Fisch. 

Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.)  Coulter. 

Chenopodium  capitatum  (L.)  Aschers. 

Atriplex  tatarica  L. 

Acnida  tuberculata  Moq. 

Acnida  tuberculata  Moq.,  van  prostrata  (U.  &  B.)  Robinson. 

Mirabilis  Jalapa  L. 

Anychia  polygonoides  Raf. 

Tetragonia  expansa  Murr, 

Gypsophila  muralis  L. 

Gypsophila  elegans  Bieb. 

Nigella  sativa  L. 

Nigella  damascena  L. 

Eschscholtzia  californica  Cham. 

Lepidium  ruderale  L. 

Lepidium  Draba  L. 

Iberis  amara  L. 

Camelina  sativa  (L.)   Crantz. 

Camelina    microcarpa  Andrz. 

Neslia  paniculata  (L.)  Desf. 

Brassica  japonica  Siebold. 

Diplotaxis  muralis  (L.)  DC. 

Conringia  orientalis  (L.)   Dumort. 

Alliaria  officinalis  Andrz. 

Sisymbrium  canescens  Nutt. 

Sisymbrium  Sophia  L. 

lodanthus  pinnatifidus  (Michx.)  Steud. 

Reseda  Luteola  L. 

Reseda  odorata  L. 

Philadelphus  inodorus  L. 

Deutzia  scabra  Thunb. 

28 


434  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU 

Ribes  nigrum  L. 

Filipendula  hexapetala  Gilib. 

Sanguisorba  minor  Scop. 

Cercis  canadensis  L. 

Medicago  arabica  Hiids. 

Medicago  hispida  Gaertn. 

Hosackia  americana  (Nutt.)   Piper. 

Vicia  hirsuta  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray. 

Lens  esculenta  Moench. 

Geranium  pratense  L. 

Geranium  molle  L. 

Erodium  cicutarium  (L.)  L'Her. 

Erodium  moschatum  (L.)  L'Her. 

Cardiospermum  Halicacabum  L. 

Sida  spinosa  L. 

Oenothera  laciniata  Hill. 

Eryngium  planum  L. 

Coriandrum  sativum  L. 

Forsythia  viridissima  Lindl. 

Sabatia  campestris  Nutt. 

Ellisia  Nyctelea  L. 

Phacelia  viscida   (Benth.)   Torr. 

Phacelia  Purshii  Buckley. 

Amsinckia  lycopsoides  Lehm. 

Borago  officinalis  L.  [ 

Verbena  canadensis  (L.)   Britton. 

Sideritis  montana  L. 

Agastache  Foeniculum  (Pursh)  Kuntze. 

Galeopsis  Ladanum  L. 

Physalis  angulata  L. 

Hyoscyamus  niger  L. 

Datura  Metel  L. 

Verbascum  phlomoides  L. 

Verbascum  Pseudo-Lychnitis  Schur. 

Linaria  minor  (L.)  Desf. 

Antirrhinum  Orontium  L. 

Digitalis  purpurea  L. 

Veronica  hederaefolia  L. 

Martynia  louisiana  Mill. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  435 

Galium  Wirtgenii  F.  Schultz. 

Valerianella  Loctista  (L.)   Betcke. 

Knautia  arvensis   (L.)   T.  Coulter. 

Momordica  Charantia  L. 

Campanula  patula  L. 

Campanula  carpatica  Jacq. 

Jasione  montana  L. 

Grindelia  squarrosa  (Pursh)  Dunal. 

Ambrosia  bidendata  Michx. 

Lepachys  pinnata  (Vent.)  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Helianthus  debilis  Nutt. 

Helianthus  debilis  Nutt.,  var.  cucumerifolius  (Torr.  &  Gray) 

Gray. 
Helianthus  Maximiliani  Schrad. 
Bidens  leucantha  Willd. 
Bidens  aristosa   (Michx.)   Britton. 
Matricaria  inodora  L. 
Matricaria  Chamomilla  L. 
Matricaria  suaveolens  (Pursh)   Buchenau. 
Artemisia   campestris   L.,   var.    pubescens    (Jord.    &   Fourr.) 

Rouy  &  Foucaud. 
Artemisia  Dracunculus  L. 
Artemisia  annua  L. 
Artemisia  frigida  Willd. 
Petasites  vulgaris  Hill. 
Carduus  acanthoides  L. 
Centaurea  nigra  L.,  var.  radiata  DC. 
Picris  echioides  L. 

Total  number  of  fugitive  species  and  varieties  listed  169. 


STATISTICAL    SUMMARIES. 
Tabular  List  of  Families. 

Genera.  Species.  Varieties  and 

Families.  Named  Forms. 

Native.    Introd.     Native.    Introd.       Native.      Introd. 

ITERIDOPHYTA 

Polypodiaceae  16  ...  Z7  ■  ■  ■  10 

Schizaeaceae  i  ...  i 

Osmundaceae  i  ...  3  ...  3 


436 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Families. 

Ophioglossaceae 

Marsileaceae 

Equisetaceae 

Lycopodiaceae 

Selaginellaceae 

Isoetaceae 


Native.    Introd. 
2 

I 
I 
I 
I 

I 


SPERMATOPHYTA 

GYMNOSPERMAE 

Taxaceae 

Pinaceae 

ANGIOSPERMAE 

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE 

Typhaceae 

Sparganiaceae 

Najadaceae 

Juncaginaceae 

Alismaceae 

Hydrocharitaceae 

Gramineae 

Cyperaceae 

Araceae 

Lemnaceae 

Eriocaulaceae 

Xyridaceae 

Commelinaceae 

Pontederiaceae 

Juncaceae 

Liliaceae 

Haemodoraceae 

Dioscoreaceae 

Amaryllidaceae 

Iridaceae 

Orchidaceae 

DiCOTYLEDONEAE 

Piperaceae 

Salicaceae 

Myricaceae 

Juglandaceae 

Betulaceae 

Fagaceae 

Urticaceae 

Santalaceae 

Loranthaceae 


Species. 
Native.    Introd. 
7 
I 


2 

7 
33 

2 

9 

2 

146 
174 

7 
5 

I 
4 
I 
3 

20 
30 
I 
I 
I 
6 
40 


Varieties  and 
Named  Forms. 
Native.    Introd. 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


437 


Families. 

Genera. 
Native.    Introd 

Spec 
Native. 

ies. 
Introd. 

Varieties  and 
Named  Forms. 
Native.    Introd 

Aristolochiaceae 

2 

2 

2 

Polygonaceae 

3 

22 

14 

8 

Chenopodiaceae 

5 

[                12 

7 

2               3 

Amaranthaceae 

2 

2 

6 

I 

Phytolaccaceae 

I 

Nyctaginaceae 

3 

Illecebraceae 

I 

I 

Aizoaceae 

I 

Caryophyllaceae 

6            I 

)                II 

24 

I 

Portulacaceae 

I 

I 

... 

Ceratophyllaceae 

I 

I 

Nymphaeaceae 

4 

I 

Ranunculaceae 

13 

f            37 

5 

5             I 

Magnoliaceae 

I 

Menispermaceae 

I 

Berberidaceae 

I                   2 

2 

Lauraceae 

2 

Papaveraceae 

I                   2 

3 

...           ... 

Fumariaceae 

3 

I 

...           ... 

Cruciferae 

9             < 

)           22 

25 

Capparidaceae 

I 

I 

Resedaceae 

I 

Sarraceniaceae 

I 

...           ... 

Droseraceae 

I 

Podostemaceae 

I 

...           ... 

Crassulaceae 

2             2 

3 

Saxifragaceae 

7 

I            15 

6 

Hamamelidaceae 

2 

...           ... 

Platanaceae 

I 

Rosaceae 

15 

5           79 

35 

21             3 

Leguminosae 

13             i 

I           38 

23 

I              I 

Linaceae 

I 

I 

Oxalidaceae 

I 

I 

Geraniaceae 

I 

I 

Rutaceae 

I 

I 

...           ... 

Simarubaceae 

I 

Polygalaceae 

I 

I 

Euphorbiaceae 

3 

6 

Callitrichaceae 

I 

Limnanthaceae 

I 

Anacardiaceae 

I 

I 

Aquifoliaceae 

2 

2 

Celastraceae 

I 

3 

Staphyleaceae 

I 

Aceraceae 

I 

6 

2 

I 

438 


CONNECTICUT 

GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST. 

SURVEY.            [Bull. 

Genera. 

Families. 

Native.      Introd. 

Species. 
Native.    Introd. 

Varieties  and 

Named  Forms. 

Native.      Introd. 

Sapindaceae 

Balsaminaceae 

I 

2 

Rhamnaceae 

2 

2 

Vitaceae 

2 

6 

I 

Tiliaceae 

I 

2 

Malvaceae 

I 

I 

10 

Hypericaceae 

I 

II 

2 

Elatinaceae 

I 

I 

Cistaceae 

3 

9 

I 

Violaceae 

I 

25 

3 

I 

Cactaceae 

I 

r 

Thymelaeaceae 

I 

I 

Lythraceae 

4 

4 

I 

Melastomaceae 

I 

I 

Onagraceae 

5 

21 

I 

3 

Haloragidaceae 

2 

6 

2 

Araliaceae 

2 

5 

2 

Umbelliferae 

15 

10 

23 

10 

I 

Cornaceae 

2 

8 

Ericaceae 

i8 

39 

8 

Plumbaginaceae 

I 

I 

Primulaceae 

5 

9 

3 

Ebenaceae 

I 

I 

Oleaceae 

I 

3 

3 

I 

Gentianaceae 

5 

9 

Apocynaceae 

I 

3 

I 

I 

Asclepiadaceae 

2 

lO 

I 

2 

Convolvulaceae 

3 

7 

5 

I 

Polemoniaceae 

2 

2 

3 

Hydrophyllaceae 

I 

I 

Boraginaceae 

4 

6 

10 

Verbenaceae 

I 

3 

2 

Labiatae 

15 

34 

3T 

4               I 

Solanaceae 

2 

5 

12 

2 

Scrophulariaceae 

15 

32 

12 

I                  2 

Lentibulariaceae 

I 

10 

Orobanchaceae 

3 

3 

Bignoniaceae 

2 

Phrymaceae 

I 

I 

Plantaginaceae 

I 

5 

2 

I 

Rubiaceae 

5 

17 

4 

I 

Caprifoliaceae 

6 

20 

6 

2 

Valerianaceae 

I 

I 

I 

Dipsacaceae 

I 

Cucurbitaceae 

2 

2 

No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


439 


Genera. 
Families. 

Native.      Introd. 

Species.                     Varieties  and 
Named  Forms. 
Native.    Introd.        Native.      Introd. 

Campanulaceae 

2 

3 

I 

I 

Lobeliaceae 

I 

6 

Compositae 

34 

22 

146 

69 

33 

10 

SUMMARY 

BY    DIVISIONS 

AND    CLASSES. 

Pteridophyta 

25 

74 

22 

Spermatophyta 

454 

142 

1407 

461 

233 

31 

Gymnospermae 

9 

13 

4 

I 

Angiospermae 

445 

142 

1394 

457 

232 

31 

Monocotyledoneae 

123 

21 

495 

61 

113 

3 

Dicotyledoneae 

322 

121 

899 

396 

119 

28 

SUMMARY 

BY 

MINOR  GROUPS 

Families 

134 

Genera 

native 

479 

introduced 

142 

total 

621 

Species 

native 

.      1481 

introduced 

.       461 

total 

1942 

Varieties  and 

Named 

Forms 

native 

.       255 

introduced 

31 

total 

. 

286 

Whole    number    of    different    plants    (species,    varieties    and    named 
forms),  not  including  those  listed  as  fugitives,  2,228. 


ORIGIN    OF    INTRODUCED    SPECIES. 
Temperate 


North 
America. 

Tropical 
America. 

Pinaceae 

Gramineae 

Commelinaceae 

Liliaceae 

Amaryllidaceae 

Iridaceae 

Salicaceae 

Urticaceae   f 

Polygonaceae 

Chenopodiaceae 

2 

Amaranthaceae 

5 

Nyctaginaceae 

Illecebraceae 

Europe. 
3 
42 


Eurasia.    Asia.   Unknown. 


440 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Bull. 


Temperate 
North 


Tropical 
America. 


Aizoaceae 

Caryophyllaceae 

Portulacaceae 

Ranunculaceae 

Berberidaceae 

Papaveraceae 

Fumariaceae 

Cruciferae 

Capparidaceae 

Resedaceae 

Crassulaceae 

Saxifragaceae 

Rosaceae 

Leguminosae 

Linaceae 

Oxalidaceae 

Geraniaceae 

Rutaceae 

Simarubaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Celastraceae 

Aceraceae 

Sapindaceae 

Rhamnaceae 

Tiliaceae 

Malvaceae 

Hypericaceae 

Violaceae 

Lythraceae 

Onagraceae 

Araliaceae 

Umbelliferae 

Primulaceae 

Oleaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Asclepiadaceae 

Convolvulaceae 

Polemoniaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Labiatae 

Solanaceae 

Scrophulariaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Plantaginaceae 


Europe.     Eurasia.      Asia.  Unknown 


21 

I 

6 
I 
3 

I 

24 

I 
3 
3 
13 
i6 


t4.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


441 


Temperature. 

North        Tropical 
America.    America. 

Europe. 

Rubiaceae 

Caprifoliaceae 

2 

Valerianaceae 

Dipsacaceae 

... 

Campanulaceae 

Compositae 

20              3 

53 

Eurasia.    Asia.   Unknown. 


VARIETIES  AND  NAMED  FORMS  IN   SOME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL 
GENERA, 


Species. 
Native.           Introd. 

Varieties  and 
Named  Forms. 
Native.           Introd. 

Total. 

Potamogeton 

27 

.. 

10 

37 

Panicum 

40 

I 

2 

43 

Bromus 

5 

8 

13 

Cyperus 

12 

4 

16 

Eleocharis 

14 

2 

16 

Scirpus 
Carex 

23 
III 

9 
53 

32 
164 

Juncus 

18 

6 

24 

Habenaria 

13 

13 

Salix 

13 

5 

5 

23 

Quercus 

12 

12 

Rumex 

3 

7 

10 

Polygonum 

18 

7 

8 

33 

Chenopodium 

4 

6 

2 

12 

Ranunculus 

16 

2 

2 

I 

21 

Ribes 

6 

4 

10 

Crataegus 

18 

I 

II 

30 

Potentilla 

9 

2 

2 

13 

Rosa 

5 

7 

13 

Rubus 

16 

3 

4 

23 

Prunus 

9 

6 

15 

Desmodium 

13 

13 

Euphorbia 

5 

6 

II 

Hypericum 

II 

2 

13 

Viola 

25 

3 

I 

29 

Mentha 

I 

9 

I 

II 

Veronica 

6 

5 

II 

Galium 

II 

3 

I 

15 

Solidago 

27 

4 

31 

Aster 

32 

I 

19 

52 

Helianthus 

6 

5 

I 

12 

Bidens 

10 

I 

II 

442  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

BOTANICAL   AUTHORS   CITED, 

The  following  list  is  not  entirely  complete,  but  is  intended 
to  summarize  such  information  as  the  Committee  were  able 
to  gather  in  the  time,  and  with  the  resources,  at  their  disposal. 

A.   A.   Eaton.     Alvah   Augustus    Eaton,    1865-1908.      United 

States.     Student  particularly  of  the  Isoctaceae  and  Eqiii- 

setaceae  of  North  America. 
A.  Br.     See  Braun. 
Adans.     Michel   Adanson,    1727-1806.     Author  of  a  work  on 

the  families  of  plants. 
A.  DC.     Alphonse  Louis  Pierre  Pyramus  De  Candolle.  1806- 

1893.      Switzerland.      Editor   of   the    Prodromus   after   his 

father's  death,  and  contributor  to  it;  author  of  works  on 

botanical  geography,  etc. 
Ait.     William  Alton,  1731-1793.     England.    Author  of  Hortus  , 

Kewensis. 
Ait.     f.      William     Townsend     Alton,     1766-1849.       England. 

Director  of  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Kew. 
A.  J.  Eames.     Arthur  Johnson  Eames.     LTnited  States. 
A.  J.  Grout.     Abel  Joel  Grout.     United  States.      Student  of 

North  American  mosses. 
All.     Carlo  Allioni,    1725-1804.      Italy.       Prof,   of   Botany  at 

Turin. 
Ames.     Oakes  Ames.    United  States.    Director  of  the  Botanic 

Garden,   Harvard  University.     Student  of  Orchidaceae. 
Anders.     Nils  Johan   Andersson,   1821-1880.     Sweden.     Prof. 

of  Botany  at  Stockholm.     Author  of  a  monograph  of  the 

genus  Salix,  etc. 
Andr.     Henry   C.   Andrews.     England.     Botanical  artist  and 

engraver;  conducted  the  Botanists'  Repository,  1799-1811, 
Andrz.     Anton  Lukianowicz  Andrzejowski,   1784-1868.     Rus- 
sia.    Prof,  of  Botany  at  Wilna. 
A.  Nelson.     Aven  Nelson.     United  States.     Prof,  of  Botany 

at  the  State  L^niversity  of  Wyoming.     Author  of  articles 

on  Rocky  Mountain  botany. 
Angstr.     Johan  Angstroem.     Sweden.     Author  of  a  work  on 

mosses  of  Scandinavia,  published  1842. 
Ard.     Pietro  Arduino,  1728-1805.     Italy. 

Arn.     George  Arnold  Walker  Arnott,   1799- 1868.     Scotland. 
Aschers.,     Ascherson.       Paul     Friedrich     August     Ascherson. 

Germany.      Prof,  of  Botany  at  the  University  of  Berlin. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  443 

Ashe.      William    Willard   Ashe.      United    States.       Botanist, 

North  Carolina  Geological  Survey. 
Aust.     Coe  Finch  Austin,  1831-1880.    United  States.     Curator 

of  the  Herbarium  at  Columbia  University.     Student  espe- 
cially of  North  American  mosses. 
Ave-Lallemant.     See  Lall. 
Bab.     Charles  Cardale  Babington.    England.    Prof,  of  Botany 

at  Cambridge  University.     Author  of  a  manual  of  British 

botany,  published  1843,  ^^c. 
Bailey.     Liberty   Hyde   Bailey.     United  States.     Director  of 

the  College  of  Agriculture  at  Cornell  University.     Author 

of  studies  of  the  genus  Carex  and  of  many  works  relating 

to  horticulture. 
Baker.     John  Gilbert  Baker.     England.     Formerly  Keeper  of 

the  Herbarium  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 
Balbis.     Giovanni  Battista  Balbis,  1765-1831.     Italy.     Prof,  at 

Turin. 
Ball.     Carleton  Roy  Ball.    United  States.    Agronomist  in  the 

Department  of  Agriculture. 
Banks.      Joseph    Banks,    1743-1820.      England.      President   of 

the    Royal    Society.      Explorer,    and    generous    patron    of 

science. 
Barneoud.    F.  Marius  Barneoud.    France.    Author  of  a  mono- 
graph of  the  Plantaginaceae,  published  1845. 
Barnh.     John  Hendley  Barnhart.     United  States.     Librarian, 

New  York  Botanical  Garden. 
Barratt.     Joseph  Barratt.  1707-1882.     United  States.     Student 

chiefly  of  willows  and  sedges. 
Bart.,    Barton.       William    Paul    Crillon    Barton.    1787-1856. 

United  States.     Prof,  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Author  of   Compendium   Florae   Philadelphicae,   and   of  a 

flora  of  North  America. 
Bartlett.     Harley   Harris  Bartlett.     United  States. 
B.    D.    Greene.      Benjamin    D.    Greene,    1793-1863.      United 

States. 
Beauv.     Ambroise  Marie  Frangois  Joseph  Palisot  de  Beauvois, 

1755-1820.     France.     Author  of  a  great  work  on  grasses. 
Beck.     Lewis  Caleb  Beck,   1798-1853.     United  States.     Prof. 

at  various  colleges.     Author  of   Botany  of  the   Northern 

and  Middle  States. 
Beeby.     William  Hadden  Beeby.     England. 
Benn.     Arthur  Bennett.     England. 


444  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Benth.     George   Bentham,    1800-1884.      England.      Author   or 

joint  author  of  many  important  botanical  works. 
Berchtold.     Friedrich,  Graf  von  Berchtold,  b.  1780.     Bohemia. 
Bergius.     Peter  Jonas  Bergius,  1730-1790.     Sweden. 
Bernh.     Johann  Jacob  Bernhardi,  1774-1850.    Germany.    Prof. 

of  Botany  at  Erfurt. 
Bess.     Wilhelm  S.  J.  G.  von  Besser,  1784-1842.     Austria. 
Betcke.     Ernst    Friedrich    Betcke.      Germany.     Author   of   a 

work  on  the  genus  Valerianella,  published  1826. 
Beyrich.     Karl  Beyrich,  d.   1834.     Germany. 
Bicknell.     Eugene  Pintard  Bicknell.     United  States.     Author 

of  many  articles  on  North  American  plants. 
Bieb.      Friedrich    August    Marschall    von    Bieberstein,    1768- 

1826.    Germany  and  Russia.    Author  of  works  on  the  flora 

of  Southern  Russia. 
Bigel.     Jacob  Bigelow,  1787-1879.    United  States.    Author  of 

Florula  Bostoniensis,  and  of  a  Medical  Botany. 
Bisch.,     Bischoff.       Gottlieb    Wilhelm     Bischoff,     1 797-1854. 

Germany.     Prof,  of  Botany  at  Heidelberg. 
Bissell.     Charles  Humphrey  Bissell.     United  States. 
Blanchard.     William  Henry  Blanchard.     United  States. 
Blume.     Karl  Ludwig  Blunie,  1796-1862.     Holland.    Director 

of  the  Royal  Herbarium  at  Leyden.     Author  of  a  great 

flora  of  Java. 
Blytt.     Matthias  Numsen  Blytt,  1789-1862.     Norway.     Prof. 

of  Botany  at  Christiania.    Author  of  a  flora  of  Norway. 
Boeckl.       Johann     Otto     Boeckeler,     1803- 1899.       Germany. 

Writer  on  Cyperaccae. 
Boehm.     Georg  Rudolf  Boehmer,  1723-1803.    Germany.    Prof. 

at  Wittenberg.     (Boehmcria  Jacq.) 
Boenn.     Clemens  Maria  Friedrich  von  Boenninghausen,  1785- 

1864.     Germany. 
Boiss.     Edmond    Boissier,    1810-1885.      Switzerland.      Author 

of  a  Flora  Orientalis,  various  studies  of  the  genus  Euphor- 
bia, etc. 
Bonpland.     See  HBK. 
Boott.     Francis  Boott,  1792-1863.    United  States  and  England. 

Author  of  a  great  work  on  the  genus  Carex.     See  also  W. 

Boott. 
Borkh.     Moritz  Balthasar  Borkhausen,  1760-1806.     Germany. 
Bosc.     Louis  Augustin  Guillaume  Bosc,   1759-182S.     France. 
Bosch.    Roelof  Benjamin  van  den  Bosch,  1810-1862.    Holland. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  445 

Braun.  Alexander  Carl  Heinrich  Braiin,  1805-1877.  Germany. 
Professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin.  Writer  on 
Cryptogams. 

Bray.     See  U.  &  B. 

Briquet.  John  Isaac  Briquet.  Switzerland.  Director  of  the 
Geneva  Botanic  Garden. 

Britten.  James  Britten.  England.  Senior  Assistant,  De- 
partment of  Botany,  British  Museum.  Editor,  Journal  of 
Botany. 

Britton.  Nathaniel  Lord  Britton.  United  States.  Director, 
New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Author  of  Illustrated  Flora 
of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada  (with  Addison  Brown), 
Manual  of  the  Flora  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada, 
and  numerous  botanical  papers. 

Brown.     Addison   Brown.     United   States.     See   also   R.   Br. 

Browne.     See  P.  Br. 

BSP.      Nathaniel    Lord    Britton,    E.    E.    Sterns    and   Justus 

Poggenburg.     Authors  of  a  Preliminary  Catalogue  of  the 

Plants  of  the  Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Buchenau.       Franz     Georg     Philipp     Buchenau,     1831-1906. 

Germany. 
Buckley.       Samuel     Botsford     Buckley,     1809-1884.       United 

States. 

Burgess.  Edward  Sanford  Burgess.  United  States.  Prof, 
of  Natural  Science,  Normal  College,  New  York.  Author 
of  studies  of  the  genus  Aster. 

Burm.  f.     Nickolaus  Laurens  Burmann,  1734-1793.     Holland. 
Bush.     B.  F.  Bush.     United  States. 
Candolle.     See  A.  DC,  DC. 

C.  &  S.     A.  von  Chamisso  and  D.  F.  L.  von  Schlechtendal. 

See  Cham,  and  Schlecht. 
Carey.     John  Carey,  1797-1880.     England  and  United  States. 

Lived  and  collected  in  the  United  States,   1830  to   1852; 

wrote  on  willows  and  sedges. 
Carr.      Elie    Abel    Carriere,    1818-1896.      France.      Editor    of 

Revue  Horticole ;  author  of  a  monograph  of  Coniferae. 
Casp.      Robert    Caspary,     1818-1887.       Germany.      Prof,    of 

Botany  at  Konigsberg.    Wrote  on  water  plants. 

Cass.  Alexandre  Henri  Gabriel,  Comte  de  Cassini,  1781-1832. 
France. 


446  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT,    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Cav.     Antonio  Jose   Cavanilles,    1745-1804.      Spain.      Prof,   of 

Botany  at  Madrid. 
C.  C.  Gmel.     Carl  Christian  Gmelin,   1762-1837.     Germany. 
Celak,     Ladislav  Celakovsky,   1834-1902.     Bohemia.     Prof,  of 

Botany  at  Prague. 
Chaix.     Dominique  Chaix,  1731-1800.     France. 
Cham,     Adalbert  von  Chamisso,  1781-1838.     Germany.     Poet 

and  naturalist. 
Chapm.      Alvan    Wentworth    Chapman,    1809-1899.      United 

States.    Author  of  a  standard  flora  of  the  Southern  States. 
Chase.      (Mrs.)    Agnes   Chase.     United   States.     Assistant   in 

S3^stematic  agrostology,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Chatelain.    Jean  Jacques  Chatelain.     Author  of  a  work  on  the 

genus   CoraUorrhisa,  published   1760. 
Clarke.     Charles  Baron  Clarke,  1832-1906.     England.     Student 

principally  of  the  Cyperaceae. 
Clayt.     John  Clayton,   1685-1 773.     Physician  and  collector  in 

Virginia,   and    correspondent   of    Gronovius,   whose    Flora 

Virginica    was    based    on    Clayton's    collections    and    notes. 

{Claytonia  L.) 
Clute.      Willard    Nelson    Clute.      United    States.      Student   of 

North  American  ferns  and  fern-allies. 
Cosson.     Ernest  Cosson,  1819-1889.     France. 
Coulter.      John    Merle    Coulter.      United    States.      Prof,    of 

Botany  at  the  University  of  Chicago.    Author  of  a  manual 

of  Rocky  Alountain  Botany,  botanical  text-books,  etc.     See 

also  T.  Coulter. 
Courtois.     Richard   Courtois,    1806-1835.     Belgium.     Prof,   at 

Liege. 
Coville.     Frederick  Vernon  Coville.     United  States.     Botanist, 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.     Curator,  U.  S.  National 

Herbarium.     Author  of  many  botanical  papers. 
Crantz.       Heinrich     Johann     Nepomuk     Crantz,     1722-1799. 

Austria.     Prof,  at  Vienna. 
Curtis.      William    Curtis,    1746-1799.      England.      Founder   of 

Curtis's  Botanical  Magazine.     See  also  M.  A.  Curtis. 
C.    Wright.       Charles    Wright,     1811-1886.      United     States. 

Made  important  collections  in  the  southwestern  U.  S.  and 

in  Cuba. 
Cyrill.     Domenico  Cyrillo,  1730-1799.     Italy.     Prof,  at  Naples. 
Darby.    John  Darby,  1804-1877.     United  States.     Author  of  a 

Botany  of  the  Southern  States. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  447 

Dad.        William      Darlington,      1782- 1863.        United      States. 

Author  of  Flora  Cestrica,  a  local  flora  of  the  vicinity  of 

West  Chester,  Penn. 
Davenp.       George    Edward    Davenport,     1833-1907.      United 

States.     Student  of  American  ferns. 
DC.      Augustin    Pyramus    De    Candolle,    1778-1841.      France 

and  Switzerland.     Projector  of  the   Prodromus,  writer  of 

its  earlier  volumes  and  of  other  important  botanical  work. 

See  also  A.  DC. 
D.  C.  Eaton,     Daniel  Cady  Eaton,  1834-1895.     United  States. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Yale  University.     Author  of  Ferns  of 

North  America,  etc. 
Dene.     Joseph    Decaisne,    1809-1882.      France.      Prof,    at   the 

Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris. 
D.  Don.     David  Don,   1800-1841.     England.     Prof,  at  King's 

College,   London. 
De  Candolle.     See  A.  DC,  DC. 
Desf.     Rene  Louiche  Desfontaines,  1750-1833.     France.     Prof. 

at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris. 
Desr.     Desrousseaux. 
Desv.     Augustin  Nicaise  Desvaux,  1784-1856.     France.     Prof. 

of  Botany  at  Angers. 
Dewey.     Chester  Dewey,  17S4-1867.     United  States.     Prof,  at 

Rochester  University.     Student  of  American  Cariccs. 
Dicks.      James    Dickson,     1738- 1822.      Scotland.       {Dicksonia 

L'Her.) 
Dietr.      Friedrich     Gottlieb    Dietrich,     1768-1850.      Germany. 

Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Eisenach. 
Don.    See  D.  Don,  G.  Don. 
Donn.    James  Donn,  1758-1813.     England.     Author  of  Hortus 

Cantabrigiensis. 
Dougl.      David    Douglas,     1799-1834.      Scotland.      Collected 

much  in  northwestern  North  America. 
Druce.    George  Claridge  Druce.     England.    Author  of  various 

works  on  the  British  flora. 
Drude.     Oskar  Drude.     Germany.     Prof,  at  Dresden.     Author 

of  works  on  plant  geography,  etc. 
Duby.     Jean  Etienne  Duby,  b.   1798.     Switzerland.     Author 

of  studies  in  the  Primulaceae. 
1  Duchesne.     Antoine    Nicolas    Duchesne,    1747-1827.     France. 
Dudley.     William  Russell  Dudley.     United  States.     Prof,  of 

Botany   at   Leland   Stanford,  Jr.,  University. 


448  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Du£r.      Pierre   Dufresne,    1786-1836.      France.      Author   of   a 
work  on  the  Valerianaceae. 

Dulac.     J.  Dulac.     France.     Author  of  a  Flora  du  Departe- 

ment  des  Hautes  Pyrenees,  1867. 
Dumont.     Jules  Sebastien  Cesar  Dumont  d'Urville,  1 790-1 842. 

France. 

Dumort.  Barthelemy       Charles       Dumortier,       1797-1878. 

Belgium. 
Dunal.     Michel   Felix  Dunal,    1 789-1 856.      France.      Prof,   of 

Botany    at    Montpellier.      Author    of    a    monograph    of 

Solanum  and  allied  genera,  etc. 
Dur.      Michel    Charles    Durieu    de    Maisonneuve,    1796-1878. 

France.    Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Bordeaux. 
Durand.     Elias  Durand,  1 794-1873.     United  States.     Collector 

of  North  American  plants.     See  also  Th.  Durand. 
DuRoi.     Johann  Philipp  DuRoi,  1741-1785.   Germany.   Author 

of  a  work  on  the  trees  of  North  America. 
Eames.      Edwin    Hubert    Fames.      United    States.      See    also 

A.  J.  Eames. 
Eaton.    See  A.  A.  Eaton,  D.  C.  Eaton,  H.  H.  Eaton. 
Ebermaier.     Karl  Heinrich  Ebermaier,  1802-1870.     Germany. 
Eddy.     Caspar  Wistar  Eddy.     United  States.     Author  of  a 

local   flora,   Pla\ntae   Plandomenses,   published    1808. 
Eggleston,      Willard    Webster    Eggleston.      United    States. 

Collector ;  student  of  Crataegus. 
E.    Hitchc.      Edward    Hitchcock,    1793-1864.      United    States. 

Prof,  at  Amherst  College.    Author  of  a  Catalogue  of  Plants 

in  the  Vicinity  of  Amherst  College,  etc. 
Ehrh.     Friedrich  Ehrhart,  1742-1795.     Germany. 
Ell.     Stephen  Elliott,   1771-1830.     United  States.     Author  of 

Sketch  of  the  Botany  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
Ellis.     John  Ellis,  1711-1776.     England.     {Ellisia  L.) 
Endlicher.     Stephan     Friedrich     Ladislaus     Endlicher,     1804- 

1849.     Prof,  at  Vienna  and  Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden. 

Author  of  a  Genera  Plantarum. 
Engelm.       George    Engelmann,     1809-1884.      United    States. 

Studied  and  monographed  more  or  less  completely  several 

difficult  genera  of  North  American  plants. 
E.  S.  Miller.     Elihu  Sandford  Miller.     United  States. 
Fabric.       Philipp    Konrad    Fabricius,    1 714-1774.       Germany. 

Prof,  at  Helmstadt. 
Farwell.     Oliver  Atkins  Farwell.     United   States. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  449 

Fee.     Antoine    Laurent  Apollinaire   Fee,    1789-1874.     France. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Strassburg.     AVriter  on  ferns. 
Fenzl.     Eduard   Fenzl,   1808-1879.     Austria.     Curator  of  the 

Botanical  Aluseum  at  Vienna. 
Fernald.    Merritt  Lyndon  Fernald.    United  States.    Assistant 

Prof,   of   Botany,   Harvard   University,     Author   of   many 

papers  and  monographs  deaHng  with  the  North  American 

and  Mexican  floras. 
Fisch.       Friedrich     Ernst    Ludwig    von    Fischer,     1782-1854. 

Russia.    Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  St.  Petersburg. 
Fliigge.    Johann  Fliigge,  1775-1816.     Germany. 
Focke.     Wilhelm  Olbers  Focke.     Germany. 
Forbes.      John    Forbes,    1773-1861.      England.      Gardener    at 

Woburn  Abbey.     Author  of  Hortus   Woburnensis. 
Forskal.      Pehr    Forskal,    1736-1768.      Sweden.      Collected    in 

Egypt  and  Arabia. 
Foucaud.    Julien  Foucaud,  1847-1904.     France. 
Fourn.     Pierre  Nicolas  Eugene  Fournier,  1834-1884.     France. 

Author  of  works  on  Mexican  ferns  and  grasses. 
Fourr.    Jules  Fourreau.     France. 
Fries.     Elias   Magnus   Fries,    1794-1878.      Sweden.     Prof,   at 

Upsala.      Author   of    many   works    on    systematic   botany, 

chiefly  of  the  lower  Cryptogams. 
Fritsch.      Karl   Fritsch.     Austria.      Prof,   of   Botany   at   the 

University  of  Graz. 
Froel.    Joseph  Alo3''S  Froelich,  1766-1841.     Germany.     Author 

of  a  monograph  of  the  genus  Gentiana,  etc. 
F.  Schultz.     Friedrich  Wilhelm  Schultz,  b.   1804.     Germany. 
Gaertn.     Joseph  Gaertner,   1732-1791.     Germany. 
Garcke.      Friedrich    August    Garcke,    1819-1904.      Germany. 

Prof,    at    Berlin.     Author   of   a   standard    manual    of   the 

German  flora. 
Gaud.     Charles  Gaudichaud-Beaupre,   1789-1864.     France. 
Gaudin.     Jean  Frangois  Gottlieb  Philippe  Gaudin,   1766-1833. 

Switzerland.     Author  of  a  Flora  Helvetica. 
j  Gay.     See  J.  Gay. 

I  G.  Don.     George  Don,  1798-1856.     England. 
i  Germain.     Ernest  Germain   de  Saint-Pierre.     France. 
Gilbert.     Benjamin  Davis  Gilbert,  1835-1907.     United  States. 

Student  of  American  ferns. 
Gilib.     Jean  Emmanuel  Gilibert,  1741-1814.     Prof,  at  Wilna, 

Russia,  and  at  Lyons,  France. 


450  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Gill.     John   Gillies,   d.   before    1837.      Lived   and   collected    in 

South  America. 
Gloxin.      Benjamin    Peter    Gloxin.      France.      Published    Oh- 

servationes  Botanicae,   1785. 
Gmel.     Samuel  Gottlieb  Gmelin,  1743-1774.    Russia.    See  also 

C.  C.  Gmel.,  J.  F.  Gmel. 
Godr.      Dominique    Alexandre    Godron,    1807-1880.      France. 

Prof,  at  Nancy.    Joint  author  of  a  flora  of  France. 
Goldie.      John    Goldie,     1793-1886.       Scotland    and    Canada. 

Traveled  and  collected  in  eastern   North   America  in   the 

early  19th  century. 
Good.     Samuel  Goodenough,  1743-1827.     England. 
Grab.     Heinrich  Emmanuel  Grabowski,  1792-1842.     Germany. 
Graebner.     Paul  Graebner.     Germany.     Curator  of  the  Ro}al 

Botanic  Garden  at  Dahlem. 
Graves.     Charles  Burr  Graves.     United  States. 
Gray.      Asa    Gray,    1810-1888.      United    States.      The    most 

distinguished  of  American  botanists ;   for  many  years  Prof. 

of    Natural    History    at    Harvard    University.      Author    of 

the  w^ell-known  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northeastern 

States,  Synoptical  Flora  of  North  America,  etc.     See  also 

S.  F.  Gray. 
Greene.     Edward  Lee  Greene.     United  States.     Former  Prof. 

of    Botany    at    the    University    of    California    and    at    tlie 

Catholic  University  of  America,   Georgetown.     Author  of 

many     articles     and     monographs     dealing     with     North 

American  plants.     See  also  B.  D.  Greene. 
Greenman.     Jesse   More    Greenman.     United   States.      Field 

Museum  of  Natural  History,  Chicago. 
Gren.       Charles     Grenier,     1808-1875.       France.       Prof,     at 

Besancon.      Joint    author    (with    Godron)    of    a    flora    of 

France. 
Grev.     Robert  Kaye  Greville,  1794-1866.     Scotland.     Prof,  at 

Edinburgh.      Author    or    joint    author    of    several    works,  • 

mostly  on  cryptogamic  plants. 
Griseb.       Heinrich     Rudolf     August     Grisebach,     1814-1879. 

Germany.      Prof   of    Botany   at    Gottingen.      Author   of    a 

monograph  of  the  Gentianaceae,  Flora  of  the  British  West 

Indies,  etc. 
Gronov.       Jan     Fredrik      Gronovius,      1690- 1762.        Holland. 

Author  of  a  Flora  Virginica ;  a  distinguished  botanist  in 

his  time. 
Grout.     See  A.  J.  Grout. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  45 1 

G.  S.  Miller.     Gerrit  Smith  Miller,  Jr.     United  States.     As- 
sistant Curator,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 
Guss.     Giovanni  Gussone,  1787-1866.     Italy.     Prof,  of  Botany 

at  Naples. 
Haberer.    Joseph  V.  Haberer.    United  States. 
Hack.       Eduard    Hackel.      Austria.      Author    of    works    on 

grasses. 
Haller     f.        Gottlieb      Emmanuel     von      Haller,      1730-1786. 

Switzerland. 
Harper.     Roland  MacMillan  Harper.     United  States. 
Haussk.     Carl  Haussknecht. 
Haw.    Adrian  Hardy  Haworth,  1 772-1833.     England.     Author 

of  Synopsis  Plantarum  Succulentarum. 
Hayne.      Friedrich    Gottlieb    Hayne,    1763-1832.      Germany. 

Prof,  at  Berlin. 
HBK.    Friedrich  Wilhelm  Heinrich  Alexander  von  Humboldt, 
}       1796-1859.     Germany.     Aime  Jacques  Alexandre  Bonpland, 

1773-1858.     France.     Karl  Sigismund  Kunth,  q.  v.     Joint 
'      authors  of  a  great  work  on  plants  of  the  New  World. 
iHegelm.         Christoph       Friedrich       Plegelmaier,       1833-1906. 

Germany.     Prof,  at  Tiibingen.     Author  of  a  monograph  of 

the  genus  Callitriche,  etc. 
Heller.      Amos    Arthur    Heller.      United    States.      Collector; 
!      author  of  a  Catalogue  of  North  American  Plants,  etc. 
H.  H.  Eaton.     Hezekiah  Hulbert  Eaton,  1809-1832.     United 

States. 
Hill.     John  Hill,  1716-1775.     England. 
Hitchc.     Albert  Spear  Hitchcock.    United  States.    Systematic 

Agrostologist,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.     See  also 

E.  Hitchc. 
iochst.         Christian       Friedrich       Hochstetter,       1787-1860. 

Germany, 
lioffm.      Georg    Franz    Hoffman,    1761-1826.      Germany    and 
I     Russia.     Prof,  of  Botany  at  Gottingen  and  Moscow. 
'■loffmg.      Johann    Centurius,    Graf   von    Hoffmansegg,    1766- 

1849.    Germany, 
lollick.     Charles  Arthur  Hollick.     United  States.     Author  of 

papers  on  the  botany  and  geology  of  the  vicinity  of  New 

York. 
look.     William  Jackson  Hooker,   1785-1865.     England.     Di- 
rector of  the  Royal  Garden  at  Kew.     Author  of  Species 

Filicum,  and  of  much  important  botanical  work. 


452  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Hook.  f.     Joseph  Dalton  Hooker.    England.    Former  Director 

of  the  Royal  Garden  and  Museum  at  Kevv.     Joint  author 

(with   Bentham)   of  an  authoritative  work  on  the  genera 

of  plants.     Author  of  Flora  of  British  India,  etc. 
Horkel.      Johann    Horkel,    1769-1846.       Germany.       Prof,    at 

the  University  of  Berlin. 
Hornem.      Jens    Wilken    Hornemann,    1770-1841.      Denmark. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Copenhagen. 
Host.     Nicolaus  Thomas  Host,   1761-1834.     Austria.     Wrote 

on  Austrian  grasses. 
Houba.     J.   Houba.     Belgium  (?).     Author  of  a  work  on  oaks, 

published  1887. 
House.     Homer  Doliver  House.     United  States. 
Howell.    Thomas  Howell.     United  States.     Author  of  a  flora 

of  the  Northwestern  States. 
Huds.     William  Hudson,  1730-1793.     England.     Author  of  a 

Flora  Anglica.     (Htidsonia  L.) 
Hull.     John  Hull,  1761-1843.     England.     Author  of  a  British 

Flora. 
Humboldt.    See  HBK. 
Ives.      Eli    Ives,    1779-1861.      United    States.      Prof,    at   Yale 

College. 
Jackson.     Benjamin  Daydon  Jackson.     England.     Curator  of 

the    Herbarium   of   the    Linnean    Society,    London.      Joint 

author  of  the  Index  Kewensis. 
Jacq.     Nicolaus   Joseph    Jacquin,    1727-1817.^     Austria.      Col-j 

lected  in  tropical  America.     Author  of  several  important 

botanical  works. 
J.  E.  Smith.     See  Sm. 
J.  F.  Gmel.     Johann  Friedrich  Gmelin,  1748-1804.     Germany 

Prof,  at  Tiibingen  and  Gottingen. 
J.  Gay.     Jacques  Gay,  1 786-1864.     France. 
J.  G.  Smith.     Jared  Gage  Smith.     United  States.     In  charge 

of  U.  S.  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Hawaii. 
Jord.    Alexis  Jordan.    France.    Joint  author  (with  Fourreau) 

of  Breviarium  Plantarum  Novarum,  1866. 
Juss.     Antoine   Laurent  Jussieu,    1748-1836.      France.     Prof 

at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris.     The  first  to  attempt  tc 

define    the    natural    families    of    plants,    in    his    Genen 

Plantarum,  1774. 
Kalm.     Pehr  Kalm,   1715-1779.     Finland.     Traveled  and  col- 
lected in  America.      (Kalmia  L.) 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  453 

Karst.     Hermann  Gustav  Karl  Wilhelm  Karsten,   1817-1908. 

Austria  and  Germany.     Prof,  at  Vienna. 
Ker.     John    Bellenden    Ker,    i765(?)-i87i.     England. 
Kitaibel.    See  W.  &  K. 
K.  Koch.     See  Koch. 

Knight.     Ora  Willis  Knight.     United  States. 
Koch.      Karl    Heinrich    Emil    Koch,    1809-1879.      Germany. 

Prof,  at  Berlin. 
Koehne,     Bernhard  Adalbert  Emil  Koehne.     Germany.     Prof. 

at   Berlin.     Dendrologist ;  author  of  a   monograph   of  the 

Lythraceae  of  the  United  States. 
Koeler.      Georg   Ludwig   Koeler,   d.    1807.      Germany.     Prof. 

at  Mainz. 
Kuhn.       Friedrich     Adalbert     Maximilian     Kuhn,     1842-1894. 

Germany.     Writer  on  ferns. 
Kunth.     Karl  Sigismund  Kunth,  1788-1850.     Germany.     Prof. 

at    Berlin.      Author    of    Enumeratio    Plantarum,    a    work 

designed  to  supplement  the  Prodromus,  Revisio  Graminum, 

etc.     See  also  HBK. 
Kuntze.       Karl    Ernst    Otto    Kuntze,    1843-1907.       Germany. 

Author   of   Revisio    Generum    Plantarum,    a   work    chiefly 

nomenclatorial. 
L.     Carolus  Linnaeus  (Carl  von  Linne),  1707-1778.     Sweden. 

Prof,   of   Botany   at   Upsala.      The   "  Father   of   Botany." 

Inventor  of  the   binomial   system   of   nomenclature.      His 

Species    Plantarum    is    accepted    as    the    basis    of    modern 

descriptive  botany.     (Linnaea  Gronov.) 
Laestad.     Lars  Levi  Laestadius,  b.  1800.     Lapland. 
Lag.    Mariano  Lagasca,  1776-1839.    Spain.    Wrote  on  Mexican 

and  Spanish  plants. 
Lall.      Julius     Leopold     Eduard    Ave-Lallemant,     1803- 1867. 

Germany. 
Lam.     Jean    Baptiste    Antoine    Pierre    Monnet    de    Lamarck, 

1744-1829.     France.     Distinguished  naturalist  and  philos- 
opher;    author   of   a    theory   of   organic    evolution    which 

anticipated  Darwin's. 
Lamotte.    Martial  Lamotte.    France. 
Lamson-Scribner.     See   Scribn. 
Lange.    Johan  Martin  Christian  Lange,  1818-1898.     Denmark. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Copenhagen. 
Le  Conte.     John  Eaton  Le  Conte,  1784-1860.     United  States. 

Author  of  papers  on  various  genera  of  North  American 

plants. 


454  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Lecoq.    Henri  Lecoq,  1802-1871.    France.    Prof,  at  Clermont- 
Ferrand. 
Ledeb.      Karl   Friedrich   von   Ledebour,    1785-1851.      Russia. 
Prof,  at  Dorpat.     Author  of  Flora  Altaica,  Flora  Rossica. 
Leers.        Johann      Daniel      Leers,       1727-1774.        Germany. 

(Leersia  Sw.) 
Leggett.     William  Henry  Leggett,  1816-1882.     United  States. 

Founder  of  the   Bulletin   of  the   Torrey    Botanical    Club. 

Studied  the  genus  Lechea. 
Lehm.       Johann      Georg     Christian      Lehmann,      1792-1860. 

Germany.     Prof,  and  Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at 

Hamburg. 
Lejeune.       Alexander     Ludwig    Simon     Lejeune,     1 779-1858. 

Belgium.      Joint  author   (with  Courtois)   of  Compendium 

Florae  Belgicae. 
Lestib.     Frangois  Joseph  Lestiboudois,  d.  181 5.   France.   Prof. 

of  Botany  at  Lille. 
Leyss.    Friedrich  Wilhelm  von  Leysser,  1731-1815.    Germany. 
L.   f.     Carl  von  Linne,  the  son,  1741-1783.     Sweden.     Prof,  at 

Upsala. 
L'Her.      Charles    Louis    L'Heritier    de    Brutelle,    1746-1800. 

France. 
Lightf.     John  Lightfoot,   1735-1788.     England.     Author  of  a 

flora  of  Scotland. 
Lindl.     John  Lindley,  1799-1865.     England.     Prof,  of  Botany 

at  London.      Distinguished  as  a  horticulturist  and  author i 

of  many  botanical  works.  , 

Link.     Heinrich  Friedrich  Link,  1 767-1 851.     German3^     Prof.  | 

of  Botany  at  Berlin.  j 

Linnaeus,  Linne.     See  L.,  L.  f. 
Lodd.       Conrad     Loddiges.       England.       Nurseryman     neari 

London;  conducted  Loddiges'  Botanical  Cabinet,  1817-1833. 
Loisel.     Jean  Louis  Auguste  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,  1774- 

1849.    France. 
Loud.    John  Claudius  Loudon,  1783-1843.     England.     Author 

of  an  encyclopedia  of  plants  native  and  cultivated  in  Great 

Britain,  Arboretum  et  Fruticetum  Brittanicum,  etc. 
Ludwig.     Christian    Gottlieb    Ludwig,    1709-1773.      Germany,, 

(Lndvigia  L.) 
Mackenzie.     Kenneth  Kent  Mackenzie.     United  States. 
MacMill.      Conway    MacMillan.      L^nited    States.      Author   of 

works  on  Minnesota  plants. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  455 

M.  A.  Curtis.    Moses  Ashley  Curtis,  1 808-1 873.    United  States. 

Author   of   a   flora   of   North    Carolina   and   of   important 

studies  of  North  American  fungi. 
Magnus.     Paul  Magnus. 
Marchal.     Elie  Marchal.     Belgium. 
Marsh.      Humphrey    Marshall,     1722-1801.      United     States. 

Author  of  a  work  on  American  trees  and  shrubs. 
Martens.      Martin    Martens,    1797-1863.      Belgium.      Prof,   of 

Botany  at  Louvain. 
Martius.       Karl    Friedrich    Philipp    von    Martins,    1794-1868. 

Germany.     Prof,  at  Munich. 
Maxim.    Karl  Johann  Maximowicz,  1827-1891.    Russia.  Wrote 

much  on  Asiatic  plants. 
Maxon.     William   Ralph   Maxon.     United   States.     Assistant 

Curator,  U.  S.  National  Museum.     Writer  on  ferns. 
Medic.      Friedrich    Casimir    Medicus,    1 736-1 808.      Germany. 

Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Mannheim. 
Meisn.      Karl    Friedrich    Meisner,    1800-1874.      Switzerland. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Basle, 
i  Merat.     Frangois  Victor  Merat,  1780-1851.     France. 
I  Merr.      Elmer   Drew    Merrill.      United    States.      Government 

Botanist  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Mart.     Karl  Heinrich  Mertens,  1796-1830.     Russia. 
Mey.    Ernst  Heinrich  Friedrich  Meyer,  1791-1858.     Germany. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Konigsberg. 
I  Micheli.    See  M.  Micheli. 
Michx.     Andre  Michaux,  1746-1802,     France,  but  carried  on 

much  botanical  work  in  North  America. 
Michx.    f.     Frangois  Andre  Michaux,  1770-1855.     France  and 

United  States.     Son  of  the  preceding.     Author  of  a  work 

on  the  trees  of  North  America. 
Milde.    Julius  Milde,  1824-1871.     Germany.    Author  of  works 

on  mosses  and  pteridophytes. 
Mill.     Philip  Miller,  1691-1771.     England.     Author  of  a  cele- 
brated Dictionary  of  Gardening. 
!  Miller.     See  E.  S.  Miller,  G.  S.  Miller,  Mill. 
'  Millsp.     Charles  Frederic   Millspaugh.     Curator,  Department 

of   Botany,    Field    Museum   of   Natural    Plistory,    Chicago. 

Author  of  a  flora  of  West  Virginia  and  of  numerous  articles 

dealing  chiefly  with   the  plants  of  Mexico  and  the  West 

Indies. 
M.  Micheli.    Marco  MicheH,  1844-1902.    Switzerland. 


456  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Moench.  Konrad  Moench,  1744-1805.  Germany.  Prof,  at 
Marburg. 

Mohr.  Carl  Theodor  Mohr,  1824-1901.  United  States. 
Botanist,  Geological  Survey  of  Alabama.  Author  of  Plant 
Life  of  Alabama,  etc. 

Moore.  Thomas  Moore,  1821-1887.  England.  Curator  of  the 
Chelsea  Botanic  Garden.  Author  of  an  Index  Filicum,  etc. 
See  also  Pease  &  Moore. 

Moq.  Christian  Horace  Benedict  Alfred  Moquin-Tandon, 
1804-1863.     France. 

Morong.  Thomas  Morong,  1827-1894.  United  States.  Curator 
of  the  Herbarium  at  Columbia  University.  Collected  in 
Paraguay.     Published  much  on  Najadaceae. 

Muell.  Arg.  Johann  Mueller  of  Aargau,  1829-1896.  Switzer- 
land. Director  of  the  Geneva  Botanic  Garden  and  Curator 
of  the  Delessert  Herbarium. 

Muench.  Otto,  Freiherr  von  Muenchhausen,  1 716-1774. 
Germany. 

Muhl.  Gotthilf  Henry  Ernest  Muhlenberg,  1756-1817.  United 
States.  Correspondent  of  many  European  botanists. 
Author  of  a  Catalogue  of  North  American  Plants,  De- 
scription of  North  American  Grasses,  etc.  (Muhlenbergia 
Schreb.) 

Mullen    See  A/Iuell.  Arg.,  O.  F.  Miiller. 

Murr.  Johann  Andreas  Murray,  1740-1791.  Germany.  Prof, 
at  Gottingen. 

Mutis.     Jose  Celestino  ]\Iutis,  1732-1808.     Spain. 

Nash.  George  Valentine  Nash.  United  States.  Curator  of 
Plantations,  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Writer  on 
North  American  grasses. 

Neck.     Noel  Joseph  de  Necker,  1729-1793.     Germany. 

Nees.  Christian  Gottfried  Daniel  Nees  von  Esenbeck,  1776- 
1858.     Germany.     Prof,  of  Botany  at  Breslau. 

Nelson.    See  A.  Nelson. 

Nutt.  Thomas  Nuttall,  1786-1859.  United  States  and 
England.  Explorer,  botanist  and  ornithologist.  Director 
of  the  Harvard  Botanic  Garden.  Author  of  Genera  of 
North  American  Plants,  Forest  Trees  of  the  United  States. 

Nym.     Carl  Fredrik  Nyman,  1820-1893.     Sweden. 

Oakes.  William  Oakes,  1799-1848.  United  States.  Collector 
and  student  of  the  New  England  flora.     (Oakesia  Wats.) 

Oeder.  Georg  Christian  Oeder,  1728-1791.  Germany.  Author 
of  works  on  the  plants  of  Denmark  and  Norway. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  457 

O.  F.  Miiller.    Otto  Friedrich  Muller,  1730-1784.    Denmark. 
Oiney.     Stephen  T.  Olney,  1812-1878.    United  States.    Author 

of  a  Catalogue  of  Rhode  Island  Plants ;  student  of  Carices. 
Otto.     Friedrich  Otto,   1782-1856.     Germany. 
Paine.    John  Alsop  Paine.     United  States.     Author  of  Plants 

of  Oneida  County   [New  York]    and  Vicinity. 
Pari.     Filippo  Parlatore,   1816-1877.     Italy.     Prof,  of  Botany 

at  Florence. 
Pavon.    Jose  Pavon,  fl.  about  1800.    Spain. 
Pax.      Ferdinand    Pax.      Germany.      Prof,    of    Botany    at   the 

University  of  Breslau. 
P.  Br.    Patrick  Browne,  1720-1790.     Ireland.    Author  of  Civil 

and  Natural  History  of  Jamaica. 
Pease  &  Moore.     Arthur  Stanley  Pease  and  Albert  Hanford 

Moore.    United  States. 
Peck.     Charles  Horton  Peck.     United  States.     State  Botanist 

of  New  York.     Author  of  many  botanical  reports,  dealing 

chiefly  with  fungi. 
Pers.      Christiaan    Hendrik    Persoon,    1 755-1837.      Germany, 

etc.     Author  of  Synopsis  Plantarum  and  several  works  on 

fungi. 
Peter.    Robert  Peter,  b.  1805.     United  States.     Geologist  and 

botanist. 
Philippi.     Rudolph  Amandus  Philippi,  1808- 1904.     Chile.     Di- 
rector of  the  Museum  at  Santiago. 
Piper.     Charles  Vancouver  Piper.    United  States.    Agrostolo- 

gist,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.    Author  of  a  flora  of 

the  State  of  Washington. 
Planch.    Jules  Emile  Planchon,  1823-1888.     France.     Prof,  at 

Montpellier. 
Poggenburg.     See  BSP. 

Poir.     Jean  Louis  Marie  Poiret,  1755-1834.     France. 
Poll.    Johann  Adam  Pollich,  1 740-1 780.    Germany. 
Pollard.     Charles  Louis  Pollard.     United  States.     Author  of 

many  botanical  articles,  especially  on  the  genus  Viola. 
Pomel.    Nicola-Auguste  Pomel,  1821-1898.    France. 
Porter.     Thomas   Conrad   Porter,   1822-190T.     United  States. 

Prof,  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Lafayette  College.    Author  of 

Botany  of  Pennsylvania,  etc. 
Prantl.      Karl    Anton    Eugen    Prantl,    1849-1893.      Germany. 

Prof,  at  Breslau. 
Presl.     Karel  Boriwog  Presl,  1794-1852.     Bohemia.     Prof,  at 

Prague. 


458  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Prince.  William  Robert  Prince,  1795-1869.  United  States. 
Horticulturist. 

Pursh.  Frederick  Traugott  Pursh,  1774-1820.  Traveled  for 
12  years  in  the  United  States.  Author  of  Flora  Americae 
Septentrionalis. 

Raf.  Constantino  Samuel  Rafinesque-Schmaltz,  1784-1842. 
Prof,  of  Natural  History  at  Transylvania  University, 
Kentucky.     A  keen,  but  erratic  botanist. 

Raimann.     Rudolf  Raimann.     Austria.     Prof,  at  Vienna. 

Rand.     Edward  Lothrop  Rand.     United  States. 

R.  Br.  Robert  Brown,  1773-1858.  England.  A  distinguished 
botanist,  author  of  many  important  works. 

Redfield.  John  Howard  Redfield,  1815-1895.  United  States. 
Joint  author  (with  Rand)  of  a  flora  of  Mt.  Desert. 

Regel.  Eduard  August  von  Regel,  1815-1892.  Russia.  Di- 
rector of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  St.   Petersburg. 

Rehder.  Alfred  Rehder.  United  States.  Assistant  at  the 
Arnold  Arboretum,  Harvard  University. 

Reichard.     Johann  Jakob  Reichard,  1743-1782.     Germany. 

Reichenb.  Heinrich  Gottlieb  Ludwig  Reichenbach,  1793-1879. 
Germany.     Prof,  at  Dresden. 

Rendle.  Alfred  Barton  Rendle.  England.  Keeper,  Depart- 
ment of  Botany,  British  Museum. 

Retz.  Anders  Johan  Retzius,  1742-1821.  Sweden.  Prof,  at 
Lund. 

Richard.     Louis  Claude  Marie  Richard,  1754-1821.     France. 

Richards.  John  Richardson,  1787-1865.  England.  Surgeon 
and  naturalist  with  Sir  John  Franklin's  earlier  expeditions. 
Wrote  a  botanical  appendix  to  Franklin's  narrative. 

Ricker.  Percy  Leroy  Ricker.  United  States.  Scientific 
Assistant  in  Taxonomy,  U.   S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 

Riddell.  John  Leonard  Riddell,  1807-1867.  United  States. 
Prof,  at  the  University  of  Louisiana.  Author  of  Synopsis 
of  the  Flora  of  the  Western  States,  Plants  of  Ohio,  etc. 

Ries.  Heinrich  Ries.  United  States.  Prof,  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity. 

Robbins.  James  Watson  Robbins,  1801-1879.  United  States. 
Collected  in  New  England,  the  Lake  region,  Virginia  and 
Maryland.     Student  of  Potamogeton. 

Robinson.     Benjamin  Lincoln  Robinson.    United  States.    Prof, 
of  Systematic  Botany  and  Curator  of  the  Gray  Herbarium, 
Harvard  University.    Author  of  many  papers  on  the  plants 
of  North  America  and  Mexico,  a  flora  of  the  Galapagos  \ 
Islands,  etc. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  459 

Robson.     Stephen   Robson.      England.      Author   of  a   British 

flora,  published  1777. 
Roem,     Johann  Jacob  Roemer,  1763-1819.    Switzerland.    Prof. 

at  Zurich. 
Rostk.     Friedrich    Wilhelm    Gottlieb    Rostkovius,    1770-1848. 

Germany. 
Roth.     Albrecht   Wilhelm   Roth,    1757-1834.      Germany. 
Rottb.     Christian  Fries  Rottboell,  1727-1797.    Denmark.    Prof. 

of  Botany  at  Copenhagen. 
Rouy.     Georges-C-Ch.  Rouy.     France. 
Roxb.     William  Roxburgh,  1759-1815.    India.    Director  of  the 

Botanic  Garden  at  Calcutta.     Wrote  on  plants  of  India. 
Rudge.     Edward  Rudge,  1763- 1846.     England. 
Ruiz.     Hipolito  Ruiz,  1754-1815.     Spain.     Joint  author  (with 

Pavon)  of  a  flora  of  Peru  and  Chile. 
Rupr.,    Ruprecht.      Franz    J.    Ruprecht,    1814-1870.      Russia. 

Curator  of   the   Herbarium   of   the    Imperial   Academy   of 

Sciences,  St.  Petersburg. 
Rusby.     Henry  Hurd  Rusby.     United  States.     Prof.,  Depart- 
ment of  Pharmacy,  Columbia  University. 
Rydb.     Per   Axel   Rydberg.     United    States.      Curator,    New 

York  Botanical   Garden.     Author  of  several   monographs, 

floras  of  Montana  and  Colorado,  etc. 
Salisb.     Richard  Anthony  Salisbury,  1761-1829.     England. 
Sarg.     Charles    Sprague    Sargent.      United    States.      Prof,    of 

Arboriculture    and    Director    of    the    Arnold    Arboretum, 

Harvard  University.     Author  of  Silva  of  North  America, 

etc. 
Sartwell.     Henry  Parker  Sartwell,  1792-1867.     United  States. 

Student  of  Carices. 
Schk.     Christian  Schkuhr,  1741-1811.     Germany.     Author  of  a 

work  on  sedges. 
Schlecht.     Diedrich  Franz  Leonhard  von  Schlechtendal,  1794- 

1866.     Germany.     Prof,  at  Halle. 
Schleich.     J.  C.  Schleicher.     Author  of  a  flora  of  Switzerland, 

1800. 
Schleid.     Matthias  Jacob  Schleiden,  1804-1881.     Germany. 
Schmidt.        Wilhelm     Ludwig     Ewald     Schmidt,     1804-1843. 

Germany. 
Schneider.     Camillo  Karl  Schneider.     Austria. 
Schott.       Heinrich     Wilhelm     Schott      1794-1865.       Austria. 

Director  of  the  Imperial  Garden  at  Schonbrunn.     Author 

of  a  monograph  of  the  Araccae,  etc. 


460  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

Schrad.      Heinrich    Adolpli    Schrader,    1 767-1836.      Germany. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Gottingen. 
Schrank.      Franz  von   Paula   Schrank,    1747- 1835.      Germany. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Munich. 
Schreb.     Johann    Daniel    Christian    von    Schreber,    1739-1810. 

Germany. 
Schult.,  Schultes.     Joseph  August  Schultes,  1773-1831.     Ger- 
many.    Prof,  at  Landeshut. 
Schultz.     See  F.  Schultz. 

Schum.    Christian  Friedrich  Schumacher,  1757-1830.  Denmark. 
Schur.     Philipp  Johann  Ferdinand  Schur,  b.  1799.     Austria. 
Schwein.     Lewis   David   von   Schweinitz,    1780-1834.     United 

States.     Student  of  fungi,  in  which  department  his  work 

is  of  much  importance,  and  author  of  monographs  of  P'iola 

and  the  North  American  species  of  Carex. 
Scop.      Johann   Anton    Scopoli,    1723-1788.      Italy.      Prof,    at 

Pavia. 
Scribn.     Frank  Lamson-Scribner.     United  States.     Author  of 

many  articles  on  grasses. 
Ser.     Nicolas  Charles  Seringe,   1776-1858.     France.     Prof,  at 

Lyons. 
S.  F.  Gray.     Samuel  Frederick  Gray,  fl.  1780-1836.     England. 
Shear.     Cornelius   Lott   Shear.     United   States.      Pathologist, 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Short.      Charles    Wilkins    Short,    1 794-1 863.      United    States. 

Joint  author  (with  Peter)  of  Plants  of  Kentucky. 
Shuttlw.       Robert     Shuttleworth,     d.     1874.       England     and 

Switzerland. 
Sibth.     John    Sibthorp,    1758- 1796.      England.      Author   of   a 

flora  of  Greece. 
Sieb.     Philipp  Franz  von  Siebold,  1 796-1 866.     Germany. 
Sims.     John    Sims,    1792-1838.      England.      For    many    years 

editor  of  Curtis'  Botanical  Magazine. 
Sm.,  Smith.     James  Edward  Smith,  1759-1828.    England.    See 

also  J.  G.  Smith. 
Small.     John  Kunkel  Small.     United  States.     Curator  of  the 

Museums,  New  York  Botanical  Garden.    Author  of  a  flora 

of  the  southeastern  United  States,  etc. 
Solms.    Herman,  Graf  zu  Solms-Laubach.    Germany.    Former 

Prof,    at    the    University    of    Strassburg. 
Sonder.     Otto  Wilhelm  Sonder,   1812-1888.     Germany. 
Spach.     Eduard   Spach,   1801-1879.     France. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS.  461 

Spreng.        Kurt     Polycarp     Joachim     Sprengel,      1766-1833. 

Germany.      Prof,    of    Botany   at    Halle. 
Spring.     Anton  Frangois  Spring,  1814-1872.     Belgium.     Prof. 

at  Liege.     Author  of  a   monograph  of  the  Lycopodiaccae. 
Sterns.     See  BSP. 

Steud.     Ernst   Gottlieb   Steudel,    1783-1856.     Germany. 
Stokes.     Jonathan  Stokes,   1755-1831.     England. 
Sudworth.     George  Bishop  Sudworth.     United  States.     Chief 

of  Dendrology,  Forest  Service,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 
Sw.     Olaf  Swartz,  1760-1818.     Sweden.     Prof,  at  Stockholm. 

Author  of  a  flora  of  the  West  Indies,  Synopsis  Filicum, 

etc. 
Sweet.     Robert  Sweet,  1783-1835.     England. 
Taubert.       Paul     Hermann     Wilhelm     Taubert,     1862-1897. 

Germany. 
Tausch.     Ignaz  Friedrich  Tausch,  b.   1848.     Bohemia. 
T.  Coulter.     Thomas   Coulter,  d.   1843.     Ireland.     Published 

a  monograph  of  Dipsacaceae. 
Tenney.     Sanborn  Tenney,  1827-1877.     United  States.     Prof. 

at   Vassar   and   Williams   Colleges. 
Tenore.     Michele  Tenore,  1 780-1861.     Italy.     Prof,  of  Botany 

at  Naples. 
Th.  Durand.     Theophile  Durand.     Belgium.     Director  of  the 

Brussels  Botanic  Garden. 
Thuill.,  Thuillier.     Jean  Louis  Thuillier,   1757-1822.     France. 
Thunb.     Carl  Peter  Thunberg,  1743-1822.     Sweden.     Prof,  of 

Botany  at  Upsala.     Author  of  a  Flora  Japonica,  etc. 
Thurb.     George  Thurber,  1821-1890.    United  States.    Botanist 

of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Commission.    Student  of  Grasses. 
Todaro.     Agostino   Todaro,    1818-1892.      Italy.      Director    of 

the  Botanic  Garden  at  Palermo. 
Torr.      John    Torrey,    1796-1873.      United    States.      Botanist 

and  chemist.    Author  of  a  flora  of  New  York,  a  monograph 

of  the  North  American  Cyperaceae,  etc.    Joint  author  (with 

Gray)  of  a  flora  of  North  America. 
Tratt.     Leopold  Trattinick,   1764-1849.     Austria.     Curator  at 

the  Herbarium  in  Vienna. 
Trev.      Christian    Ludolf    Treviranus,    1779-1864.      Germany. 

Prof,  of  Botany  at  Bonn. 
Trevisan.     Vittore,   Conte  Trevisan,  b.   1818.     Italy. 
Trin.     Karl    Bernhard   Trinius,    1778-1844.      Russia.      Writer 

on  grasses. 


462  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Tuckerm.      Edward   Tuckerman,    1817-1886.      United    States. 
Prof,   of  Botany   at  Amherst   College.     Author  of  papers 
on   Carex  and  Potamogcton,  a  catalogue  of  plants  of  the 
vicinity  of  Amherst  College,  works  on  lichens,  etc. 
U.   &   B.     Edwin    B.   Uline   and   William    L.    Bray.     United 
States.      Authors    of    a    monograph    of    North    American 
Amaranthaceae. 
Underw.      Lucien    Marcus    Underwood,    1853-1907.      United 
States.      Prof,    at    Columbia   University.      Author   of    Our 
Native   Ferns,   and   articles   on   ferns   and   Hepaticae. 
Vahl.     Martin  Vahl,   1749-1804.     Denmark.     Prof,  of  Botany 

at  Copenhagen. 
Vail.     (Miss)  Anna  Murray  Vail.     United  States. 
Vasey.     George  Vasey,  1822-1893.     United  States.     Botanist, 

U.   S.   Dept.  of  Agriculture.     Wrote  on   grasses. 
Vent.     Etienne  Pierre  Ventenat,  1757-1808.     France. 
Vill.     Dominique  Villars,   1745-1814.     France. 
Wahlenb.      Georg   Wahlenberg,    1781-1851.      Sweden.      Prof. 

at  Upsala. 
Wallr.         Karl     Friedrich     Wilhelm     Wallroth,     1792- 1857. 

Germany. 
Walp.     Wilhelm   Gerhard   Walpers,    1816-1853.     Germany. 
Walt.     Thomas  Walter,  d.  1788.     United  States.     Author  of 

Flora  Caroliniana. 
W.  &  K.     Franz  Adam,  Graf  von  Waldstein,   1759-1823,  and 
Paul    Kitaibel,    1757-1817.     Austria.      Authors   of   a   work 
on  the  plants  of  Hungary. 
Wang.     Friedrich  Adam  Julius  von  Wangenheim,  1747-1800. 
Germany.      Author   of   works   on    North    American   trees 
and  shrubs. 
Wats.     Sereno  Watson,  1826-1892.    United  States.     Prof,  and 
Curator   of  the   Gray   Herbarium   at   Harvard   University. 
Author    of    a    Bibliographical    Index    to    North    American 
Botany,    and   of   many    articles    dealing    mostly   with    the 
flora  of  the  western  United   States  and   Mexico. 
Watt.     David  Allan  Poe  Watt.     Canada. 
W.     Boott.       William     Boott,     1805-1887.       United     States. 

Collector;    student  of  grasses  and   sedges. 
W.  Curtis.     See  Curtis. 
Weber.     Georg  Heinrich  Weber,  1752-1828.     Germany.     Prof. 

of  Botany  at  Kiel. 
Weinm.     J.  A.  Weinmann,   1782-1858.     Russia. 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS.  463 

Wenderoth.     Georg   Wilhelm    Franz    Wenderoth,    1774-1861. 

Germany.     Prof,  of  Botany  at  Marburg. 
Wendl.,  Wendland.     Johann  Christoph  Wendland,  1755-1828. 
j       Germany. 

Wettst.     Richard  Wettstein.     Austria.     Prof,  and  Director  of 
I       the   Botanic   Garden   at  Vienna. 

Iwibel.     August   Wilhelm    Eberhard    Christoph    Wibel,    1775- 
I        1814.     Germany. 

jWiegand.     Karl  McKay  Wiegand.    United  States.    Associate 
]       Prof,  of  Botany,  Wellesley  College. 
Wiggers.      Heinrich    August    Ludwig    Wiggers,    1803-1880. 

Germany. 
Willd.     Karl  Ludwig  Willdenow,  1765-1812.    Germany.    Prof. 

of  Botany  at  Berlin. 
IWimmer.     Friedrich   Wimmer,    1803-1868.     Germany. 
Witasek.     (Frl.)   Johanna  Witasek.     Austria. 
|With.     William   Withering,    1741-1799.     England. 
jWood.     Alphonso  Wood,  1810-1881.     United  States.     Author 
i       of  botanical  text-books,  and  of  a  flora  of  the  Northeastern 

States. 
Woodv.      William  Woodville,  I748(?) -1805.     England. 
Wright.     See  C.  Wright. 
Wulf.     Franz  Xavier  Wulfen,  1728-1805.     Austria.     Prof,  at 

Klagenfurt. 
Zucc.     Joseph  Gerhard  Zuccarini,  1797-1848.    Germany.    Prof, 
of  Botany  at  Munich. 


Index. 


Aaron's  Beard  221 
Aaron's  Rod  214 
Abele  141 
Abies  zi 

balsamea  Z7 
Abutilon  278 

Abufilon  278 

pictum  278,  431 

striatum  278 

Theophrasti  278 

Avicennae  278 
Acacia 

False  251 

Rose  251 
Acalypha  265 

gracilens  265 

virginica  265 
var.  gracilens  265 
Acanthopanax  295 

pentaphyllum  295 
Acer  272 

dasycarpum  273 

Negundo  273 

nigrum  273 

pennsylvanicum  272 

platanoides  273 

Pseudo-platanus  272 

rub  rum  273 

saccharinum  272,  273 
var.  nigrum  273 

saccharum  272 
var.  nigrum  273 

spicatum  272 
Aceraceae  272,  437,  440 
Acerates  323 

viridiflora  323,  42S 
var.  Ivesii  323 
"     lanceolata  323,  423 

•  In  this  index,   synonyms 
necticut  but  excluded  from  the 
30 


Achillea  398 

lanulosa  398 

Millefolium  398 
Achroanthes 

monophylla  136 

unifolia  136 
Acnida  171 

cannabina  171 

tamariscina 
var.  prostrata  lyi 
"     tuherculata  171 

tuberculata  171,  433 
var.  prostrata  171,  433 
Acorus  III 

Calamus  iii 
Actaea  193 

alba  193 

rubra  193 

spicata 

var.  rubra  193 
Adam-and-Eve  136 
Adam's  Cup  213 
Adam's  Needle  121 
Adder's  Mouth  132 

Green  136 

White  136 
Adder's  Tongue  27 

Yellow  121 
Adder's  Tongue  Family  27 
Adiantum  18 

pedatum  18 
Adicea 

pumila  156 
Adlumia  197 

cirrhosa  197 

fungosa  197 
Adopogon 

carolinianum  408 

and  names  of  species  previously   reported   from   Con- 
present  catalogue,  are  printed  in  italics. 


466 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Bull. 


Adopogon 

virginicum  408 
Aegopodium  299 

Podagraria  299 
Aesculus  274 

Hippocastanum  274 
Aethusa  302 

Cynapium  302 
African  Rose  197 
Agastache  334 

anetliiodora  334 

Foeniculum  334,  434 

nepetoides  334 

scrophulfiriaefolia  334 
var.  mollis  334 
Agrimonia  240 

Brittoniana  240 

Eupatoria  240 

gryposepala  240 

hirsuta  240 

mollis  241 

parviflora  241 

pubescens  241 

rostellata  241 

striata  240,  241 
Agrimony  240 

Hairy  240 

Many-flowered  241 

Small  241 

Soft  241 

Woodland  241 
Agropyron  79 

caninum  79 

repens  79 

tenerum  79.  433 
Agrostemma  177 

Githago  177 
Agrostis  64 

alba  64 
var.  aristata  64 
"      maritima  64 
"     vulgaris  64 

canina  64 

coarctafa  64 

hyemalis  64 

intermedia  64 

perennans  64 


Agrostis 

scabra  64 
var.  montana  64 

vulgaris  64 
Ague  Tree  195 
Ague-weed  376 
Ailanthus  263 

glandulosa  263 
Aizoaceae  173,  437,  440 
Ajuga  332 

genevensis  332,  428 

rep  tans  428 
Albany  Hemp  155 
Alder  148 

Black  270 

Dwarf  275 

Hoary  148 

Smooth  148 

Snapping  148,  219 

Speckled  148 

Spotted  219 

Tag  148 

White  306 

Witch  219 
Alecost  400 
Aletris  125 

farinosa  125 
Alexanders 

Golden  300 
Alfalfa  250 
Alisma  47 

Plantago-aquatica  47 
AHsmaceae  45,  436 
Alkali  Grass  72 
Alkanet  329 
All-bone  176 
Alleghany  Plum  244 

Vine  197 
Alliaria  205 

Alliaria  205 

officinalis  205,433 
Allionia 

hirsuta  172 

linearis  17^ 

nyctaginea  172 
Allison 

Sweet  199 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


467 


Allium  119 

canadense  119 

sativum  425 

tricoccum  119 

vineale  119 
Allspice 

Wild  196 
Alnus  148 

incana  148 

rugosa  148 

serridata  148 

viridis  426 
Alopecurus  62 

geniculatus  62 
var.  aristulatus  63 

pratensis  62 
Alsike  Clover  249 
Alsine 

borealis  175 

gr  amine  a  176 

Holostea  176 

longifolia  175 

media  176 
Althaea  278 

officinalis  278 

rosea  278 
Althaea 

Shrubby  279 
Alum  Root  215 

Common  215 
Alyssum  200 

alyssoides  200,  421 

calycinum  200 

maritimum  199 

saxatile  200 
Alyssum 

Hoary  199 

Small  200 

Sweet  199 
Amaranth  169,  170 

Green  169 

Prostrate  170 

Purple  170 

Spiny  170 

Thorny  170 

White  170 
Amaranth  Family  169 
Amaranthaceae  169,  437,  439 


Amaranthus  169 
albus  170 
blitoides  170 
caudatus  170 
graecizans  170 
hybridus  169 

forma  hypochondriacus  169 
var.  paniculatiis  170 
hypochondriacus  169 
paniculatus  170 
retroflexus  169 
spinosus  170 
Amaryllidaceae  126,  436,  439 
Amaryllis  Family  126 
Ambrose  165 
Ambrosia  165,  391 
artemisiifolia  391 
bidentata  391,  435 
trifida  391 
var.  integrifolia  391 
Amelanchier  224 
Botryapium  224 
canadensis  224 

var.  Botryapium  224 
"     oblongifolia  224 
"     tomentula  224 
oblongifolia  224 

var.  micropetala  225 
spicata  224 
American  Aspen  141 
Beech  148 
Bladder  Nut  272 
Brooklime  353 
Cranberry  314 
Elm  152 
Featherfoil  315 
Fly  Honeysuckle  365 
Germander  332 
Globeflower  191 
Hemp  321 
Holly  269 
Hornbeam  146 
Ivy  276 
Larch  35 
Laurel  309 
Linden  277 
Lotus  184 
Mountain  Ash  223 


468 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


American 

Nelumbo  184 

Nettle  Tree  153 

Nightshade  171 

Penn.vroyal  339 

Sanicle  215 

Sarsaparilla  296 

Senna  247 

Spikenard  296 

Sycamore  220 

Valerian  129 

White  Hellebore  118 

Wood  Strawberry  232 

Yew  34 
Ammodenia 

peploides  175 
Ammophila  65 

arenaria  65 

arundinacea  65 
Amorpha  251 

fruticosa  251 
Ampelopsis 

quinquefolia  276 

trifolia  430 
Amphicarpa  259 

monoica  259 

Pitcheri  259 
Amsinckia  328 

lycopsoides  328,  434 
Amygdalus 

Persica  246 
Anacardiaceae  268,  437 
Anagallis  317 

arvensis  317 
var.  caerulea  317 
Anaphalis  389 

margaritacea  389 
Anchusa  329 

ofificinalis  329 
Andromeda  310 

glaucophylla  310 

ligiistrina  310 

tnariana  310 

Polifolia  310 
Andropogon  48 

furcatus  48 

littoralis  48 

scoparius  48 


Andropogon 

var.  littoralis  48 

virginicus  48 
Anemone  189 

canadensis  190 

cylindrica  189 

nemorosa  190 

pennsylvanka  190 

quinquefolia  190 

riparia  190 

virginiana  190 
Anemone  189 

Long-fruited  189 

Round-headed  190 

Round-leaved  190 

Rue  189 

Spring  190 

Summer  190 

Tall  190 

Wood  190 
Anemonella  189 

thalictroides  189 
Anethum  302 

graveolens  302,  431 
Angelica  303 

atropurpurea  303 

hirsuta  303 

villosa  303 
Angelica  303 

High  303 

Purple  303 
Angelica  Tree  296 
Anise-root  298 
Ankle  Brier  238 
Annual  Candytuft  201 

Pearlwort  174 
Antennaria  388 

amhigens  389 

arnoglossa  388 

canadensis  389 

fallax  389 

neglecta  389 

neodioica  389 

Parlinii  388 

plantaginea  389 

plantaginifolia  389 
Anthemis  398 

arvensis  398 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


469 


Anthemis 

var.  agrestis  399 

Cotula  398 

nobilis  399,  432 

tinctoria  399 
Anthoxanthum  59 

odoratum  59 
Antirrhinum  351 

majus  428 

Orontium  351,  434 
Anychia  172 

canadensis  172 

capillacca  iy2 

dichotoma  172 

polygonoides  172,  433 
Aphyllon 

uniiiorum  359 
Apios  258 

Apios  258 

tuberosa  258 
Apium 

Petroseliniim  300 
Aplectrum  136 

hyemale  136 

spicatnm  136 
Apocynaceae  321,  438,  440 
Apocynum  321 

album  321 

androsaemifolium  321 

cannabinum  321 
var.  hypericifolinm  428 
"     pubescens  321 

medium  321 

Milleri  321 

pubescens  321 

urceoUfer  321 
Apple  222 

Crab  222 

Devil's  194 

Hog  194 

Indian  194 

Large  Crab  222 

May  194,  308 

Mock  154 

Osage  154 

Purple  Thorn  348 


Apple 

Small  Crab  222 

Thorn  347 

Wild  222 
Apple  of  Peru  347 
Aquifoliaceae  269,  437 
Aquilegia  192 

canadensis  192 
var.  flaviflora  192 

vulgaris  192 
Arabis  210 

canadensis  211 

coniinis  211 

Drummondi  211 

glabra  210 

hirsuta  211 

laevigata  211 

lyrata  210 

pcrfoliata  210 
Araceae  109,  436 
A  rail  a  296 

hispid a  296 

nudicaulis  296 

quinquefolia  296 

racemosa  296 

spinosa  296 

tri folia  296 
Araliaceae  295,  438,  440 
Arbor  Vitae  37 
Arbutus 

Trailing  311 
Arceuthobium  156 

pusillum  156 
Arctium  404 

Lappa  404 
var.  majus  404 
"     mimis  405 
"      tomentosum  405 

minus  405 

tomentosum  405 
Arctostaphylos  311 

Uva-ursi  311 
Arenaria  174 

proenlandica  175 

lateriflora  174 

macrophylla  174 


470 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull 


Arenaria 

Michauxii  IJS 

peploides  175 

serpyllifolia  175 

stricta  175 
Arethusa  133 

bulbosa  133 
Argemone  197 

alba  197,  431 

mexicana  197,  431 
Argentina  234 

Anserina 

var.  grandis  234 
Arisaema  109 

Dracontium  no 

pusillum  109 

triphyllum  109 
var.  pusillum  109 
Aristida  60 

dichotoma  60 

gracilis  60 
var.  depauperata  60 

purpurascens  60 

tuberculosa  60 
Aristolochia  157 

Serpentaria  157 
Aristolochiaceae  157,  437 
Arnica  409 

Aromatic  Wintergreen  311 
Aronia 

arbutifolia  222 

atropurpurea  223 

nigra  223 
Arrhenatherum  6y 

avenaceum  67 

elatius  6y 
Arrow  Arum  no 

Grass  45 

Grass  Family  45 
Arrow-head  45 

Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumb  163 
Arrow-wood  368 

Downy  368 

Indian  271 
Art  Pumpkin  371 
Artemisia  400 

Abrotanum  401,  432 


Artemisia 

Absinthium  402 

annua  401,  435 

biennis  401 

campestris 
var.  pubescens  401,  435 

caudata  400 

Dracunculus  401,  435 

frigida  402,  435 

pontica  402 

Stelleriana  401 

vulgaris  401 
Artichoke 

Jerusalem  395 
Arum 

Arrow  no 

Dragon  109 

Water  no 
Arum  Family  109 
Asarabacca  157 
Asarum  157 

acuminatum  157 

canadense  157 
var.  acuminatum  157 
"      reflexum  157 

reilexum  157 
Asclepiadaceae  322,  438,  440 
Asclepias  322 

amplexicaulis  323 

Cornnti  322 

decnmhens  322 

exaltata  2,2^ 

incarnata  322 
var.  pulchra  322 

lanceolata  428 

ohtusifoUa  323 

ovaUfoJia  428 

parviUora  428 

panpercula  428 

perennis  428 

phytolaccoides  323 

pulchra  322 

purpurascens  322 

quadrifolia  323 

syriaca  322 

tuberosa  322 
var.  decumhens  322 


\ 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


471 


Asclepias 

variegata  323 

verticillata  323 
Asclepiodora 

viridis  428 
Ash  317 

American  Mountain  223 

Basket  318 

Black  318 

Brown  318 

European  Mountain  223 

Green  318 

Hoop  153,  318 

Northern  Prickly  262 

Prickly  262 

Red  318 

River  318 

Swamp  318 

White  317 
Ash-leaved  Maple  273 

Spiraea  221 
Asparagus  122 

officinalis  122 
Asparagus  122 

Garden  122 

Wild  125 
Aspen  141 

American  141 

Large-toothed  142 

Quaking  141 
Asperula  361 

galioides  361 

glauca  361 
Aspidium  22 

acrostichoides  21 
var.  incisum  21 

Boottii  23 

cristatum  23 
var.  Clintonianum  23 

Goldianum  22 

marginale  22 
var.  elegans  416 

noveboracense  22 

simulatum  22 

spinulosum  23 
var.  dilatatum  24 
forma  anadenium  24 


Aspidium 

var.  intermedium  23 
Thelypteris  22 
Asplenium  19 
acrostichoides  21 
angusti folium  20 
ebeneum  20 
ebenoides  19 
Filix-femina  21 
montanum  20 
pinnatifidum  19 
platyneuron  20 

var.  serratum  20 
Ruta-muraria  20 
thelypteroides  21 
Trichomanes  20 
viride  424 
Asprella 

Hystrtx  81 
Aster  382,  441 
acuminatus  387 
amethystinus  384 
carmesinus  382 
Claytoni  382 

var.  crispicans  382 
concinnus  384 
concolor  429 
cordifolius  383 

var.  lanceolatus  383 
"     polycephalus  383 
corymbosus  382 
curvescens  382 

var.  oviformis  382 
"     iimhelliformis  382 
diffusiis  385 

var.  hirsuticaulis  385 
"      thyrsoideus  385 
divaricatus  382 
dumosus  384 

var.  coridifolius  384 
"     strictior  384 
ericoides  384 

var.  pilosus  384 
"     villosus  384 
Gravesii  384 
Herveyi  382 
hirsuticaulis  385 


472 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Aster 

ianthinus  382 

infirmus  386 

laevis  383 

var.  amplifolius  384 

lateriflorus  385 
var.  hirsuticaulis  385 
"     pendulus  385 
"      thyrsoideus  385 

linariifolius  386 

longifolius  385 

Lowrieanus  383 
var.  lanceolatus  383 
"      lancifolius  383 

macrophyllus  382 
var.  ianthinus  382 
"      pinguifolius  382 

multiflorus  384 
var.  exiguus  384 

multiformis  382 

nob  His  382 

novae-angliae  383 
var.  roseus  383 

novi-belgii  385 

paniculatus  385 
var.  acutidens  385 
"     simplex  385 

patens  383 

prenanthoides  386 

puniceus  386 
var.  compactus  386 
"      demissus  386 
"     firmus  386 
"     laevicauHs  386 
"     lucidulus  386 

radula  383 

roscidus  382 

sagittifolius  429 

salicifolius  429 

Schreberi  382 

spectabilis  382 

subulatns  387 

tardiflorus  386 

tataricus  386 

tenebrosus  382 

tenuifoliiis  387 

Tradescanti  385 


Aster 

umbellatus  386 
var.  latif alius  429 

undulatus  383 

vimineus  385 
var.  foliolosus  385 

violaris  382 
Aster  382 

Golden  2,77 

New  England  383 

Red-stalked  386 

Siberian  386 

White-topped  388 
Atheropogon 

curtipendulus  69 
Atragene 

americana  190 
Atriplex  167 

arenaria  168 

hast  at  a  167 

laciniafa  167 

patula  167 

var.  hastata  167,  426 

tatarica  167,  433 
Autumn  Willov^r  138 
Avena  67 

fatua  425 

sativ.a  67,  431 

striata  72 
Avens  235 

Cream-colored  235 

Drooping  235 

Field  23s 

Purple  235 

Rough  23s 

Water  235 

White  235 

Yellow  23s 
Awned  Wheat  Grass  79 
Axwort  252 
Azalea 

arborescens  427 

canescens  308 

nudiHora  308 

viscosa  307 
Azalea 

Clammy  307 


No.  14,] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


473 


Azalea 

Pink  308 

Purple  308 

Wild  308 
Babies'  Breath  121 
Baccharis  388 

halimifolia  388 
Bachelor's  Button  407 
Bag-leaves  214 
Ball  Mustard  202 
Balloon  Vine  274 
Ballota  336 

nigra  336 
Balm  339 

Basil  338 

Bee  338 

Common  339 

Fragrant  338 

Horse  344 

Lemon  339 
Balm  of  Gilead  142 
Balm-of-Gilead  Fir  2s7 
Balmony  352 
Balsam  274 
Balsam  Fir  37 

Poplar  142 
Balsam-apple  371 

Wild  372 
Balsaminaceae  274,  438 
Baneberry  193 

Red  193 

White  193 
Bank  Cress  205 
Baptisia  247 

anstralis  426 

tinctoria  247 
Barbarea  207 

Barbarea  207 

praecox  208 

stricta  208 

verna  208 

vulgaris  207 
var.  stricta  208 
Barberry  195 

Common  195 

European  195' 
Barberry  Family  194 


Barley  80 

Common  80 
Barnyard  Grass  56 
Barren  Strawberry  232 
Bartonia  320 

lanceolata  320 

paniculata  320 

tenella  320 

virginica  320 
Basil  339,  340 
Basil  Balm  338 
Basket  Ash  318 
Basswood  277 
Bastard  Cress  200,  201 

Indigo  251 

Mustard  203 

Pennyroyal  332 

Toad-flax  156 
Batrachimn 

confervoides  185 

divaricatum  184 

Drouetii  185 

Aaccidum  185 

longirostre  184 

trichophylluni  184 
Bay 

Rose  308 
Bayberry  143 
Bay-leaved  Willow  138 
Beach  Grass  65 

Orach  168 

Pea  257 

Pinweed  283 

Plum  244 

Wormwood  401 
Beak  Rush  90 
Beaked  Hazelnut  146 

Willow  140 
Bean 

Blue  248 

Bog  320 

Bush  258 

Common  Pole  258 

European  Garden  256 

Field  258 

Indian  359 

Kidney  258 


474 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Bean 

Kidney  Pole  258 

Sacred  184 

Trailing  Wild  258 

Wild  258 
Bean  Tree  359 
Bear 'Grass  121 

Oak  152 
Bearberry  311 
Beard  Grass  48,  65 
Bearded  Darnel  78 
Beard-tongue  351 
Beaver  Poison  299 
Bedstraw  361 

Northern  362 

Rough  363 

Sweet-scented  363 

Yellow  362 
Bee  Balm  338 
Beech  148 

American  148 

Blue  146 

Water  146 
Beech  Family  148 

Fern  17 
Beech-drops  359 

False  307 
Beech-wheat  164 
Beet  167 

Common  167 
Beet-root  169 
Beggar's  Lice  328 
Beggar-ticks  240,  396 

Common  396 

Swamp  396 
Beggar-weed  173 
Behen  180 
Belamcanda  128 

chinensis  128 
Belle  Isle  Cress  208 
Belleville  Dock  159 
Bellflower  373 

Marsh  373 
Bells  192 
Bellwort  118,  119 
Benjamin  Bush  196 


Bent 

Fine  64 

Rhode  Island  64 

Rough  64 
Bent  Grass  64 
Benzoin  196 

aestivale  196 

Benzoin  196 
Berberidaceae  194,  437,  440 
Berberis  195 

canadensis  426 

vulgaris  195,  426 
Bergamot 

Downy  338 

Wild  338 
Bergamot  Mint  343 
Bermuda  Grass  69 
Berteroa  199 

incana  199 
Beta  167 

vulgaris  167,  421,  431 
Betony 

Paul's  354 

Wood  357 
Betula  146 

alba 
var.  cordifolia  148 
"     papyrifera  147 

lenta  147 

lutea  147 

papyrifera  147 

populifolia  147 

pumila  148 
Betulaceae  146,  436 
Bibernel  241 
Bicuculla 

canadensis  198 

Cucullaria  198 
Bidens  396,  441 

aristosa  397,  435 

Beckii  397 

bipinnata  397 

cernua  396 
var.  elliptic  a  396 

chrysanthemoides  396 

comosa  396 

connata  422 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


475 


Bidens 

var.  comosa  396 
"     petiolata  396 

discoidea  396 

frondosa  396 

laevis  396 

leucantha  397,  435 

nielanocarpa  396 

trichospernia  397,  423 

vulgata  396 
Big  Blue-stem  48 
Bignonia  Family  359 
Bignoniaceae  359,  438,  440 
Bilberry 

Common  313 

Swamp  313 
Billion-Dollar  Grass  56 
Bilsted  220 
Bindweed  324 

Black  163 

Blackbird  163 

Bush  163 

Corn  163 

Field  325 

Fringed  Black  163 

Hedge  163,  325 

Sow  163 

Thicket  163 
Birch  146 

Black  147 

Canoe  147,  148 

Cherry  147 

Gray  147 

Low  148 

Old  Field  147 

Paper  147,  148 

Swamp  148 

Sweet  147 

White  147,  148 

Yellow  147 
Birch  Family  146 
Bird  Cherry  244,  245 
Bird-foot  Violet  284 
Bird-in-the-Bush  197 
Bird's  Pepper  200 
Bird's-eye  174,  354 

White  176 


Bird's-eye  Maple  2^2 
Bird's-foot  Trefoil  250 
Bird's-tongue  160 
Birthroot  124 
Birthwort  157 
Birthwort  Family  157 
Bishop's  Cap  216 
Bishop's-weed 

Mock  299 
Bite-tongue  162 
Biting  Crowfoot  186 

Stonecrop  214 
Bitter  Candytuft  201 

Cress  207,  209,  210 

Dock  159 

Nut  Hickory  145 

Willow  141 
Bitter-sweet  345 

Climbing  271 

Shrubby  271 
Bitter-weed  391 
Black  Alder  270 

Ash  318 

Bindweed  163 

Birch  147 

Centaury  407 

Cherry  245 

Chokeberry  223 

Cohosh  192 

Currant  218 

Grass  114 

Gum  305 

Haw  369 

Henbane  422 

High  Blueberry  314 

Horehound  ^Z^ 

Huckleberry  312 

Larch  35 

Locust  251 

Medick  250 

Mustard  203 

Nightshade  345 

Oak  152 

Poplar  143 

Raspberry  237 

Scrub  Oak  152 

Snakeroot  192,  297 


476 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY 


[Bull. 


Black 

Spruce  36 

Sumach  268 

Swallow-wort  323 

Walnut  144 

Willow  137 
Black-berried  Elder  369 
Blackberry 

Cut-leaved  238 

Evergreen  238 

High-bush  237,  239 

Knee-high  238 

Low  239 

Mulberry  237 

Running  239 

"        Swamp  239 

Sand  238 
Blackberry  Lily  128 
Blackbird  Bindweed  163 
Black-cap  237 
Black-eyed  Susan  393 
Bladder  Campion  180 

Fern  24 

Ketmia  280 

Nut  272 

Nut  Family  272 
Bladderwort  357 

Greater  358 

Purple  358 

Smaller  358 
Bladderwort  Family  357 
Blazing  Star  118,  2>71 
Blephariglottis 

blephariglottis  131 

cilia7-is  131 

grandiAora  131 

lac  era  131 

psycodes  131 
Blephilia  338 

ciliata  338 

hirsuta  339 
Blister  Flowers  188 
Blisterwort  186 
Blite 

Coast  166 

Low  Sea  168 


Blite 
Red  166 
Sea  168 

Strawberry  166 

Tall  Sea  169 
Blitutn 

capitatum  166 
Bloodroot  196 
Bloodwort  241 
Bloodwort  Family  126 
Bloom-fell  250 
Bloomy-down  181 
Blue  Bean  248 

Beech  146 

Bells  192 

Cohosh  195 

Curls  332 

Devil  330 

Flag  127 

Grape  277 

Huckleberry  312 

Myrtle  321 

Sailors  408 

Tangle  312 

Toad-flax  350 

Vervain  331 

Vetch  256 
Bluebell  373 
Bluebell  Family  372 
Blueberry  195,  313 

Black  High  314 

Common  313 

Dwarf  313 

Early  Sweet  313 

High-bush  313 

Late  Low  313 

Low  Black  313 
"      Sweet  313 

Sour-top  313 

Swamp  313 

Tall  313 

Velvet-leaf  313 
Blueberry  Root  195 
Bluebottle  407 
Blue-eyed  Grass  128 
Blue-joint  Grass  65 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


477 


Blue-Stem  48,  65 

Big  48 
Bluets  364 
Blue-weed  330 
Blunt  Woodsia  24 
Blunt-leaved  Dock  159 

Sandwort  174 
Boehmeria  156 

cylindrica  156 
var.  scabra  156 
Bog  Bean  320 

Myrtle  143 

Rosemary  310 

Rush  114,  115 

Spruce  36 

Strawberry  233 

Willow  139 
Bois  d'Arc  154 
Bokhara  Clover  249 
Boltonia  381 

asteroides  381 
Boneset  zi^ 

Climbing  377 

Purple  375 

Rough  376 

Upland  376 
Borage  329 
Borage  Family  327 
Boraginaceae  327,  438,  440 
Borago  329 

officinalis  329,  434 
Botrychium  27 

dissectum  28 

lanceolatum  27 
var.  angustisegmentum  27 

Lunaria  424 

matricariae folium  28 

neglectum  28 

obliquum  28 

var.  dissectum  28 
"     elongatum  28 
"      intermedium  28 
"      oneidense  28 

ramosum  28 

simplex  27,  424 

tenehrosum  27 

ternatum 


Botrychmm 

forma  obliquum  28 
var.  australe  28 

intermedium  2.i 

virginianum  28 
Bottle  Gentian  320 

Grass  57 
Bottle-brush  Grass  81 
Bouncing  Bet  180 
Bouteloua  69 

curtipendula  69 

racemosa  69 
Bow-wood  154 
Box  Elder  273 
Boxberry  311 
Boxwood  304 
Boys-and-Girls  198 
Brachyelytrum  62 

aristatum  62 

e  rectum  62 
Bracken  18 
Brake  18 

Cliff  18 

Common  18 

Purple  Cliff  18 

Rock  19 

Slender  Rock  19 
Bramble  236 
Brandy  Bottle  183 
Brasenia  184 

peltata  184 

purpurea  184 

Schreberi  184 
Brassica  202 

alba  202,  422 

arvensis  203 

campestris  203 

japonica  203,  433 

juncea  203 

Napus  204,  431 

nigra  203 

oleracea  204,  431 

Rapa  204,  431 

Sinapistrum  203 
Brauneria  393 

pallida  393 
Break-stone  174 


478 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Bridal  Wreath  221 
Bridewort  221,  235 
Brier 

Ankle  238 
Bull  125 
Cat  125 

Common  Green  125 
Green  125 
Horse  125 
Running  239 
Sand  345 
Saw  125 
Squirrel  125 
Brier  Rose  242 
Bristly  Buttercup  187 
Crowfoot  187 
Locust  251 
Sarsaparilla  296 
Brittle  Willow  138 
Briza  ^2 

media  72,  417 
Broad  Dock  159 

Broad-leaved  Spring  Beauty  182 
Brome  Grass  76 
Bromus  76,  441 
altissimus  TJ,  417 
brizaeformis  "jy 
ciliatus  TJ 

var.  purgans  77 
commutatus  77,  417 
erectus  78 
hordeaceus  77 
incanus  417 
inermis  78 
Kalmii  78 
mollis  77 
purgans  77 
racemosus  77 
secalinus  76 
squarrosus  77,  433 
sterilis  417 
tectorum  77 
Brook  Cress  210 
Brooklime  206 

American  353 
Brook-weed  315 
Broom  248 


Broom 

Scotch  248 
Broom  Corn  49. 
Corn  Millet  51 
Hickory  145 
Broom-rape  359 
Broom-rape  Family  359 
Broussonetia  154 
papyrifera  154 
Brown  Ash  318 
Brunella 

vulgaris  335 
Buckbean  320 
Buckberry  313 
Buckeye  274 
Buckthorn  275 
Common  275 
Buckthorn  Family  275 
Buckwheat  164 
Bush  163 

Climbing  False  163 
Climbing  Wild  163 
Thicket  163 
Wild  163 
Buckwheat  Family  157 
Biida 

borealis  173 
marina  173 
rubra  173 
Buffalo  Bur  346 

Currant  219 
Bugbane  192 
Bugle 

Erect  332 
Bugle  Weed  332,  341 
Bugloss 

Viper's  330 
Bulbous  Buttercup  188 

Crowfoot  188 
Bull  Brier  125 
Grass  68 
Nettle  345 
Thistle  405,  406 
Bullace  Plum  244 
Bull-head  Lily  183 
Bull-rattle  178 
Bulrush  85,  115 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


479 


Bulrush 

Great  86 

River  87 
Bunch  Grape  276 

Grass  48 

Pink  181 
Bunchberry  304 
Bunch-flower 

Crisped  118 
Bupleurum 

rotiuidifolium  427 
Bur  Clover  250 

Grass  58 

Marigold  396 

Oak  150 
Burdock  404 

Common  405 

Great  404 
Burnet  241 

Canadian  241 

Garden  241 

Great  American  241 

Salad  241 

Wild  241 
Burnet  Rose  242 
Burning  Bush  271 
Bur-reed  39 
Bur-reed  Family  39 
Bursa 

Bursa-pastoris  201 
Bush  Bean  258 

Bindweed  163 

Buckwheat  163 

Clover  254 

Honeysuckle  365 
Bushy  Knotweed  160 

Pigweed  170 
Butter  and  Eggs  350 
Butter  Flowers  188 
Butterbur  402 
Buttercup  184 

Bristly  187 

Bulbous  188 

Creeping  187 

Early  187 

Marsh  187 

Meadow  188 


Buttercup 

Running  234 

Spotted-leaf  187 

Swamp  187 

Tall  188 

Tufted  187 

Wood  187 
Buttercups  188 
Butterfly-weed  322 
Butternut  144 
Butter-weed  387 
Button  Snakeroot  297,  377 
Buttonball  220 
Buttonbush  364 
Buttonweed  363 
Buttonwood  220 
Cabbage  204 

Skunk  no 
Cabinet  Cherry  243 
Cacalia  403 

suaveolens  403 
Cactaceae  289,  438 
Cactus  Family  289 
Cadlock  203 
Cakile  202 

americana  202 

edentula  202 
Calamagrostis  65 

canadensis  65 

cinnoides  65 

Nuttalliana  65 
Calamint  339 
Calamintha 

Clino podium  339 
Calamus  in 
Calendula  403 

officinalis  403,  432 
Calico  Bush  309 
California  Peppergrass  203 

Poppy  196 

Rose  324 
Calla  I  TO 

palustris  no 
Calla 

Marsh  no 

Wild  no 
Callitrichaceae  267,  437 


48o 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Callitriche  267 

Austini  267 

defiexa 
var.  Austini  267 

heterophylla  267 

palustris  267 

verna  267 
Calopogon  133 

pulchellus  133 
Caltha  191 

palustris  191 
Camelina  201 

microcarpa  202,  433 

sativa  201,  433 

silvestris  202 
Campanula  373 

aniericana  429 

aparinoides  ^73 

carpatica  373,  435 

intercedens  373 

patula  373,  435 

rapunculoides  373 
var.  ucranica  373 

rotundifolia  373 
Campanulaceae  372,  439,  441 
Campion  177,  179 

Bladder  180 

Day-blooming  178 

Four-leaved  180 

Meadow  178 

Morning  178 

Red  178 

Rose  177 

Starry  180 

White  178 
Camptosorus  21 

rhizophyllus  21 
Canada  Blue  Grass  73 

Coltsfoot  157 

Fleabane  387 

Hawkweed  415 

Lily  120 

Nettle  iss 

Plum  246 

Squash  372 

Thistle  406 

Violet  288 


Canadian  Burnet  241 

Hemp  321 
Canary  Grass  58 

Vine  197 
Cancer-root  191,  359 

One-flowered  359 
Candle  Rush  115 

Tree  359 
Candlewood  143 
Candytuft  201 

Annual  201 

Bitter  201 
Canker  Rose  197,  242 
Canker-root  314 
Cannabis  153 

indica  153 

sativa  153 
Canoe  Birch  147,  148 
Canoe-wood  194 
Cantaloupe  371 
Caper  Family  211 

Spurge  267 
Capillaire  312 
Capnoides 

sempervirens  198 
Capparidaceae  211,  437,  440 
Caprifoliaceae  365,  438,  441 
Capriola 

Dactylon  69 
Capsella  201 

Bursa-pastoris  201 
Capsicum  344 

annuum  344,  432 
Caraway  300 
Cardamine  209 

arenicola  210 

bulbosa  209 
var.  purpurea  210 

Douglassii  209 

hirsuta  210 
var.  sylvatica  210 

parviflora  210 

pennsylvanica  210 

pratensis  210 

purpurea  189,  209 

rhomb oidea  209 
var.  purpurea  209 


No.  14.] 

Cardinal-flower  374 
Cardiospermum  274 

Halicacabum  274,  434 
Carduus  405 

acanthoides  405,  435 

altissimus  406 

arvensis  406 

discolor  405 

lanceolatus  405 

mutictts  406 

odoratus  406 

spinosissintus  405 
Careless  169 
Carex  91,  441 

adusta  425 

aenea  94 

aestivalis  100,  418 

alata  93 

albolutescens  92 

albursina  103 

aquatilis  98 

arctata  105 

Asa-Grayi  108 

atlantica  94 

aurea  98,  418 

Baileyi  107 

Bebbii  93 

Bicknellii  93 

bromoides  95 

brunnescens  95 

bullata  109 
var.  Greenii  109 
"      Olneyi  109 

canescens  95 
var.  alpicola  95 
"     disjuncta  95 
"     subloliacea  95 
"     vulgaris  95 

castanea  105,  419 

cephaloidea  97 

cephalophora  97 

communis  100 
var.  Wheeleri  100 

comosa  107 

conoidea  104 

costellata  99 

Crawei  104 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


481 


Carex 

Crawfordii  92 
crinita  97 

var.  gynandra  97 
cristata  92 
cristatella  92 
Davisii  99,  418 
debilis 

var.  inter jecta  105 
"      Rudgei  105 
Deweyana  96 
diandra  97 

var.  ramosa  97 
digitalis  102 
eburnea  102 
echinata 
var.  angustata  94 
"     cephalantha  94 
"      conferta  94 
"      microstachys  94 
exilis  425 
festucacea  93 

var.  brevior  93 
filiformis  106 

var.  latifolia  106 
flava  104,  419 
var.  elatior  105 
"      graminis  105 
"      rectirostra  105 
"     viridula  105 
foenea  94 

var.  perplexa  94,  418 
folliculata  108 
formosa  99 
fusca  99 
glaucodea  104 
Goodenowii  425 
gracillima  99 
granularis  104 
var.  Haleana  104 
"     Schriveri  104 
Grayii  108 

var.  hispidula  108 
grisea  104 
var.  angustifolia  104 
"     rigida  104 
gynandra    98 


482 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Carex 

Haydeni  98 

Hitchcockiana  104 

hormathodes  93 

var.  invisa  93 

"      Richii  93 

hystericina  107 
var.  Cooleyi  107 
"     Dudleyi  107 

interior  94 
var.  capillacea  95 

intumescens  108 
var.  Fernaldii  108,  419 

lanuginosa  106 

laxiculmis  102 

laxiflora  103 
var.  blanda  103 
"     gracillima  103 
"     latifolia  103 
"     leptonervia  103 
"     patulifolia  103 
"     striatula  103 
"     styloflexa  103 
"     varians  103 

leptalea  99 

limosa  loi 

littoralis  loi 

livida  loi,  423 

longirostris  105 

lupuliformis  108 

lupulina  108 
var.  pedunculata  108 
"     polystachya  108 

lurida  107 

var.  eximdans  107 

"     Haccida  107 

"      gracilis  107 

"     parvula  107 

magellanica  loi 

mirabilis  92 
var.  perlonga  92 
"     tincta  92 

monile  108 

Muhlenbergii  96 
var.  enervis  96 
"     xalapensis  96 

nigro-marginata  100 


Carex 
Oederi 

var.  pumila  105 
oligocarpa  104 
oligospernia  106 
pallescens  loi 
panicea  loi 
pauciflora  99 
paupercula 

var.  pallens  loi 
pedicellata  100 

var.  Wheeleri  100 
pedunculata  102 
pennsylvanica  100 

var.  lucorum  100 
plantaginea  102 
platyphylla  102 
polygama  99 
polymorpha  loi,  419 
polytrichoides  99 
prasina  102 
Pseudo-Cyperus  107 

var.  americana  107 
pt3'chocarpa  103 
pubescens  loi 
retroflexa  96 
retrorsa  107,  419 
riparia  106 
rosea  96 

var.  minor  96 
"      radiata  96 
"     retroflexa  96 
rostrata  109 

var.  utriculata  109 
scabrata  106 
Schweinitzii  107 
scirpoides  94 

var.  capillacea  95 
scoparia  91 

var.  condensa  91 
"     moniliformis  91 
seorsa  95 
setacea 

var.  ambigua  97 
setifolia  102 
Shriveri  104 
siccata  92 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


483 


Carex 
silicea  93 
sparganioides  97 
squafrosa  106 
stellulata  94 
var.  angustata  94 
"     cephalantha  94 
"     excelsior  94 
"     ormantha  94 
sterilis  94 
var.  ceplialantha  94 
"     excelsior  94 
stipata  97 
straminea  93,  418 
var.  alata  93 
"     aperta  93 
"     brevior  93 
"     cumulata  92 
"     foeiiea  92 
"     invisa  93 
"     mirabilis  92 
stricta  98 
var.  angustata  98 
"      curtissima  98 
"     decora  98 
"     xerocarpa  98 
styloAexa  103 
tenella  96 
tenera  93 
tenuis  105 
teretiuscula  97 
var.  prairea  97 
"     ramosa  97 
tetanica  loi 

var.  Woodii  loi 
torta  98 
tribuloides  92 
var.  cristata  92 
"     moniliformis  92 
"     reducta  92,  418 
"     turbata  92 
triceps  99 

var.  hirsuta  99 
trichocarpa  106,  419 
trisperma  96 

var.  BilHngsii  418 
Tuckermani  109 


Carex 
typhina  106 
typhinoides  106 
umbellata  100 
var.  brevirostris  418 
"     tonsa  100 
utriculata  109 

var.  minor  109 
varia  100 

var.  colorata  100 
vesicaria  108 
var.  distenta  108 
"     jejuna  108 
"      monile  108 
vestita  106 
virescens  99 
var  costata  99 
"      Swanii  99 
viridula  105 
vulpinoidea  97 
Willdenowii  100 
xanthocarpa  97 
var.  annectens  97 
Carnation  181 
Carpenter-vi^eed  335 
Carpet  Weed  173 
Carpet  Weed  Family  173 
Carpinus  146 

caroliniana  146 
Carrion-flower  125 
Carrot  303 
Wild  303 
Carum  300 
Carvi  300 
Petroselinum  300 
Carya  144 
alba  144,  145^ 
amara  145 
cordiformis  145 
glabra  145 
microcarpa  145 
ovata  144 
porcina  145 
tomentosa  145 
Caryophyllaceae  173,  437,  440 
Cashew  Family  268 
Cassandra  310 


484 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Cassandra 

calyculata  310 
Cassia  247 

Chamaecrista  247 
marilandica  247 
nictitans  247 
Castalia  183 
odorata  183 
tuberosa  184 
Castanea  149 
dentata  149 
sativa 
var.  amei-icana  149 
Castilleja  356 
coccinea  356 
Castor-oil  Plant  265 
Cat  Brier  125 
Mint  334 
Spruce  36 
Catalpa  359 
bignonioides  359 
Catalpa  359 
Catchfly  179 
Forked  179 
Garden  179 
Lobel's  179 
Night-flowering  179 
Sleepy  179 
Snapdragon  179 
Sweet  William  179 
Catgut  251 
Catnip  334 
Cat's-ear  409 
Cat-tail  39 

Common  39 
Cat-tail  Family  39 
Flag  39 
Grass  62 
Cauloph^dlum  195 
thalictroides  195 
Cayenne  Pepper  344 
Ceanothus  275 

americanus  275 
Cedar 
Red  38 
White  37 
Celandine  196 


Celastraceae  271,  437,  440 
Celastrus  271 

scandens  271 
Celery 
Water  186 
Wild  47 
Celtis  153 
occidentalis  153 
var.  pumila  153 
Cenchrus  58 
carolinianus  58 
tribuloides  58 
Centaurea  407 
arvense  430 
Cyanus  407 
Jacea  407 

var.  lacera  407 
maculosa  408 
nigra  407 

var.  radiata  407,  435 
vochinensis  408 
Centaury 
Black  407 
Meadow  407 
Cephalanthus  364 
occidentalis  364 
Cerastium  176 
arvense  176 
longipedunculatmn  .177 
nutans  177 
semidecandrum  177 
vise  0 sum  426 
vulgatum  176 
Ceratophyllaceae  182.  437 
Ceratophyllum  182 
demersum  182 
var.  echinatum  182 
Cercis  247 

canadensis  247,  434 
Chadlock  202,  203 
Jointed  202 
White  202 
Chaenorrhinum 

minus  350 
Chaetochloa 
glauca  57 
italica  57 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


485 


Chaetochloa 

versicolor  57 

verticillata  57 

viridis  57 
Chaff-seed  357 
Chain  Fern  19 
Chair-maker's  Rush  86 
Chamaecyparis  37 

sphaeroidea  37 

thyoides  37 
Chamaedaphne  310 

calyculata  310 
Chamaelirium  118 

carolinianum  118 

luteum  118 
Chamaenerion 

angiistifolium  291 
Chamomile  398 

Corn  398 

Fetid  398 

Garden  399 

German  399 

Wild  399 

Yellow  399 
Champion  Oak  151 
Charlock  202,  203 

Jointed  202 

White  202 
Cheat  76,  201,  202 
Checkerberry  311,  364 
Cheeses  279 
Cheilanthes  18 

lanosa  18 

vestita  18 
Chelidonium  196 

ma  jus  196 
Chelone  352 

glabra  352 
Chenopodiaceae  165.  437,  439 
Chenopodium  165,  441 

album  166 
var.  viride  166 

ambrosioides  165 
var.  anthelminticum  165 

anthelminticum  165 

Bonns-Henricus  426 

Boscianum  167 


Chenopodium 

Botrys  165 

capitatum  166,  433 

glaucum  166 

hybridum  166 

leptophyllum  167 

murale  167 

rubrum  166 

urbicum  167 
Cherry  243,  245 

Bird  244,  245 

Black  245 

Cabinet  243 

Choke  244 

Dwarf  24s 

Fire  244 

Ground  346 

Mahaleb  245 

Mazzard  245 

Morello  245 

Old-fashioned  245 

Perfumed  245 

Pie  245 

Pin  244 

Red  245 

Rum  243 

Saint  Lucie  245 

Sand  245 

Sour  24s 

Sweet  245' 

Whiskey  243 

Wild  243 
"    Black  243 
. "    Red  244 

Winter  346 
Cherry  Birch  147 
Chervil 

Sweet  298 
Chess  76 

Soft  77 

Wild  78 

Wood  77 
Chestnut  149,  151 
Chestnut  Oak  150 
Chick  Pea  255 
Chicken-toes  135,  168 
Chickweed  175 


486 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Chickweed 

Common  176 

Mouse-ear  176 

Field  176 

Forked  172 

Gravel  172 

Indian  173 

Larger  Mouse-ear  176 

Meadow  176 

Mouse-ear  176 

Nodding  177 

Sea  175 

Small  Mouse-ear  177 

Winter  176 
Chickweed  Wintergreen  316 
Chicory  408 

Common  408 
Chili  Pepper  344 
Chimaphila  306 

maculata  306 

umbellata  306 
China  Squash  372 
Chinese  Mustard  203 
Chinquapin 

Water  184 
Chinquapin  Oak  151 
Chiogenes  312 

hispidula  312 

serpyllifolia  312 
Chocolate-root  235 

Indian  235 
Choke  Cherry  244 

Pear  222 
Chokeberry  223 

Black  223 

Purple  223 

Red  223 
Christmas  Fern  21 

"        Green  31 
Chrysanthemum  400 

Balsamita 
var.  tanacetoides  400 

Leucanthemum  400 
var.  pinnatifidum  400 

Parthenium  400 
Chrysopogon 

avenaceus  49 


Chrysopogon 

nutans  49 
Chrysopsis  277 

falcata  377 

mariana  429 
Chrysosplenium  216 

americanum  216 
Cicely 

Sweet  298 
Cicer  255 

arietinum  255,  430 
Cichorium  408 

Intybus  408 
var.  divaricatum  408 
Cicuta  299 

bulbifera  299 

maculata  299 
Cimicifuga  192 

racemosa  192 
var.  dissecta  193 
Cinna  65 

arundinacea  65 

latifolia  65 

pendula  65 
Cinnamon  Fern  27 

Rose  242 
Cinnamon-wood  195 
Cinquefoil  232,  234 

Downy  22Z 

Hoary  233 

Marsh  233    ~ 

Mountain  233 

Purple  233 

Rough  232 

Shrubby  233 

Silvery  233 

Tall  232 

Three-toothed  233 
Circaea  294 

alpina  294 

lutetiana  294 
Cirsium  405 

altissimum  406,  432 

arvense  406    , 

var.  integrifolium  406 
"      vestitum  406 

discolor  405 


i 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


487 


Cirsium 

lanceolatum  405 

muticum  406 

pumilum  406 

spinosissimum  405 
Cissus 

Ampelopsis  427 

arborca  427 
Cistaceae  282,  438 
Citron  371 
Citrullus  371 

Citrullus  271 

vulgaris  371,  432 
City  Goosefoot  167 
Cladium  91 

mariscoides  91 
Clammy  Azalea  307 

Cuphea  290 

Locust  251 
Clammy-weed  211 
Claytonia  182 

caroliniana  182,  189 

virginica  182 
Clearweed  156 
Cleavers  361 
Clematis  190 

verticillaris  190 

virginiana  190 
Clematis 

Mountain  190 

Purple  190 

Wild  190 
Cleome  212 

spinosa  212,  431 
Cleome 

Prickly  212 
Clethra  306 

alnifolia  306 
aiff  Brake  18 
Qimbing  Bitter-sweet  271 
Boneset  377 

False  Buckwheat  163 
Fern  26 
Fumitory  197 
Hemp-weed  377 
Rose  242 


C  lino  podium 

vulgare  339 
Clintonia  122 

borealis  122 
Clintonia  122 

Yellow  122 
Clitoria 

mariana  426 
Closed  Gentian  320 
Clotbur  391 

Prickly  391 

Spiny  391 
Clove  Currant  219 
Clover  248 

Alsike  249 

Bokhara  249 

Bur  250 

Bush  254 

Common  Red  248 

Crimson  248 

Honeysuckle  249 

Hop  249 

Italian  248 

Low  Hop  249 

Meadow  248 

Pea-vine  248 

Rabbit-foot  248 

Red  248 

Russian  252 

Stone  248 

Swedish  249 

Sweet  249 

White  249 

"       Sweet  249 

Yellow  249 

"        Sweet  249 
Clover  Dodder  325 
Clown's  Mustard  201 
Club  Moss  30 

Moss  Family  30 

Rush  85 
Cnicus 

altissimus  406 
var.  discolor  405 

arvensis  406 

horridtdus  405 


488 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Cnicus 

lanceolatus  405 

muticus  406 

pumilus  406 
Coast  Elite  166 

Germander  332 

Goosefoot  166 

Jointweed  164 
Cock  Sorrel  159 
Cockle  177,  180 

Corn  177 
Cocklebur  240,  391 
Cocksfoot  192 
Cocksfoot  Grass  56 
Cockspur  Grass  56 

Thorn  225 
Coeloglossum 

bracteatum  130 
Coffee 

Wild  367 
Cohosh  193 

Black  192 

Blue  19s 

Rattle  192 

Red  193 

White  193 
Cole 

Sea  202 
Colic-root  125,  126 
Coliseum  Ivy  350 
Collinsonia  344 

canadensis  344 
Coltsfoot  402 

Canada  157 

False  157 

Sweet  157,  402 
Columbine  192 

European  192 

Feathered  188 

Garden  192 

Red  192 

Wild  192 
Comandra  156 

umbellata  156 
Comarum 

pahistre  233 
Com  f  rev  328 


Comfrey 

Common  328 

Rough  329 

Wild  328 
Commelina  113 

communis  113 

nudMora  113 
Commelinaceae  113,  430,  439 
Compositae  375,  439,  441 
Composite  Family  375 
Comptonia 

peregrina  143 
Cone-flower  392,  393 

Purple  393 

Tall  393 
Conioselinum  303 

canadense  303 

chinense  303 
Conium  298 

maculatum  298 
Conopholis  359 

americana  359 
Conringia  204 

orientalis  204,  433 
Convallaria  124 

majalis  124 
Convolvulaceae  324,  438,  440 
Convolvulus  324 

arvensis  325 

japonicus  324 

re  pens  325 

sepium  325 
var.  americanus  325 
"     pubescens  325 
"     re  pens  325 

spithamaeus  324 
Convolvulus  Family  324 
Coolweed  156 
Coolwort  215 
Coptis  191 

trifolia  191 
Coral  Root  135 

Early  135 

Large  135 
Coral-berry  193,  366 
Corallorrhiza  135 

Corallorrhiza  135 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


Corallorrhiza 

innata  135 

maculata  135 

multiHora  135 
var.  Havida  135 

odontorhiza  135 

trifida  135 
Cord  Grass  68 
Coreopsis  395 

aristosa  397 

discoidea  396 

lanceolata  396 

rosea  429 

tinctoria  395 

triclwspenna  397 
Coriander  302 
Coriandrum  302 

sativum  302,  434 
Corn  48 

Broom  49 

Indian  48 

Kaffir  49 

Squirrel  198 

Turkey  198 

Wild  Broom  70 
Corn  Bindweed  163 

Chamomile  398 

Cockle  177 

Grass  55,  56 

Gromwell  329 

Kale  203 

Mustard  203 

Poppy  197 

Rose  197 

Salad  370 

Speedwell  354 

Spurrey  173 
Cornaceae  304,  438 
Cornel  304 

Dwarf  304 

Low  304 

Panicled  305 

Red-osier  305 

Round-leaved  304 

Silky  305 
Corn-flower  407 
Cornus  304 


Cornus 

alternifolia  305 

Amomum  305 

canadensis  304 

candidissinia  305 

circinata  304 

florida  304 

paniculata  305 

Perpusi  305 

sericea  305 

stolonifera  305 
Coronilla  252 

varia  252 
Corpse  Plant  307 
Corydalis  198 

glaiica  198 

sempervirens  198 
Corydalis 

Pale  198 

Pink  198 
Corylus  146 

americana  146 

heterophylla  420,  433 

rostrata  146 
Costmary  400 
Cotton  Grass  90 

Thistle  407 
Cottonwood  142 
Couch  Grass  79 
Coughwort  402 
Cow  Bells  180 

Cress  201 

Lily  183 

Parsnip  303 

Sorrel  159 

Vetch  256 

Wheat  356 
Cowbane 

Spotted  299 
Cow-herb  180 
Cow-quake  173 
Cow-rattle  180 
Cowslips  191 
Crab 

Siberian  222 
Crab  Apple  222 

Grass  50,  61,  69,  160,  168 


490 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull 


Cracca 

virginiana  251 
Crack  Willow  138 
Crambling  Rocket  212 
Cramp-bark  368 
Cranberry  313,  314 

American  314 

High-bush  368 

Large  314 

Small  314 
Cranberry  Tree  368 
Cranesbill  261 

Cut-leaved  262 

Dove's-foot  262 

Meadow  261 

Small-flowered  262 

Wild  261 
Crantzia 

lineata  301 
Crashes  206 

Crassulaceae  214,  437,  ^40 
Crataegus  225,  441 

apposita  226 
var.  Bissellii  226 

Arnoldiana  230 

Baxteri  226 

Bissellii  226 

Brainerdi  230 
var.  scabrida  230 

coccinea  226 
var.  mdcracantha  230 
"     rotundifolia  227 
"     viridis  226 

cognata  228 

conjuncta  229 

cristata  229 

Crus-galli  225 
var.  exigua  226 

demissa  227 

dissimilis  228 

dissona  228 

Dodgei  227 

Eamesii  230 

exigua  226 

ferentaria  231 

festiva  229 

Hahellata  227 


Crataegus 
foetida  226 
Forbesae  228 
fretalis  230 
fulgens  231 
genialis  228 
glaucophylla  228 
Gravesii  227 
Grayana  227 
Hargeri  227 
Holmesiana  229 
incisa  229 
intricata  226 
Jesupi  229 
latisepala  228 
levis  229 
littoralis  229 
lobulata  229 
macracantha  230 

var.  rhombifolia  230 
macrosperma  227 

var.  demissa  227 
"     matura  227 
"     pentandra  227 
matura  227 
modesta  226 
monogyna  225 
monstrata  228 
Napaea  228 
neo-londinensis  230 
Oxyacantha  225 
pedicellata  230 
pellucida  231 
pentandra  227 
Pequotorum  229 
polita  230 
Porteri  229 
premora  226 
Pringlei  229 

var.  lobulata  229 
pruinosa  228 

forma  dissona  228 

var.  conjuncta  228 
"     latisepala  228 
"      Porteri  229 
punctata  226 
quinebaugensis  229 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


491 


Crataegus 

rhombifolia  230 

rotundifolia  227 

scabrida  230 

sejuncta  230 

spatiosa  231 

Stonei  227 

stratfordensis  231 

tenella  227  ■ 

tomentosa  426 

umbratilis  226 

viridimontana  228 
Crawley  Root  135 
Crawling  Spearwort  185 
Cream-colored  Avens  235 
Creeping  Buttercup  187 

Crowfoot  187 

Fern  26 

Snowberry  312 

Spearwort  185 

Speedwell  354 

Thyme  341 
Crepis  412 

capillaris  412 

rigida  413,  432 

setosa  413 

taraxacifolia  413,  432 

tectorum  412 

virens  412 
var.  dentata  412 
Cress 

Bank  205 

Bastard  200,  201 

Belle  Isle  208 

Bitter  207,  209,  210 

Brook  210 

Common  Winter  207 

Cow  201 

Creeping  Yellow  207 

Early  Winter  208 

Field  201 

Field  Penny  200 

Garden  201 

Hairy  Rock  211 
"       Yellow  207 

Hoary  421 

Lamb's  210 


Cress 

Land  210 

Low  Rock  210 

Marsh  207 

Mouse-ear  206 

Penny  200 

Purple  210 

Rock  210 

Rocket  207 

Small  Bitter  210 

Smooth  Rock  211 

Spring  209,  210 

Thale  206 

Tower  210 

True  Water  206 

Wall  206,  210,  211 

Water  206 

Winter  207,  208 

Yellow  207 

Water  207 
Crimson  Clover  248 
Crinkle-root  208 
Crisped  Bunch-flower  118 
Cross-wort  315 
Crotalaria  248 

sagittalis  248 
Crotonopsis  265 

linearis  265 
Crowfoot  184 

Biting  186 

Bristly  187 

Bulbous  188 

Common  White  Water  185 

Creeping  187 

Cursed  1S6 

Ditch  186 

Early  187 

Hooked  186 

Kidney-leaved  186  . 

Marsh  186,  187 

Meadow  188 

Mountain  186 

Rock  186 

Rough  186 

Sanicle-leaved  186 

Seaside  185 

Small-flowered  t86 


492 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT,    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Crowfoot 

Smooth  i86 

Spotted-leaf  187 

Stiff  Water  184 

Swamp  187 

Tall  188 

Tufted  187 

White  Water  184 

Wood  187 

Yellow  Water  185 
Crowfoot  Family  184 

Grass  50 
Crown  Vetch  252 
Cruciferae  199,  437,  440 
Cryptogramma  19 

acrostichoides  424 

Stelleri  19,  424 
Cryptotaenia  300 

canadensis  300 
Cuckoo  Flower  210 
Cucumber  371 

One-seeded  Bur  372 

Star  S72 

Wild  372 
Cucumber-root 

Indian  124 
Cucumis  371 

Melo  371,  432 

sativus  371,  432 
Cucurbita  372 

maxima  372,  432 

moschata  372,  432 

Pepo  372,  432 
var.  condensa  372,  432 
Cucurbitaceae  371,  438 
Cudweed  389,  390 

Low  390 

Purplish  390 
Culver's  Physic  353 
Culver's-root  353 
Cup  Plant  390 
Cuphea  290 

petiolata  290 

viscosissima  290 
Cuphea  290 

Clammy  290 
Curled  Dock  158 


Curled 

Mallow  279 

Mint  343 

Mustard  203 

Thistle  405 
Curly  Dock  158 

Grass  Family  26 
Currant  217 

Black  218 

Buffalo  219 

Clove  219 

European  Black  218 

Fetid  219 

Flowering  218,  219 

Garden  Black  218 
"        Red  219 

Golden  219 

Indian  366 

Missouri  219 

Mountain  219 

Red  219 

Skunk  219 

Swamp  Black  218 

Sweet  219 

Wild  Black  218 

Wine  219 
Cursed  Crowfoot  186 
Cuscuta  325 

arvensis  325 

cephalanthi  428 

compacta  326 

Coryli  32s 

Epithymum  325 

Gronovii  326 

inHexa  325 

tenuiiiora  428 
Cut  Grass  58 
Cut-leaved  Blackberry  238 

Cranesbill  262 

Geranium  262 

Pepper-root  209 

Toothwort  209 
Cycloloma  165 

atriplicifolium  165.  420,  433 

platyphyllum  165 
Cydonia  224 

japonica  224 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


493 


Cydonia 

vulgaris  224 
Cymbalaria 

Cymbalaria  350 
Cynanchum  323 

nigrum  323 
Cyiiodon  69 

Dactylon  69,  431 
Cynoglossum  327 

boreale  328 

officinale  327 

virginicum  328 
Cynosurus  72 

cristatus  72,  417 
Cynthia  408 
Cyperaceae  81,  436 
Cyperus  81,  441 

aristatus  82 

dentatus  82 

diandrus  81 
van  castancus  8r 

erythrorhizos  82 
var.  pumilus  82 

esculentus  82 
var.  angiistispicatiis  82 
"     leptostachyus  82 

ferax  82 

filiculmis  83,  425 
var.  macilentus  83 

fuscus  82,  431 

Grayii  83 

Houghtonii  425 

inHexus  82 

NuttalHi  82 

rivularis  81 

speciosus  82 

strigosus  83 
var.  capitatus  83 
"     robustior  83 
Cypress  37 

Mock  165 
Cypress  Spurge  267 
Cypripedium  129 

acaule  129 

arietinum  425 

candidum  425 

hirsutum  129 


Cypripedium 
parviflorum  129 

var.  pubescens  129 
pubescens  129 
reginae  129 
spectabile  i2g 
Cystopteris  24 

bulbifera  24 

fragilis  24 
Cytisus  248 

scoparius  248,  431 
Dactylis  72 

glome  rata  72 
Daffodil  126 
Daisy 

Ox-eye  400 

White  400 

Yellowr  393 
Daisy  Fleabane  387 
Dalibarda  240 

repens  240 
Damask  Violet  206 
Dame's  Rocket  206 
"        Violet  206 
Damson  244 
Dandelion  410 

Common  410 

Dwarf  408 

Fall  409 

Red-seeded  410 
Dangleberry  312 
Danthonia  67 

compressa  67 

sericea  425 

spicata  67 
Darnel  78 

Bearded  78 

Common  78 
Dasipliora 

friiticosa  233 
Dasystoma 

■Rava  355 

pedicularia  355 

virginica  355 
Datura  347 

Metel  348,  434 

meteloides  348,  432 


494 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull, 


Datura 

Stramonium  347 

Tatula  348 
Daucus  303 

Carota  303 
Day  Lily  119,  120 
Day-blooming  Campion  178 

Lychnis  178 
Day-flower  113 
Dead  Nettle  336 
Decodon  289 

verticillatus  289 
Deerberry  313 
Deergrass  290 
Deer-tongue  Grass  55 
Deerwood  146 
Delphinium  192 

Ajacis  192 

Consolida  192 
Dennstaedtia 

punctilobida  25 
Dentaria  208 

anomala  209 

diphylla  208 

incisa  209 

incisifolia  209 

laciniata  209 

maxima    209 
Deptford  Pink  181 
Deringa 

canadensis  300 
Deschampsia  67 

caespitosa  67 

flexuosa  67 
Desmodium  252,  441 

acuminatum  252 

bracteosum  253 

canadense  253 

canescens  252 

ciliare  254 

cuspidatum  253 

Dillenii  253 

glabellum  252 

grandiflqrum  252 

humifumm  252 

marilandicum  254 

nudiflorum  252 


Desmodium 

obtusum  254 

paniculatum  253 

rigidum  253 

roLundi  folium  252 

sessilifolium  253 

strictum  426 
Deutzia  217 

scabra  217,  433 
Devil's  Apple  194 

Bit  118,  377 

Fig  197 

Hair  190 

Paint-brush  414 

Walking-stick  296 
Dew  Grass  64 
Dewberry  239 
Dew-plant  213 
Dianthus  181 

Armeria  181 

barbatus  181 

deltoides  181 

plumarius  181 
Dicentra  198 

canadensis  198 

Cucullaria  198 
Dicksonia  25 

pilosiitscula  25 

punctilobula  25 
forma  cristata  25 
"       schizophylla  25 
Diervilla  365 

Diervilla  365 

Lonicera  365 

triMa  365 
Digitalis  353 

purpurea  353,  434 
Digitaria  49 

filiformis  49 

humifusa  49 

sanguinalis  50 
Dill  302 
Diodia  363 

teres  363 
Dioscorea  126 

villosa  126 
Dioscoreaceae  126,  436 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


495 


Diospyros  317 

virginiana  317 
Diplacline 

fasciciilaris  69 
Diplopappus 

amygdalinus  429 
Diplotaxis  204 

muralis  204,  433 

tenuifolia  204 
Dipsacaceae  370,  438,  441 
Dipsacus  370 

sylvestris  370 
Dirca  289 

palustris  289 
Discopleura 

capillacea  299 
Dish  Mustard  200 
Distichlis  72 

maritima  72 

spicata  72 
Ditch  Crowfoot  186 

Grass  44 

Moss  47 

Stonecrop  214 
Dock  157 

Belleville  159 

Bitter  159 

Blunt-leaved  159 

Broad  159 

Curled  158 

Curly  158 

Great  Water  158 

Horse  158 

Narrow  158 

Pale  158 

Patience  157 

Peach-leaved  158 

Sorrel  159 

Spring  157 

Swamp  158 

Tall  158 

Velvet  349 

Yellow  158 
Dock-leaved  Persicaria  160 
Dockmackie  368 
Dodder  325,  326 

Clover  325 


Dodder 
Field  325 

Hazel  325 
Doellingeria 

infirma  386 

umbellata  386 
Dog  Fennel  398 

Grass  79 

Rose  242 

Violet  288 
Dogbane  321 

Spreading  321 
Dogbane  Family  321 
Dogberry  217,  223,  305 
Dog's  Couch  Grass  79 
Dog's  Wheat  Grass  79 
Dog's-tail  Grass  72 
Dog's-tooth  Violet  121 
Dogwood  304 

Flowering  304 

Poison  268 

Red-osier  305 

Round-leaved  304 

Swamp  305 
Dogwood  Family  304 
Dolphin  Flower  192 
Dondia 

americana  i6q 

maritima  168 
Doorweed  160 
Dove's-foot  Cranesbill  262 

Geranium  262 
Downy  Arrow-wood  368 

Bergamot  338 

Cinquefoil  233 

Poplar  142 

Yellow  Foxglove  355 
Violet  288 
Draba  199 

caroliniana  199 

verna  199 
Dracocephalum  335 

parviflorum  335 
Dragon 

Green  no 
Dragon  Arum  109 

Head  335 


496 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Dragon 

Root  no 
Dragon's  Claw  135 
Drooping  Avens  235 
Drop-seed  62,  63 
Drop-seed  Grass  61 
Dropwort  235 
Drosera  213 

intermedia  213 
var.  americana  213 

longifolia  213 

rotundifolia  213 
Droseraceae  213,  437 
Dry  Strawberry  232 
Drymocallis 

arguta  232 
Dryopteris 

acrostichoides  21 
var.  Schweinitzii  21 

aculeata  Braunii  424 

Boottii  23 

cristata  23 

var.  Clintoniana  23 

Goldiana  22 

marginalis  22 

noveboracensis  22 

simulata  22 

spinulosa  23 
var.  dilatata  24 
"     intermedia  23 

Thelypteris  22 
Duchesnea  232 

indica  232 
Duck  Acorn  184 

Grass  7^ 
Duck's-foot  194 
Duck's-meat  in 
Duckweed  iii 

Greater  in 

Lesser  112 
Duckweed  Family  in 
Dulichium  83 

arundinaceum  83 

spathaceum  83 
Dumb  Watches  213 
Durfee  Grass  79 
Dusty  Miller  177,  401 


Dutch  Flax  201,  202 

Myrtle  143 
Dutchman's  Breeches  ic 
Dwarf  Alder  275 

Blueberry  313 

Cherry  245 

Cornel  304 

Dandelion  408 

Ginseng  296 

Huckleberry  312 

Mallow  279 

Mistletoe  156 

Nettle  155 

Raspberry  237 

St.  John's-wort  281 

Sumach  268 
Dyer's  Rocket  212 

Weed  212 

Weld  212 
Early  Buttercup  187 

Coral  Root  135 

Crowfoot  187 

Meadow  Rue  188 

Saxifrage  215 

Sweet  Blueberry  313 

Yellow  Violet  287 
Easter  Bell  176 
Eatonia 

Dudleyi  66 

nitida  66 

obtusata  66 

pennsylvanica  66 
var.  major  66 
Ebenaceae  317,  438 
Ebony  Family  317 

Spleenwort  20 
Echinacea 

angustifolia  393 
Echinochloa  56 

crusgalli  56 

frumentacea  56,  433 

Walteri  56 
Echinocystis  372 

lobata  372 
Echin  0  sperm  u  m 

Lappula  328  . 

virginicum  328 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


497 


Echium  330 

vulgare  330 
Eel  Grass  45,  47 
Eglantine  242 
Eichhornia  114 

crassipes  114,  430 
Elatinaceae  282,  438 
Elatine  282 

americana  282 
Elatinoides 

Elatine  350 
Elder  369 

Black-berried  369 

Box  273 

Common  369 

Marsh  391 

Poison  268 

Red-berried  369 

Wild  296 
Elecampane  390 
Eleocharis  83,  441 

acicularis  84 

diandra  84,  417 

Engelmanni  84 

intermedia  85,  418 

microcarpa  85 

mutata  83 

obtusa  84 

olivacea  83 

ovata  84,  418 

palustris  84 
var.  glaucescens  84 
"     major  84 
"     vigens  84 

pygmaea  85 

quadrangulata  83 

Robbinsii  83 

rostellata  85 

tenuis  85 

Torreyana  85 

tuberculosa  84 
Eleusine  69 

indica  69 
EUisia  327 

Nyctelea  327,  434 
Elm  152 

32 


Elm 

American  152 

Common  152 

English  152 

European,  152 

False  153 

Feathered  152 

Indian  152 

Moose  152 

Red  152 

Rock  152 

Shade  152 

Slippery  152 

Swamp  152 

Sweet  152 

Tawny  152 

Wahoo  153 

Water  152 

Weeping  152 

White  152 

Winged  153 

Witch  153 
Elodea  47 

campanulata  282 

canadensis  47 
Elymus  80 

australis  80,  423 

brachystachys  417,  433 

canadensis  80 
var.  glaucifolius  81 

hirsutigltimis  80 

striatus  81 

virginicus  80 
var.  hirsutiglumis  80 
Enchanter's  Nightshade  294 
English  Elm  152 

Hawthorn  225 

Meadow-sweet  235 

Plantain  361 

Violet  287 
Epifagus  359 

virginiana  359 
Epigaea  311 

repens  311 
Epilobium  291 

adenocaulon  292,  422,  427 


498 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY, 


Bull 


Epilobium 
angustifolium  291 
coloratum  292 
densum  291 
Hornemanni  427 
lineare  292 
molle  291 
palustre  292 

var.  monticola  292 
strictiim  291 
Epipactis  134 
pubescens  135 
repens 

var.  ophioides  134 
tesselata  134 
Equisetaceae  29,  436 
Equisetum  29 
arvense  29 
fluviatile  29 
hyemale  30 
var.  affine  30 
"     intermedium  29 
limosutn  29 
palustre  29 
pratense  29 
scirpoides  30 
sylvaticum  29 
variegatum  30 
var.  Jesupi  30 
Eragrostis  71 
capillaris  71 
Frankii  71 
hypnoides  71 
major  71 
megastachya  71 
minor  71 
pectinacea  71 
pilosa  71 
Purshii  71 
reptans  71 
Eragrostis 

Purple  71 
Erechtites  403 
hieracifolia  403 
praealta  403 
Erect  Bugle  332 


Erect 

Goose  Grass  160 

Knotweed  160 
Ericaceae  306,  438 
Erigeron  387 

annuus  387 

bellidifolius  387 

canadensis  387 

philadelphicus  387 

pulchellus  387 

ramosus  387 
var.  discoideus  387 

strigosus  387 
Eriocaulaceae  112,  436 
Eriocaulon  112 

septangulare  112 
Eriophorum  89 

alpinum  86 

callitrix  89 

cyperinum  88 
var.  laxum  89 

gracile  89 

lineatum  88 

paucinervium  89 

polystachyon  90 
var.  latifolium  90 

tenellum  89 

vaginatum  89 

virginicum  90 
var.  album  90 

viridi-carinatum  90 
Erodium  262 

cicutarium  262,  434 

moschatum  262,  434 
Erodium 

Musk  262 
Ervum 

Lens  256 
Eryngium  297 

aquattcum  297 

planum  297,  434 

yuccifolium  297 
Eryngo  297 
Erysimum  206 

cheiranthoides  206 
Erythronium  121 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


499 


Erythronium 

americanum  121 
Eschscholtzia  196 

californica  196,  421,  433 
Estragon  401 
Eupatorium  375 

ageratoides  376 

aromaticum  2)77 

hyssopifolium  375 

maculatum  375 
var.  amoenum  375 

perfoliatum  376 
var.  truncatum  376 

pubescens  376 

purpureum  375 
var.  amoenum  375 
"     maculatum  375 

rotundifolium 
var.  ovatum  2i7^ 

sessilifolium  376 

teucrifoUum  2)7^ 

urticaefolium  376 

verbenaefolium  376 
Euphorbia  265,  441 

corollata  266 

Cyparissias  267 

dentata  426 

Esula  266 

glyptosperma  426 

hirsuta  266 

Ipecacuanhae  266,  423 

Lathyrus  267 

maculata  266 

marginata  266 

nutans  265 

Peplus  267 

polygonifolia  265 

Preslii  265 
Euphorbiaceae  265,  437,  440 
European  Barberry  195 

Columbine  192 

Elm  152 

Fly  Honeysuckle  365 

Garden  Bean  256 

Gooseberry  218 

Larch  35 


European 

Linden  277 

Mallow  279 

Millet  SI 

Mountain  Ash  223 

Spindle  Tree  271 

Vervain  330 

Wood  Strawberry  231 
Euihamia 

caroliniana  381 

graminifolia  381 

tenuifolia  381 
Evening  Lychnis  178 

Primrose  292 

Primrose  Family  291 
Ever-blooming  Lychnis  178 
Evergreen  Blackberry  238 
Everlasting  388,  389,  390 

Common  390 

Pearly  389 

Plantain-leaved  389 

Sweet  390 
Everlasting  Pea  257 
Evonymus  271 

alatus  271 

atropurpureus  271 

europaeus  271 
Fagaceae  148,  436 
Fagopyrum  164 

esculentum  164,  431 

Fagopyrum  164 
Fagus  148 

americana  148 

ferruginea  148 

grandifolia  148 
Fairy  Creeper  197 

Cup  216 
Faitour's  Grass  266 
F  ale  at  a 

comosa  259 

Pitcheri  259 
Fall  Dandelion  409 
False  Acacia  251 

Beech-drops  307 

Coltsfoot  157 

Dragon  Head  335 


Soo 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull 


False 

Elm  153 

Flax  201,  202 

Foxglove  355 

Gromwell  330 

Heather  283 

Hellebore  118 

Indigo  247,  251 

Loosestrife  291 

Mermaid  268 

"         Family  268 

Miterwort  215 

Mustard  211 

Nettle  156 

Pimpernel  352 

Red  Top  -jz 

Rice  58 

Sarsaparilla  296 

Solomon's  Seal  122 

Spikenard  122 

Sycamore  220 

Unicorn-root  125 
Feather  Geranium  165 

Grass  60 

Hyacinth  121 
Feathered  Columbine  1} 

Elm  152 
Featherfoil  315 

American  315 
Felon-herb  401 
Fen  Orchis  136 
Fennel  301 

Common  301 

Dog  398 

Garden  301 
Fennel  Flower  191 
Fern 

Beech  17 

Bladder  24 

Broad  Beech  17 
"     .  Shield  24 

Chain  19 

Christmas  21 

Cinnamon  27 

Climbing  26 

Qinton's  Shield  23 


Fern 

Creeping  26 

Crested  Shield  23 

Flowering  26 

Goldie's  22 

Grape  27 

Hairy  Lip  18 

Hartford  26 

Hay-scented  25 

Interrupted  26 

Lady  21 

Long  Beech  17 

Marginal  Shield  22 

Marsh  22 

Massachusetts  22 

Net-veined  Chain  19 

New  York  22 

Oak  17 

Ostrich  25 

Rattlesnake  28 

Royal  26 

Sensitive  25 

Shield  22 

Spinulose  Shield  23 

Sweet  144 

Virginia  Chain  19 

Walking  21 

Wood  22 
Fern  Family  17 
Fescue 

Meadow  ^6 

Sheep's  76 

Slender  76 

Taller  yd 
Fescue  Grass  76 
Festuca  yd 

capillata  76 

elatior  76 
var.  pratensis  76 

nutans  76 

octoflora  76 

ovina  76 
var.  capillata  76 
"     duriuscula  425 

rubra  76,  425 

tcnella  76 


I 


Bull    No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


501 


Fetid  Chamomile  398 

Currant  219 

Horehound  336 
Fetter  Bush  309 
Fever  Bush  196 
Feverfew  400 
Feverwort  367 
Field  Avens  235 

Bean  258 

Bindweed  325 

Chickweed  176 

Cress  201 

Dodder  325 

Garlic  119 

Kale  203 

Larkspur  192 

Mint  343 

Pansy  288 

Pea  258 

Poppy  197 

Scabious  371 

Soapwort  180 

Sorrel  159 

Spurrey  174 

Strawberry  231 

Thistle  405 
Fig 

Devil's  197 

Indian  289 
Figwort  351 
Figwort  Family  349 
Filbert  146 
Filipendula  234 

hexapetala  235,  434 

rubra  234 

Ulmaria  234 
Filix 

hulhifera  24 

fragilis  24 
Fimbristylis  85 

autumnalis  85 

capillaris  85 

Frankii  85 
Fine  Bent  64 

Snakeroot  157 
Finger  Grass  49,  50 
Fiorin  64 


Fir  2,7 

Balm-of-Gilead  yj 

Balsam  2>7 

Scotch  35 
Fire  Cherry  244 
Fire  Plant 

Mexican  165 
Fire  Pink  179 
Fireweed  291,  403 
Fit-root  307 
Five-finger  232,  234 

Marsh  233 

Mountain  233 

Purple  233 

Three-toothed  233 
Flag 

Blue  127 

Cat-tail  39 

Larger  Blue  127 

Poison  127 

Slender  Blue  127 

Sweet  III 
Flannel-leaf  349 
Flax  259 

Common  259 

Dutch  201,  202 

False  201,  202 

Wild  Yellow  260 
Flax  Family  259 
Fleabane  387 

Canada  387 

Daisy  387 

Marsh  388 

Salt  Marsh  388 
Fleur-de-lis  127 
Flixweed  206 
Floating  Foxtail  62 

Heart  320 
Floerkea  268 

proserpinacoides  268 
Flowering  Currant  218,  219 

Dogwood  304 

Fern  26 

"     Family  26 

Locust  251 

Maple  278 

Spurge  266 


502 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND   NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Flowering 

Thistle  197 

Wintergreen  263 
Flower-of-an-Hour  280 
Fly-away  Grass  64 
Foam-flower  215 
Foeniculum  301 

Foeniculum  301 

officinale  301 

vulgare  301 
Fool's  Parsley  302 
Forget-me-not  329 

True  329 

Wild  329 
Forked  Catchfly  179 

Chickweed  172 
Forsythia  318 

viridissima  318,  434 
Four-leaved  Campion  180 
Four-o'clock  171 
Four-o'clock  Family  171 
Fowl  Meadow  Grass  y:^,  74 
Fox  Grape  276 
Foxglove  353 

Common  353 

Downy  False  355 
"        Yellow  355 

Oak-leaved  False  355 

Smooth  False  355 
Foxtail  57 

Floating  62 

Green  57 

Marsh  62 

Meadow  62 

Water  62 
Foxtail  Grass  62 
Fragaria  231 

americana  232 

canadensis  231 

indica  232 

terrae-novae  231 

vesca  231 
var.  alba  232 
"     americana  232 

virginiana  231 
var.  Gray  ana  231 
illinoensis  231 


Fragrant  Balm  338 
Fraxinus  317 

americana  317 

Darlingtonii  317 

excelsior  318 

lance olata  318 

nigra  318 

pennsylvanica  317 
var.  lanceolata  318 

pubescens  317 

sambucifolia  318 

viridis  318 
French  Pink  181 

Purslane  182 

Rose  243 
Fringe  Cup  216 
Fringed  Gentian  319 

Loosestrife  316 

Orchis  130 

Polygala  263 
Frog  Grass  114,  168 

Lily  183 
Frog's  Bit  Family  47 
Frost  Grape  277 
Frost-flower  382 
Frostweed  282 
Fumaria  198 

officinalis  198 
Fumariaceae  197,  437,  440 
Fumitory  198 

Climbing  197 

Common  198 

Hedge  198 
Fumitory  Family  197 
Funkia 

lancifolia  120 

ovata  119 
Galeopsis  335 

Ladanum  335,  434 

Tetrahit  335 
Galeorchis 

spectabilis  130 
Galingale  81 
Galinsoga  397 

parviflora  397 
var.  hispida  397 
Galium  361,  441 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


503 


Galium 

Aparine  361 

asprellum  363 

boreale  362 

circaezans  362 

Claytoni  363 

erectum  363 

labradoricum  363 

lanceolatum  362 

MoUugo  362 

palustre  363 

pilosum  362 
var.  puncticulosum  362 

tinctorium  363 
var.  labradoricum  363 

trifidum  363 
var.  latifolium  363 
"     pusillum  363 

triflorum  363 

verum  362 

Wirtgenii  362,  435 
Gall-of-the-Earth  413 
Gama  Grass  48 
Garden  Asparagus  122 

Black  Currant  218 

Burnet  241 

Catchfly  179 

Chamomile  399 

Columbine  192 

Cress  201 

Fennel  301 

Gooseberry  218 

Heliotrope  370 

Huckleberry  345 

Larkspur  192 

Mignonette  212 

Orpine  214 

Parsley  300 

Patience  157 

Pea  257 

Peppergrass  201 

Phlox  326 

Pink  181 

Plum  246 

Poppy  197 

Portulaca  182 

Purslane  182 


Garden 

Radish  202 

Red  Currant  219 

Sage  337 

Sorrel  159 

Valerian  370 
Garget  171 
Garlic  119 

Field  119 

Hedge  205 

Meadow  119 

Wild  119 
Garlic  Mustard  205 
Gaultheria  311 

procumbens  311 
Gaura  294 

biennis  294 
Gaylussacia  312 

baccata  312 

forma  glaucocarpa  312 

du;Tiosa  312 

frondosa  312 

resinosa  312 
Gemmingia 

chinensis  128 
Gentian  319 

Bottle  320 

Closed  320 

Fringed  319 

Horse  367 
Gentian  Family  319 
Gentiana  319 

Amarella  427 

Andrewsii  320,  428 

crinita  319 

quinquefolia  319,  427 

quinqueUora  319 

Saponaria  428 
Gentianaceae  319,  438 
Geraniaceae  261,  437,  440 
Geranium  261 

carolinianum  261 

dissectum  262,  431 

maculatum  261 

molle  262,  434 

pratense  261,  434 

pusillum  262 


504 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Bull. 


Geranium 

Robertianum  261 
Geranium 

Cut-leaved  262 

Dove's-foot  262 

Feather  165 

Meadow  261 

Mint  400 

Small-flowered  262 
Geranium  Family  261 
Gerardia  355 

Besseyana  356 

flava  355 

Gattingeri  356 

linifolia  429 

m.Tiitima  356 

parvi  folia  356 

paupercula  356 

pedicularia  355 

purpurea  355 
var.  paupercula  356 

quercifolia  355 

Skinneriana  356 

tenuifolia  356 

var.  niacrophylla  356 

virginica  355 
Gerardia  355,  356 

Purple  355 

Seaside  356 
German  Chamomile  399 

Millet  57 
Germander  332 

American  332 

Coast  332 
Geum  235 

album  235 

canadense  235 

flavum  23s 

macrophyllum  426 

rivale  235 

striatum  235,  426 

virginianum  235 
Ghost-flower  307 
Giant  Hyssop  334 

Solomon's  Seal  123 
Gill  334 
Gill-over-the-Ground  334 


Ginger 

Wild  157 
Ginger-root 

Wild  157 
Ginseng  296 

Dwarf  296 
Ginseng  Family  295 
Gipsy  Combs  370 
Girls-and-Boys  198 
Glasswort  168 

Woody  168 
Glaucous  Willow  139 
Glecoma 

hederacea  334 
Gleditsia  246 

triacanthos  246 
Globeflower  191,  236 

American  191 

Spreading  191 

Swamp  191 

Wild  191 
Glossy  Willow  138 
Glyceria  74 

acutiflora  75 

borealis  75 

canadensis  74 

elongata  74 

Huitans  75 

grandis  74 

nervata  74 

obtusa  74 

pallida  74 

septentrionalis  75 

Torreyana  74 
Glycyrrhiza  252 

lepidota  252,  431 
Gnaphalium  389 

decurrens  390 

ohtusifolium  389 

polycephalum  389 

purpureum  390 

uliginosum  390 
Goat's  Beard  410 

Rue  251 
Gold-cups  188 
Golden  Alexanders  300 

Aster  377 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


505 


Golden 

Bell  318 

Chain  214 

Club  III 

Currant  219 

Glow  393 

Loosestrife  315 

Marguerite  399 

Meadow  Parsnip  300 

Moss  214 

Osier  143 

Peppergrass  201 

Ragweed  404 

Ragwort  404 

Saxifrage  216 

Seal  193 
Golden-rod  378,  380,  381 

Sweet  379 

White  378 
Golden-tuft  200 
Golden-Wonder  Millet  57 
Goldie's  Fern  22 
Gold-of-Pleasure  201,  202 
Goldthread  191 
Goodyera 

pubescens  135 

repens  134 

tesselata  134 
Goose  Grass  69,  y2,  75,  160,  361 
Gooseberry  217 

Common  218 

European  218 

Garden  218 

Missouri  217 

Northern  218 

Prickly  217 

Smooth  218 

Swamp  218 

Wild  218 
Goosefoot  165 

City  167 

Coast  166 

Maple-leaved  166 

Nettle-leaved  167 

Oak-leaved  166 

Red  166 

Seaside  169 


Goosefoot 

Upright  167 

White  166 
Goosefoot  Family  165 
Goshen  Hardback  233 
Go-to-Bed-Noon  121 
Gourd  372 
Gourd  Family  371 
Goutweed  299 
Goutwort  299 
Gowan 

Meadow  191 
Gramineae  48,  436,  439 
Grape  276 

Blue  277 

Bunch  276 

Fox  276 

Frost  277 

Northern  Fox  276 

Pigeon  276 

River-bank  277 

Skunk  276 

Summer  276,  277 

Wolf  345 
Grape  Fern  27 

Hyacinth  121 
Grass 

Alkali  72 

Arrow  45 

Awned  Wheat  79 

Barnyard  56 

Beach  65 

Bear  121 

Beard  48,  65 

Bent  64 

Bermuda  69 

Billion-Dollar  56 

Black  114 

Black  Oat  60 

Blue-eyed  128 

Blue- joint  65 

Bottle  57 

Bottle-brush  81 

Bristly  Foxtail  57 

Brome  76 

Broom  Beard  48 

Brown  Bent  64 


5o6 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY, 


[Bull. 


Grass 
Bull  68 
Bunch  48 
Bur  58 

Canada  Blue  "ji 
Canary  58 
Cat-tail  62 
Coast  Knot  164 
Cocksfoot  56 
Cockspur  56 
Common  Hair  67 
Cord  68 
Corn  55,  56 
Cotton  90 
Couch  79 

Crab  50,  61,  69,  160,  168 
Creeping  Spear  "j}) 
Crowfoot  50 
Cut  58 

Deer-tongue  55 
Dew  64 
Ditch  44 
Dog  79 

Dog's  Couch  79 
Dog's  Wheat  79 
Dog's-tail  72 
Drop-seed  61 
Duck  Ti 
Durfee  79 
Eel  45,  47 
Erect  Goose  160 
Faitour's  266 
Fall  Witch  50 
Feather  60 
Fescue  76 
Finger  49,  50 
Flat-stemmed  Blue  "/}, 
Floating  Manna  75 
Fly-away  64 
Forked  Beard  48 
Fowl  Meadow  T^,  74 
Foxtail  62 
Frog  114,  168 
Gama  48 

German  Knot  172 
Goose  69,  72,  75,  160,  361 
Green  Eel  185 


Grass 

Hair  62,  64,  71 

Hairy  Brome  'J^ 

Hedgehog  58 

Herd's  62 

Holy  59 

Hungarian  57 

Brome  78 

Indian  49 

Italian  Ray  78 
"       Rye  78 

Japanese  Barnyard  56 

Johnson  49 

June  ^z 

Kentucky  Blue  "Ji 

Knot  79,  160 

Knot-root  61 

Large  Crab  50 

Low  Spear  72 

Lyme  80 

Manna  74 

Marsh  68 

Meadow  72 

"         Spear  74 

Melic  72 

Mesquite  69 

Needle  60 

Oat  67 

Old-witch  51 

Orange  282 

Orchard  72 

Pale  Manna  74 

Panic  51 

Pearl  74 

Perennial  Foxtail  57 
Ray  78 
Rye  78 

Pigeon  57 

Porcupine  60 

Poverty  283 

Quack  79 

Quaking  72 

Quitch  79 

Rattlesnake  74 

Reed  Bent  65 
"       Canary  59 
"      Meadow  74 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


507 


Grass 
Rib  361 
Ribbon  59 
Rice  Cut  58 
Ripple  361 
Rough  Foxtail  57 

"       Hair  64 
Rough-stalked  Meadow  "j-^ 
Rush  63 
Salt  Marsh  68 

"     Meadow  (& 

"     Reed  68 
Sand  70 

"       Knot  164 
Scorpion  329 
Scratch  58,  163 
Scurvy  208 
Scutch  69,  79 
Sea  Spear  75 
Seaside  Knot  164 
Seneca  59 
Sesame  48 
Shave  30 
Shear  79 
Sickle  163 
Silk  64 
Slough  68 
Small  Crab  49 
Smooth  Meadow  "^i 
Snake  71 
Sour  159 
Spear  72,  Tz 
Spike  "^2 
Spires  59 
Squirrel-tail  80 
Star  125,  127 
Stink  71 

Swamp  Wire  ^2) 
Sweet  Vernal  59 
Switch  52 
Sword  59,  98 
Tall  Manna  74 

"     Marsh  68 

"     Oat  67 

"      Panic  52 

"     Quaking  74 
Tape  47 


Grass 

Terrell  80 

Thatch  68 

Thin  64 

Tickle  51 

Toad  114 

Tongue  176,  200 

Triple-awned  60 

Tufted  Hair  67 

Twitch  57 

Vanilla  59 

Velvet  66 

Vernal  Whitlow  199 

Water  Star  114 

Way  160 

White  58 

"      Bent  64 

Whitlow  199 

Wild  Oat  67 

Wire  48,  69,  Ti,  160 

Wood  49 

Reed  65 

Wool  88 

Yard  69 

Yellow-eyed  112,  127 
Grass  Family  48 
Grass  of  Parnassus  216 
Grass  Pink  133,  181 

Wrack  45 
Gratiola  353 

aurea  353 

duhia  353 

virginiana  353 
Gravel  Chickweed  172 
Gravel-root  375 
Gravel-weed  330 
Gray  Birch  147 

Willow  141 
Greaseweed  357 
Great  American  Burnet  241 

Blue  Lobelia  374 

Bulrush  86 

Burdock  404 

Laurel  308 

Nettle  155 

Ragweed  391 

St.  John's-wort  280 


5o8 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Bull. 


Great 

Solomon's  Seal  123 

Water  Dock  158 

Willow-herb  291 
Greater  Bladderwort  358 

Duckweed  iii 

Starwort  176 

Stitchwort  176 
Greek  Valerian  327 
Green  Adders  Mouth  136 

Amaranth  169 

Ash  318 

Brier  125 

Dragon  no 

Foxtail  57 

Hellebore  118 

Milkweed  323 
Grim  the  Collier  414 
Grindelia  377 

squarrosa  ZTJ,  435 
Griottes  245 
Gromwell  329 

Common  330 

Corn  329 

False  330 
Ground  Cherry  346 

Hemlock  34 

Honeysuckle  250 

Ivy  334 

Laurel  311 

Pine  31 

Pink  326 
Groundnut  258,  296 
Groundsel  403 

Common  403 
Groundsel  Tree  388 
Gum 

Black  305 

Red  220 

Sour  305 

Star-leaved  220 

Sweet  220 
Gum  Tree 

Sweet  220 
Gumbo  280 
Gum-plant  377 


Gymnadeniopsis 

clavellata  131 
Gypsophila  181 

elegans  181,  433 

muralis  181,  433 
Gypsophyll  181 
Gyrostachys 

cernua  134 

gracilis  133 

linearis  133 

ochroleuca  134 

plant  aginea  134 

praecox  133 

simplex  133 

stricta  134 
Gyrotheca 

capitata  126 

tinctoria  126 
Habenaria  130,  441 

blephariglottis  131 

bracteata  130 

ciliaris  131 

clavellata  131 

dilatata  130 

fimbriata  132 

flava  130 

grandi  flora  132 

Hookeri  131 
var.  oblongifolia  131 

hyperborea  130 

lacera  132 

macrophylla  131 

orbiculata  131,  419 

peramoena  425 

psycodes  132 

rotundifolia  425 

tridentata  131 

virescens  130 
Hackberry  153 
Hackmatack  35 
Haemodoraceae  126,  436 
Hair  Grass  62,  64,  71 
Hairy  Agrimony  240 

Hawkweed  415 

Lip  Fern  18 

Pinweed  283 

Solomon's  Seal  123 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


509 


Hairy 
Tare  256 
Vetch  256 
Halberd-leaved  Tear-thumb  163 
Haloragidaceae  294,  438 
Hamamelidaceae  219,  437 
Hamamelis  219 
virginiana  219 
Hardback  221,  233,  365 
Goshen  233 
Purple  221 
Hardheads  407 
Harebell  373 
Hare's  Tail  89 
Hare's-ear  204 
Hare's-ear  Mustard  204 
Hartford  Fern  26 
Haw 

Black  369 
Red  225 
Haw  Bush  225 

Tree  225 
Hawkbit  409 
Hawk's-beard  412 
Hawkweed  414 
Canada  415 
Hairy  415 
Orange  414 
Hawthorn  225 
English  225 
Hay-scented  Fern  25 
Hazel  146 
Hazel  Dodder  325 
Hazelnut  146 
Beaked  146 
Wild  146 
Headache  197 
Headache  Plant  356 
Heal-all 

Common  335 
Heart  Snakeroot  157 
Heart-leaved  Willow  139 
Heart's-ease  162,  284,  288 
Heart-seed  274 
Heartweed  162 
Heath  Family  306 


Heather 

False  283 

Hedeoma  339 

hispida  339 

pulegioides  339 
Hedge  Bindweed  163,  325 

Fumitory  198 

Garlic  205 

Hyssop  353 

Mustard  205 

Nettle  237 

Pink  180 

Thorn  225 
Hedgehog  Grass  58 
Helenium  398 

autumnale  398 

nudiflorum  398 

tenuifolium  398 
Helianthemum  282 

canadense  282 

corymbosum  427 

majus  282 
Helianthus  394,  441 

angustifolius  429 

annuus  394 

debilis  394,  435 
var.  cucumerifolius  394,  435 

decapetalus  395 

divaricatus  395 

doronicoides  429 

giganteus  394 

var.  ambiguus  394 

grosseserratus  394 

laetiflorus  394 

Maximiliani  395,  435 

petiolaris  394 

rigidus  394 

scaberrimus  394 

scabra  429 

strumosus  395 
var.  macro phyllus  395 
"     mollis  395 

tracheliifolius  395,  423 

tuberosus  395 
Heliopsis  392 

helianthoides  392 

laevis  392 


510 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Heliopsis 

scabra  392,  430 
Heliotrope 

Garden  370 
Hellebore 
American  White  118 
False  118 
Green  118 
Helonias 

bullata  425 
Hemerocallis  120 
flava  120 
fulva  120 
Hemicarpha  90 
micrantha  90 
suhsquarrosa  90 
Hemlock  2,7 
Ground  34 
Poison  298 
Water  299 
Hemlock  Parsley  303 
Hemp  153 
Albany  155 
American  321 
Canadian  321 
Common  153 
Indian  321 

Salt  Marsh  Water  171 
Water  171 
Hemp  Nettle  335 
Hemp-weed 

Climbing  ^yy 
Hen-and-Chickens  215 
Henbane  422 
Black  422 
Henbit  ^z^ 
Hepatica  189 
acuta  189 
acutiloba  189 
Hepatica  189 
triloba  189 
Heracleum  303 
lanatum  303 
Herb  Bennet  235 
Gerard  299 
Patience  157 
Robert  261 


Herb 

Sophia  206 
Hercules'  Club  296 
Herd's  Grass  62 
Heron's-bill  262 
Hesperis  206 

matronalis  206 
Heteranthera  113 

dubia  114 

graminea  114 

reniformis  113 
Heuchera  215 

americana  215 
Hibiscus  279 

esculentus  280,  431 

Moscheutos  280 

syriacus  279 

Trionum  280 
Plickory  144 

Bitter  Nut  145 

Broom  145 

Little  Pignut  145 

Pignut  145 

Shag-bark  145 

Shell-bark  145 

Small-fruited  145 

Swamp  145 

White-heart  145 
Hickory  Poplar  194 
Hicoria 

alba  145 
glabra  145 
microcarpa  145 
minima  145 
ovata  144 
Hieracium  414 
aurantiacum  414 
canadense  415 
floribundum  414 
Gronovii  415 
marianum  414 
paniculatum  414 
Pilosella  414 
pratense  414 
scabrum  415 
venosum  414 
var.  subcaulescens  414 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


511 


Hierochloe  59 

borealis  59 

odorata  59 
High  Angelica  303 

Mallow  279 
High-bush  Blackberry  237,  239 

Blueberry  313 

Cranberry  368 
Highwater-shrub  391 
Hip  Rose  242 
Hippuris 

vulgaris  427 
Hoary  Alder  148 

Alyssum  199 

Cinquefoil  233 

Cress  421 

Pea  251 

Vervain  331 

Willow  140 
Hobble-bush  368 
Hog  Apple  194 

Lily  183 

Peanut  259 
Hog-weed  391 
Holcus  66 

lanatus  66 
Holly  269 

American  269 

Mountain  270,  271 
Holly  Family  269 
Hollyhock  278 
Holosteum 

umbellatum  426 
Holy  Grass  59 
Homalocenchrus 

oryzoides  58 

virginicus  58 
Honesty  208 
Honewort  300 
Honey  Locust  246 
Honey-bloom  321 
Honeysuckle  192,  365 

American  Fly  365 

Bush  365 

European  Fly  365 

Ground  250 

Japanese  366 


Honeysuckle 

Mountain  Fly  365 

Tartarian  365 

Trumpet  366 

White  Swamp  307 

Wild  308,  366 
Honeysuckle  Clover  249 
Honeysuckle  Family  365 
Honey-sweet  235 
Hooked  Crowfoot  186 
Hoop  Ash  153,  318 
Hop  153 

Common  153 

Japanese  154 
Hop  Clover  249 

Hornbeam  146 

Medick  250 

Tree  263 
Hordeum  80 

jubatum  80 

vulgare  80,  431 
Horehound  333 

Black  336 

Common  333 

Fetid  336 

Water  341 
Hornbeam  146 

American  146 

Hop  146 

Hop  146 
Horned  Pondweed  44 

Rush  90 
Hornwort  182 
Hornwort  Family  182 
Horse  Balm  344 

Brier  125 

Dock  158 

Gentian  367 

Lily  183 

Mint  338,  342 

Nettle  345 

Plum  246 
Horse-chestnut  274 

Common  274 
Horsefly-weed  247 
Horseradish  207 
Horsetail  29 


512 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Horsetail 

Common  29 
Horsetail  Family  29 
Horse-weed  387,  411 
Hosackia  250    . 
americana  250,  434 
Purshiana  250 
Hosta  119 
caerulea  119 
japonica  120 
Hottonia  315 
inflata  315 
Hound's  Tongue  327 

Common  327 
House  Sorrel  159 
Houseleek  215 
Houstonia  364 
coerulea  364 
lanceolata  364 
longifolia  364 
purpurea 
var.  calycosa  364 
"      longifolia  364 
Hubbard  Squash  372 
Huckleberry  312 
Black  312 
Blue  312 
Common  312 
Dwarf  312 
Garden  345 
Squaw  313 
Hudsonia  283 

tomentosa  283 
Humulus  153 
japonicus  154 
Lupulus  153 
Hungarian  Grass  57 
Hungry-root  296 
Huntsman's  Cup  213 
Hyacinth 
Feather  121 
Grape  121 
Starch  Grape  121 
Water  114 
Hydrastis  193 

canadensis  193 
Hydrocharitaceae  47,  436 


Hydrocotyle  297 
americana  298 
umbellata  297 
Hydrophyllaceae  327,  438 
Hydrophyllum  327 
virginianum  327 
Hyoscyamus  422 
niger  422,  434 
Hypericaceae  280,  438,  440 
Hypericum  280,  441 
adpressum  281 
Ascyron  280 
Bissellii  281 
boreale  281 
canadense  282 
var.  majus  281 
"     minimum  281 
corymbosum  281 
ellipticum  281 
gentianoides  282 
maciilatum  281 

var.  subpetiolatum  281 
majus  281 
mutilum  281 
nudicaiile  282 
perforatum  280 
prolificum  281 
punctatum  281 
virginicum  282 
Hypochaeris  409 

radicata  409 
Hypopitys 

americana  307 
Hypopitys  307 
lanuginosa  307 
Hypoxis  127 
erecta  127 
hirsuta  127 
Hyssop  340 
Giant  334 
Hedge  353 
Hyssopus  340 

officinalis  340 
Hystrix  81 
Hystrix  81 
patula  81 
Iberis  201 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


513 


Iberis 

amara  201,  433 
Ilex  269 

bronxensis  270 

glabra  270 

laevigata  270 

opaca  269 

verticillata  270 
var.  padifolia  270 
"     tenuifolia  270 
Ilicioides 

mucronata  271 
Illecebraceae  172,  437,  439 
Ilysanthes  352 

anagallidea  353 

atteniiata  352 

dubia  352,  353 

gratioloides  352 

riparia  352,  353 
Impatiens  274 

aurea  274 

biflora  274 

fulva  274 

pallida  274 
Indian  Apple  194 

Arrow-wood  271 

Bean  359 

Chickweed  173 

Chocolate-root  233 

Corn  48 

Cucumber-root  124 

Cup  213 

Currant  366 

Elm  152 

Fig  289 

Grass  49 

Hemp  321 

Mallow  278 

Mustard  203 

Paint  193 

Pear  224 

Pipe  307 

Pitcher  213 

Plantain  403 

Poke  118 

Rice  58 

Strawberry  232 


Indian 

Tobacco  374,  389 

Turmeric  193 

Turnip  109 
Indigo 

Bastard  251 

False  247,  251 

Wild  247 
Ink  Plant 

Red  171 
Inkberry  171,  270 
Ink-root  314 
Innocence  364 
Interrupted  Fern  26 
Inula  390 

Helenium  390 
lodanthus  208 

pinnatifidus  208,  433 
lonactis 

linariif  alius  386 
Ipecac 

Wild  266 
Ipecac  Spurge  266 
Ipomoea  324 

coccinea  324,  432 

hederacea  324 

pandurata  324 

purpurea  324 
Iridaceae  127,  436,  439 
Iris  127 

germanica  127 

orientalis  127 

prismatica  127 

Pseudacorus  127 

versicolor  127 
Iris  127 

Yellow  127 
Iris  Family  127 
Iron  Oak  150 
Ironweed  375 
Ironwood  146 
Ironwort  334 
Isantlms 

hrachiatiis  428 

caeruleus  428 
Isnardia 

palustris  291 


514 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Isoetaceae  32,  436 
Isoetes  32 

canadensis  33 

Dodgei  33 
var.  Robbinsii  416 

echinospora 
var.  Braunii  32 
"     muricata  32 

Engelmanni  33 
var.  gracilis  33 

foveolata  32,  422 

Gravesii  32 

lacustris  424 

riparia 
var.  canadensis  33 

saccharata 
var.  Amesii  32 
Tuckermani  32,  424 
Isotria 

aMnis  133 

verticillata  133 
Italian  Clover  248 

Millet  57 

Ray  Grass  78 

Rye  Grass  78 
Iva  391 

frutescens  391 

oraria  391 

xanthifolia  391 
Ivory  Plum  311 
Ivy 

American  276 

Coliseum  350 

Ground  334 

Kenilworth  350 

Poison  269 
Ivy-leaved  Morning  Glory  324 

Speedwell  355 
Ixophorus 

glaiicus  57 

ifalicus  57 

verticillatus  57 

viridis  57 
Jack-in-the-Pulpit  109 
Jacob's  Ladder  125 
Jamestown  Weed  347 
Japan  Quince  224 


Japanese  Barnyard  Millet  56 

Honeysuckle  366 

Hop  154 

Knotweed  164 

Rose  236,  242 
Jasione  373 

montana  373,  435 
Jerusalem  Artichoke  395 

Cross  178 

Oak  165 
Jewelweed  274 
Jimson  Weed  347,  348 
Job's  Tears  113 

Wild  330 
Joe-Pye  Weed  375 
Johnny-jump-up  288 
Johnson  Grass  49 
Jointed  Chadlock  202 

Charlock  202 
Jointweed  164 

Coast  164 

Sand  164 

Seaside  164 
Judas  Tree  247 
Juglandaceae  144,  436 
Juglans  144 

cinerea  144 

nigra  144 
Juncaceae  114,  436 
Juncaginaceae  45,  436 
Juncoides 

campestre  117 

pilosum  117 
Juncus  114,  441 

acuminatus  117 
var.  debilis  117 

articulatus  117 
var.  obtusatus  117 

brachycarpus  116,  431 

brach3^cephalus  115,  419 

brevicaudatus  116 

bufonius  114 

canadensis  116 
var.  hrachycephaltis  115 
"     brevicaudatus  115 
"      coarctatus  116 
"     longicaudatus  116 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


515 


Juncus 

var.  subcaudatus  116 
debilis  117 
dichotomus  115 

var.  platyphyllus  115 
Dudleyi  115,  419 
effusus  115 

var.  compactus  115 
Gerardi  114 
Greenei  115 
marginatus  117 
militaris  116 
nodosus  116 
pelocarpus  116 
scirp  aides  425 
secundus  115 
tenuis  114 
var.  anthelatus  114,  419 
"     secundus  1.15 
"     WilHamsii  115 
June  Grass  73 
Juneberry  224 
Juniper  38 

Common  38 
Juniperus  38 
communis  38 
var.  alpina  38 
"     canadensis  38 
"     depressa  38,  424 
horisontalis  424 
nana  38 
Sabina 

var.  procumhens  424 
virginiana  38 
Kaffir  Corn  49 
Kale 

Corn  203 
Field  203 
Kalmia  309 
angustifolia  309 
glaiica  309 
lati folia  309 
poli  folia  309 
Kedlock  203 
Kenilworth  Ivy  350 
Kentucky  Blue  Grass  73 
Kerlock  203 


Kerria  236 

japonica  236 
Ketmia 

Bladder  280 
Kickxia 

Elatine  350 
Kidney  Bean  258 
Kidney-leaved  Crowfoot  186 
Kill-wart  196 
King  Devil  414 
King-cups  188 
Kinnikinnik  305 
Kiss-me-over-the-Fence  162 
Kitchen  Rose  242 
Kitten  Breeches  198 
Knapweed  407 
Knautia  371 

arvensis  371,  435 
Knawel  172 

Knee-high  Blackberry  238 
Kneiffia 

Alleni  293 

fruticosa  293 
var.  pilosella  293 

linearis  293 

longipedicellata  2f)2> 

pratensis  293 

pumlla  293 
Knight's  Spur  192 
Knot  Grass  79,  160 
Knot-root  Grass  61 
Knotted  Rush  116 
Knotweed  159,  172 

Bushy  160 

Erect  160 

Japanese  164 

Pink  161 

Shore  160 

Slender  160 
Knotwort  Family  172 
Kochia  165 

Scoparia  165,  421 
Koellia 

clinopodioides  340 

Aexuosa  340 

incana  341 

lanceolata  340 


5i<^ 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST,    SURVEY. 


Bull. 


Koellia 

mutica  341 

pilosa  340 

verticillata  341 
Koniga 

maritinia  199 
Krigia  408 

amplexicaulis  408 

virginica  408 
Labiatae  332,  438,  440 
Labrador  Tea  307 
Lachnanthes  126 

tinctoria  126 
Lacinaria 

scariosa  277 
Lactuca 

canadensis  411 

var.  integri folia  411 
"     montana  411 

hirsuta  412 

integrifolia  412 

leucophaea  412 

sagittifolia  412 

sativa  412,  432 

scariola  411 
var.  integrata  411 

spicata  412 

virosa  411 
Ladies'  Smock  210 

Tobacco  388 

Tresses  133 
Lad}^  Fern  21 
Lady's  Slipper  129 

Large  Yellow  129 

Pink  129 

Showy  129 

Smaller  Yellow  129 

Stemless  129 

Wild  129 
Lady's  Sorrel  261 

"     Thumb  162 
La-kwa  371 
Lamb's  Cress  210 

Lettuce  370 

Quarters  166 
Lambkill  309 
Lamium  336 


Lamium 

album  428 
amplexicaule  336 
hybridum  336 
maculatum  336,  428 
purpureum  336 
Lance-leaved  Violet  287 
Land  Cress  210 
Laportea  155 

canadensis  155 
Lappula  328 

echinata  328 

Lappula  328 

virginiana  328 
Lapsana  408 

communis  408 
Larch  35 

American  35 

Black  35 

European  35 
Large  Coral  Root  135 

Cranberry  314 

Pepper-root  209 

Round-leaved  Orchis  131 

Toothwort  209 

Twayblade  136 
Large-flowered  Syringa  217 
Large-flowered  White  Trillium  124 
Large-leaved  Sandwort  174 
Large-toothed  Aspen  142 
Larix  35 

americana  35 

decidua  35 

europaea  35 

laricina  35 
Lark-heel  192 
Larkspur  192 

Field  192 

Garden  192 

Rocket  192 
Late  Low  Blueberry  313 
Lathyrus  257 

latifolius  257 

maritimus  257 

palustris 
var.  linearifoHus  257 

pratensis  257 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


517 


Lauraceae  195,  437 
Laurel 

American  309 

Great  308 

Ground  311 

Mountain  309 

Pale  309 

Sheep  309 

Swamp  309 
Laurel  Family  195 
Laurel-leaved  Willow  138 
Laurestinus  368 
Lavender 

Sea  314 
Lavender  Willow  141 
Leadwort  Family  314 
Leafcup  390 
Leafy  Spurge  266 
Leather  Leaf  310 
Leatherwood  289 
Lechea  283 

intermedia  283 

Leggettii  284 

major  283 

maritima  283 
var.  interior  283 

minor  283 
var.  maritima  283 

moniliformis  284 

tenuifolia  283 

thy  mi  folia  283 

villosa  283 
Ledum  307 

groenlandicum  307 

latifolium  307 
Leek 

Wild  119 
Leersia  58 

oryzoides  58 

virginica  58 
Legoiizia 

perfoliata  372 
Leguminosae  246,  437,  440 
Lemna  iii 

cyclostasa  iii 

minor  112 

perpusilla  425 


Lemna 

trisulca  11 1 

valdiviana  11 1 
Lemnaceae  iii,  436 
Lemon 

Wild  194 
Lemon  Balm  339 

Lily  120 
Lens  256 

esculenta  256,  434 
Lentibulariaceae  357,  438 
Lentil  256 
Leontodon  409 

autumnalis  409 
var.  pratensis  409 

hastilis  409,  43a 

hirtiis  409 

nudicaulis  409 
Leonurus  336 

Cardiaca  2>?>^ 
Leopard  Flower  128 
Lepachys  393 

pinnata  393,  435 
Lepidium  200 

apetalum  200 

campestre  201 

Draba  421,  433 

intermedium  200 

ruderale  200,  433 

sativum  201,  431 

virginicum  200 
Leptamnium 

virginianum  359 
Leptandra 

virginica  353 
Leptilon 

canadense  387 
Leptochloa  69 

fascicularis  69 
Leptoloma  50 

cognatum  50 
Lept  orchis 

liliifolia  136 

Locselii  136 
Lespedeza  254 

Bicknellii  255 

capitata  255 


Si8 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Lespedeza 

var.  velutina  255 

frutescens  255 

hirta  255 

Nuttallii  254 

polystachya  255 

procumbens  254 

repens  254 

reticulata  254 

simulata  255 

Stuvei  254 
var.  intermedia  255 

velutina  255 

violacea  254 

virginica  254 
Lesser  Duckweed  iii 

Starwort  176 

Stitchwort  176 
Lettuce  411,  412 

Lamb's  370 

Prickly  411 

White  413 

Wild  411 
"      Blue  412 
Leucojum  126 

aestivum  126 
Leucothoe  309 

racemosa  309 
Leverwood  146 
Levisticum  302 

Levisticum  302 

officinale  302 
Liatris  377 
■     cylindracea  429 

scariosa  377,  429 

squarrosa  429 
Life-of-Man  214 
Life-root  404 
Ligusticum  301 

Levisticum  302 

scothicum  301 
Ligustrum  319 

vulgare  319 
Lilac  318 

Common  318 

Summer  206 
Lilaeopsis  301 


Lilaeopsis 

lineata  301 
Liliaceae  118,  436,  439 
Lilium  120 

canadense  120 

Catesbaei  425 

philadelphicum  120 

superbum  120 

tigrinum  120 
Lily 

Blackberry  128 

Blue  Day  119 

Bull-head  183 

Canada  120 

Common  Day  120 

Cow  183 

Day  119,  120 

Frog  183 

Great  Water  184 

Hog  183 

Horse  183 

Lemon  120 

Little  Water  184 

Plantain  119 

Pond  183 

Red  120 

Rock  192 

Small  Yellow  Pond  183 

Spider  113 

Sweet-scented  White  Water  183 

Tiger  120 

Trout  121 

Turk's-cap  120 

Water  183 

White  Pond  183 

"      Water  183,  184 

Wild  Orange-red  120 
"      Tiger  120 
"      Yellow  120 

Wood  120 

Yellow  Day  120 

"        Dog's-tooth  121 
Pond  183 
Lily  Family  118 
Lily  of  the  Valley  124 

Wild  123 
Limnanthaceae  268,  437 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND    FERNS, 


519 


Limnanthemum 

lacunosum  320 
Limnorchis 

dilatata  130 

huronensis  130 

hyperhorea  130 
Limodorum 

tuberosum  133 
Limonium  314 

carolinianum  314 
Limosella  352 

aquatica 
var.  tenuifolia  352 

tenuifolia  352 
Linaceae  259,  437,  440 
Linaria  350 

canadensis  350 

Cymbalaria  350 

Elatine  350,  432 

genistifolia  428 

Linaria  350 

minor  350,  434 

vulgaris  350 
Linden  277 

American  277 

European  277 
Linden  Family  277 
Lindera 

Benzoin  196 
Linnaea  ^,67 

borealis  2^7 
var.  americana  367 
Linseed  259 
Linum  259 

medium  260 

striatum  259 

sulcatum  259 

usitatissimum  259 

virginianum  260 
Lion's  Heart  335 

Tail  336 
Lion's-foot  413 
Liparis  136 

liliifolia  136 

Loeselii  136 
Liquidambar  220 

Styraciflua  220 


Liquorice  252 

Wild  252,  362 
Liriodendron  194 

Tulipifera  194 
Lithospermum  329 

arvense  329 

officinale  330 
Little  Pignut  Hickory  145 
Little-boy's  Breeches  198 
Live-for-ever  214 
Live-long  214 
Liver  Berry  123 
Liverleaf  189 
Liverwort  189 
Lizard's  Tail  137 
Lobelia  374 

cardinalis  374 

Dortmanna  374 

inflata  374 

Kalmii  374 

siphilitica  374 

spicata  374 
Lobelia 

Great  Blue  374 

Water  374 
Lobelia  Family  374 
Lobeliaceae  374,  439 
Lobel's  Catchfly  179 
Lobularia  199 

maritima  199,  431 
Locust  251 

Black  251 

Bristly  251 

Clammy  251 

Common  251 

Flowering  251 

Honey  246 
Lolium  78 

italic um  78 

multiflorum  78 

perenne  78 

temulentum  78 
Loinbardy  Poplar  143 
Long-bracted  Orchis  130 
Long-fruited  Anemone  189 
Long-leaved  Starwort  175 

Stitchwort  175 


520 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT,    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Long-leaved 

Sundew  213 
Long-spurred  Violet  288 
Lonicera  365 

caerulea  365 
van  villosa  365 

canadensis  365 

caprifolium  429 

ciliata  365 

dioica  366 

glauca  366 

japonica  366 

orientalis  z(>^ 

sempervirens  366 

tatarica  365 

Xylosteum  365 
Loosestrife  290,  315 

False  291 

Fringed  316 

Golden  315 

Purple  290 

Spiked  290 

Spotted  315 

Sviramp  289 

Tufted  316 
Loosestrife  Family  289 
Lophanthus 

anisatus  334 

nepet aides  334 

scrophulariaef alius  334 
Lophotocarpus  47 

spongiosus  47 
Lopseed  360 
Lopseed  Family  360 
Loranthaceae  156,  436 
Lotus  250 

americanus  250 

corniculatus  250 
Lotus  184 

American  184 

Yellow  184 
Lousewort  355,  357 

Common  357 

Swamp  357 
Lovage  301.  302 

Scotch  301 
Love  Vine  190,  325,  326 


Love-in-a-Mist  421 
Love-lies-bleeding  170 
Low  Birch  148 

Black  Blueberry  313 

Blackberry  239 

Cornel  304 

Cudweed  390 

Sweet  Blueberry  313 
Lucerne  250 
Ludvigia  291 

alternifolia  291 

palustris  291 

polycarpa  291 

sphaerocarpa  291 
Lunaria  208 

annua  208,  431 
Lupine  248 

Wild  248 
Lupinus  248 

perennis  248 
Luzula  117 

campestris  117 
var.  multiflora  117 

saltuensis  117 

vernalis  117 
Lychnis  177 

alba  178 

chalcedonica  178 

Coronaria  177 

dioica  178 

diurna  178 

Flos-cuculi  178 

Git  hag  0  177 

vespertina  178 
Lychnis 

Day-blooming  178 

Evening  178 

Ever-blooming  178 

Morning  178 

Mullein  177 

Ragged  178 

Red  178 
Lycium  347 

halimifolium  347 

vulgare  247 
Lycopersicum  344 

esculentum  344 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


52] 


Lycopersicum 

Lycopersicon  344 
Lycopodiaceae  30,  436 
Lycopodium  30 

adpressum  30 

annotinum  31 

clavatum  31 
var.  monostachyon  31 

complanatum  31 
var.  chamaecyparissus  31 
"     flabelliforme  31 

inundatum  30 
var.  Bigelovii  30 

lucidulum  30 

obscurum  31 
var.  dendroideum  31 

Selago  30,  422 

tristachyum  31 
Lycopus  341 

americanus  342 

communis  341 

membranaceus  341 

rubellus  342 

sessilifolius  341 

sinuatus  342 

uniflorus  341 

virginicus  341 
Lygodium  26 

palmatum  26 
Lyme  Grass  80 
Lyonia  310 

ligustrina  310 
var.  foliosiflora  310 

mariana  310 
Lyre-leaved  Sage  337 
Lysias 

Hookeriana  131 

orbiculata  131 
Lysimachia  315  ^ 

foliosa  315 

Nummularia  316 

producta  315 

punctata  315 

quadrifolia  315 

stricfa  316 

terrestris  316 

thyrsiflora  316 


Lysimachia 

vulgaris  315,  432 
Lythraceae  289,  438,  440 
Lythrum  290 

alatum  290 

Salicaria  290 
Madura  154 

aurantiaca  154 

pomifera  154,  420 
Macrocalyx 

Nyctelea  327 
Madder 

Wild  362 
Madder  Family  361 
Mad-dog  Skullcap  333 
Madwort  199 
Magnolia  Family  194 
Magnoliaceae  194,  437 
Mahaleb  Cherry  245 
Maianthemum  123 

canadense  123 
Maiden  Pink  181 
Maidenhair  18 
Maidenhair  Spleenwort  20 
Maize  48 
Male  Berry  310 
Mallow  279 

Common  279 

Curled  279 

Dwarf  279 

European  279 

High  279 

Indian  278 

Marsh  278 

Musk  279 

Rose  279 

Swamp  Rose  280 

Wild  Rose  280 
Mallow  Family  278 
Maltese  Cross  178 
Mains 

Mains  222 
Malva  279 

Alcea  279 

crispa  279 

moschata  279 

rotundifolia  279 


522 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Bull. 


Malva 

sylvestris  279 
Malvaceae  278,  438,  440 
Mandrake  194 
Manna  Grass  74 
Man-of-the-Earth  324 
Many-flowered  Agrimony  241 
Maple  272 

Ash-leaved  273 

Bird's-eye  2^2, 

Black  Sugar  273 

Flowering  278 

Mountain  272 

Norway  273 

Red  273 

Rock  2^2 

Silver  273 

Soft  273 

Striped  272 

Sugar  272 

Swamp  273 

Sycamore  272 

White  273 
Maple  Family  272 
Maple-leaved  Goosefoot  166 

Viburnum  368 
Marcury  269 
Marguerite  400 

Golden  399 
Marigold  403 

Bur  396 

Marsh  191 

Pot  403 

Water  397 
Marjoram 

Wild  340 
Marram  65 
Marrow  Squash  372 
Marrubium  333 

vulgare  333 
Marsh  Bellflower  373 

Buttercup  187 

Calla  no 

Cinquefoil  2^2, 

Cress  207 

Crowfoot  186,  187 

Elder  391 


Marsh 

Fern  22 

Five-finger  233 

Fleabanc  388 

Foxtail  62 

Grass  68 

Holy  Rose  310 

Mallow  278 

Marigold  191 

Pea  257 

Pink  319 

Purslane  291 

Rosemary  310,  314 

St.  John's-wort  282 

Skullcap  ZZZ 

Speedwell  354 

Trefoil  320 
Marsilea  28 

quadrifolia  28 
Marsileaceae  28,  436 
Martynia  360 

louisiana  360,  434 

proboscidea  360 
Martynia  Family  360 
Martyniaceae  360 
Marvel  of  Peru  171 
Mary-bud  403 
Massachusetts  Fern  22 
Masterwort  303 
Matricaria  399 

Chamomilla  399,  435 

discoidea  399 

inodora  399,  435 

matricarioides  399 

suaveolens  399,  435 
Matrimony  Vine  347 

Common  347 
Matteuccia 

Strufhtopteris  25 
May  Apple  194,  308 

Bush  225 

Pear  224 

Tree  225 
May-blobs  191 
Mayflower    182,    189,    190,   215,   311. 

364 
May-weed  398 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


523 


Mazzard  Cherry  245 
Mead-sweet  235 
Meadow  Beauty  290 

Buttercup  188 

Campion  178 

Centaury  407 

Chickweed  176 

Clover  248 

Cranesbill  261 

Crowfoot  188 

Fescue  76 

Foxtail  62 

Garlic  119 

Geranium  261 

Gowan  191 

Grass  72 

Pink  178,  181,  356 

Queen  235 

Rose  242 

Rue  188 

Sage  237 

Sorrel  159 
Meadow-sweet  221,  235 

English  235 
Mealy  Tree  368 
Medeola  124 

virginiana  124 
Medicago  250 

arabica  250,  434 

denticu^ata  250 

hispida  250,  434 

lupulina  250 

maculata  250 

sativa  250 
Medick  250 

Black  250 

Hop  250 

Spotted  250 

Toothed  250 
Meetmg-houses  192 
Meihomia 

bracteosa  253 

canadensis  253 

canescens  252 

Dillemi  253 

glabella  252 

,s;randiHora  252 


Meibomia 

marylandica  254 

Michaiixii  252 

nudiUora  252 

obtusa  254 

paniculata  253 

rigida  253 

sessilifolia  253 
Melampyrum  356 

americanum  356 

lineare  356 
Melanthium  118 

latifolium  118,  423 

racemosum  118 
Melastoma  Family  290 
Melastomaceae  290,  438 
Melic  Grass  72 
Melica  72 

striata  72 
Melilot 

White  249 

Yellow  249 
Melilotus  249 

alba  249 

officinalis  249 
Melissa  339 

officinalis  339 
Melon  371 

Menispermaceae  194,  437 
Menispermum  194 

canadense  194 
Mentha  342,  441 

alopecuroides  342 

aquatica  342 
var.  crispa  343 

arvensis  343 
var.  canadensis  344 

canadensis  344 

Cardiaca  343 

citrata  343 

crispa  343 

gentilis  343 

longifolia  342 

piperita  342 

roHtndifoUa  428 

sativa  343 

spicata  342 


524 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Mentha 

sylvestris  342 
var.  alopecuroides  342 

viridis  342 
Menyanthes  320 
^   trifoHata  320 
Mercury  269 

Three-seeded  265 

Vegetable  127 
Mermaid-weed  295 
Mespilus 

Habellata  227 
Mesquite  Grass  69 
Mexican  Fire  Plant  165 

Poppy  197 

Tea  165 
Mezereum  Family  289 
Micrampelis 

lobata  372 
Micranthemum 

micranthemoides  429 

Nuttallii  429 
Microstylis  136 

monophyllos  136,  420 

ophioglossoides  136 

unifolia  136 
Mignonette  212 

Common  212 

Garden  212 

Upright  212 

White  212 
Mignonette  Family  212 
Mikania  2,77 

scandens  377 
Mild  Water  Pepper  162 
Milfoil  398 

Water  185,  294,  295 
Milk  Purslane  266 
Milkweed  322 

Common  322 

Green  323 

Poke  323 

Purple  322 

Swamp  322 

Whorl ed  323 
Milkweed  Family  322 
Milkwort  263,  264 


Milkwort 

Purple  264 
Milkwort  Family  263 
Millet 

Broom  Corn  51 

Common  51,  57 

European  51 

German  57 

Golden- Wonder  57 

Italian  57 

Japanese  Barnyard  56 

Sowna  56 

True  51 
Mimulus  352 

alatus  352 

glabratus 
var.  Jamesii  429 

guttatus  352 

Jamesii  429 

Langsdorffii  352,  429 

luteus  352 

ringens  352 
Mint  342 

Bergamot  343 

Cat  334 

Curled  343 

Field  343 

Horse  338,  342 

Mountain  340 

Spotted  343 

Water  342 

Whorled  343 

Wild  344 

Wood  338,  339 
Mint  Pamily  332 

Geranium  400 
Mirabilis  171 

Jalapa  171,  433 
Missouri  Currant  219 

Gooseberry  217 
Mist  i8r 
Mistletoe 

Dwarf  156 
Mistletoe  Family  156 
Mitchella  364 

repens  364 
Mitella  216 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


525 


Mitella 

diphylla  216 

nuda  216 

prostrata  216 
Miterwort  216 

False  215 
Mithridate  Mustard  200,  201 
Moccasin  Flower  129 

Yellow  129 
Mock  Apple  154 

Bishop's-weed  299 

Cypress  165 

Orange  154,  217 

Pennyroyal  339 

Strawberry  232 
Mocker  Nut  145 
Modesty  198 
Moehringia 

lateriflora  174 

macro  phylla  174 
Mole  Plant  267 
Molinia  70 

coerulea  70 
Mollugo  173 

verticillata  173 
Momordica  371 

Charantia  371,  435 
Monarda  33S 

didyma  338 

clinopodia  338 

fistulosa  338 
var.  mollis  338 
"     rubra  338 

media  338 

mollis  338 

punctata  428 
Moneses  306 

grandiHora  306 

uniflora  306 
Money-plant  208 
Moneywort  316 
Monkey  Flower  352 

Yellow  352 
Monotropa  307 

Hypopitys  307 

uniflora  307 
Moonseed  igi 


Moonseed  Family  194 
Moonwort  27,  208 
Moose  Elm  152 
Moosewood  272,  289,  368 
Morello  Cherry  245 
Morning  Campion  178 
Morning  Glory  324 

Common  324 

Ivy-leaved  324 

Small  Red  324 

Wild  325 
Morning  Lychnis  178 
Mortification  Root  278 
Morus  154 

alba  154 

rubra  154 
Moss 

Club  30 

Common  Club  31 

Ditch  47 

Golden  214 

Rose  182 

Tree  Club  31 
Moss  Pink  326 
Mossy  Stonecrop  214 
Mossy-cup  Oak  150 
Moth  Mullein  349 
Mother's  Heart  201 
Motherwort  336 

Common  336 
IMountain  Ash  223 

Cinquefoil  233 

Clematis  190 

Crowfoot  186 

Currant  219 

Five-finger  233 

Fly  Honeysuckle  365 

Fringe  197 

Holly  270,  271 

Laurel  308 

Maple  272 

Mint  340 

Plum  244 

Rice  59 

Sandwort  175 

Spleenwort  20 

Starwort  175 


526 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Mountain 

Sumach  223 

Virgin's  Bower  190 
Mouse-ear  414 

Spring  177 
Mouse-ear  Chickweed  176 

Cress  206 
Mouse-ears  189 
Mouth-root  191 
Moxie  Plum  312 
Mud  Plantain  113 

Purslane  282 
Mudwort  352 
Mugwort 

Common  401 
Muhlenbergia  61 

ambigna  61 

capillaris  62 

diifusa  62 

foliosa  61 

glomerata  61 

mexicana  61 

racemosa  61 

Schreberi  62 

sobolifera  61 

sylvatica  61 

tenuiflora  61 

Willdenowii  61 
Mulberry  154 

Paper  154 

Red  154 

Silkworm  154 

White  154 
Mulberry  Blackberry  237 
Mullein  349 

Common  349 

Moth  349 
Mullein  Lychnis  177 

Pink  177 
Muscari  121 

botryoides  121 

racemosum  121 
Musk  Erodium  262 

Mallow  279 

Rose  279 

Storksbill  262 
Muskmelon  371 


Musquash  Root  299 
Mustard  202 

Ball  202 

Bastard  203 

Black  203 

Chinese  203 

Clown's  201 

Corn  203 

Curled  203 

Dish  200 

False  211 

Garlic  205 

Hare's-ear  204 

Hedge  205 

Hoary  Hedge  205 

Indian  203 

Mithridate  200,  201 

Pot-herb  203 

Sand  204 

Tansy  205 

Tower  210 

Treacle  200,  206 

Tumble  205 

Wall  204 

White  202 

Wild  203 

Wormseed  206 
Mustard  Family  199 
Myagrum  201,  202 
Myosotis  329 

arvensis  329 

laxa  329 

palustris  329 

scorpioides  329 

verna  329 

virginica  329 
Myrica  143 

asplenifolia  143 

carolinensis  143 

cerifera  143 

Gale  143,  420 
Myricaceae  143,  436 
Myriophyllum  294 

ambiguum  295 
van  capillaceuni  295 
"     limosum  295 

humile  295 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


527 


Myriophyllum 

forma  capillaceum  295 
natans  295 

pinnatum  295 

scabratum  295 

spicatum  294 

tenellum  295 

verticillatum 
var.  pectinatum  294 
Myrtle 

Blue  321 

Bog  143 

Dutch  143 

Wax  143 

Yellow  316 
Myrtle  Spurge  267 
Nabalus 

albiis  413 

altissinms  413 

serpentarius  413 

trifoliolatus  413 
Naiad  45 

Najadaceae  40,  436 
Najas  45 

flexilis  45 

gracillima  45 

indica  45 

var.  gracillima  45 
Nannyberry  369 
Narcissus  126 

poeticus  126 

Pseudo-Narcissus  126 
Narcissus 

Poet's  126 
Narrow  Dock  158 
Narrow-leaved  Spleenwort  20 
Nasturtium 

Armor acia  207 

oiKcinale  206 

palnstre  207 

var.  hispidum  207 

sylvestre  207 
Naumbergia 

thyrsi-flora  316 
Necklace  Poplar  142 
Necklace-weed  193 
Neckweed  354 


Needle  Grass  60 
Negundo 

aceroides  273 
Nelumbo  184 

lutea  184 
Nelumbo 

American  184 

Yellow  184 
Nemopanthus  270 

fascicularis  271 

mucronatus  270 
Nepeta  334 

Cataria  334 

Glechoma  334 

hederacea  334 
Neslia  202 

paniculata  202,  433 
Net-leaf  Plantain  135 
Nettle  155 

Bull  345 

Canada  155 

Common  Hemp  335 

Dead  2Z^ 

Dwarf  15s 

False  156 

Great  155 

Hedge  337 

Hemp  335 

Horse  345 

Red  Dead  336 
"     Hemp  335 

Slender  155 

Small  155 

Spotted  Dead  336 

Stinging  155 

Stingless  156 

Tall  Wild  155 

Wood  155 
Nettle  Family  152 
Nettle  Tree  153 

American  153 
Nettle-leaved  Goosefoot  167 
Newcastle  Thorn  225 
New  England  Aster  383 
New  Jersey  Tea  275 
New  York  Fern  22 
New  Zealand  Spinach  173 


528 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Nicandra  347 

physalodes  347 
Nicotiana  348 

alata  348 

rustica  348,  432 

Tabacum  348,  432 
Nigella  191 

damascena  421,  433 

sativa  191,  433 
Nigger-head  393 
Nigger-heads  98 
Night-flowering  Catchfly  179 
Nightshade  344 

American  171 

Black  345 

Common  345 

Enchanter's  294 

Woody  345 
Nightshade  Family  344 
Nimble  Will  62 
Nine-bark  220 
Nipple-wort  408 
Nodding  Chickweed  177 

Pogonia  132 

Trillium  124 
None-so-pretty  179 
Nonesuch  78,  178,  250 
Northeastern  Rose  243 
Northern  Bedstraw  362 

Gooseberry  218 

Starwort  175 

Stitchwort  175 
Norway  Maple  273 

Spruce  36 
Nosebleed  356 
Nuphar 

advena  183 
var.  mimts  183 

Kalmianum  183 
Nut  Rush  91 
Nutmeg  Flower  191 
Nyctaginaceae  171,  437,  439 
Nymphaea  183 

advena  183 
var.  variegata  183 

Kalmiana  183 

microphylla  183 


Nymphaea 

odorata  183 
var.  minor  183 

reniformis  184 

rubrodisca  183 
Nymphaeaceae  183,  437 
Nymphoides  320 

lacunosum  320 
Nyssa  305 

sylvatica  305 
Oak  149 

Bear  152 

Black  152 

"      Scrub  152 

Bur  150 

Champion  151 

Chestnut  150,  151 

Chinquapin  151 

Iron  150 

Jerusalem  165 

Mossy-cup  150 

Over-cup  150 

Pin  151 

Poison  269 

Post  150 

Quercitron  152 

Red  151 

Rock  Chestnut  151 

Scarlet  151 

Scrub  Chestnut  151 

Swamp  Spanish  151 
"        White  150 

White  149 

Yellow  150 

Yellow-barked  152 
Oak  Fern  17 
Oakesia  119 

sessilifolia  119 
Oak-leaved  Goosefoot  r66 
Oat  67 

Common  6y 

Purple  72 
Oat  Grass  67 
Oats 

Water  58 
Oenothera  292 

biennis  292 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING   PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


529 


Oenothera 

var.  cruciata  292 
"     grandiHora  293 
"     Oakesiana  2^2 
cruciata  292 
fruticosa  293 
var.  hirsuta  293 
humifusa  293 
"     linearis  293 
grandiflora  293 
laciniata  293,  434 
linearis  293 

var.  Eamesii  293 
longipedicellata  294 
Oakesiana  292 
pratensis  294 
pumila  293 
sinuata  293 
Oil  Nut  144 
Okra  280 

Old  Field  Birch  147 
Man  401 
Woman  401 
Old-fashioned  Cherry  245 
Old-maid's  Pink  180 
Old-witch  Grass  51 
Oleaceae  317,  438,  440 
Olive  Family  317 
Onagra 
biennis  292 

var.  grandiAora  293 
cruciata  292 
Oakesiana  292 
Onagraceae  291,  438,  440 
One-flowered  Cancer-root  359 
Pyrola  306 
Wintergreen  306 
Onion  119 
Wild  119 
Onoclea  25 
sensibilis  25 

var.  obtusilobata  25 
Struthiopteris  25 
Onopordum  407 

Acanthium  407 
Onosmodium  330 
virginianum  330 
34 


Ophioglossaceae  27,  436 
Ophioglossum  27 

vulgatum  2y 
Opium  Poppy  197 
Opulaster 

opulif alius  220 
Opuntia  289 

Opuntia  289 

RaHnesquii  427 

vulgaris  289 
Orach  167 

Beach  168 

Spreading  167 
Orange 

Mock  154,  217 

Osage  154 
Orange  Grass  282 

Hawkweed  414 
Orange-flower  Tree  217 
Orange-root  193 
Orchard  Grass  72 
Orchidaceae  129,  436 
Orchis  130 

rotundifolia  425 

spectabilis  130 
Orchis 

Fen  136 

Fringed  130 

Large  Purple  Fringed  132 
"       Round-leaved  131 

Long-bracted  130 

Ragged  132 

"         Fringed  132 

Rein  130 

Showy  130 

Small  Green  Wood  131 
"       Pale  Green  130 

Smaller  Purple  Fringed  132 

Tall  Leafy  Green  130 
"     White  Bog  130 

White  Fringed  131 

Yellow  Fringed  131 
Orchis  Family  129 
Origanum  340 

vulgare  340 
Ornithogalum  121 

umbellatum  121 


530 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Orobanchaceae  359,  438 
Orobanche  359 

uniflora  359 
Orontium  in 

aquaticum  in 
Orpine  214 

Garden  214 
Orpine  P'amily  214 
Oryzopsis  59 

asperifolia  60 

canadensis  59 

juncea  59 

melanocarpa  60 

pungens  59 

racemosa  60 
Osage  Apple  154 

Orange  154 
Osier  137 

Golden  143 
Osmorhiza  298 

brevistylis  298 

Claytoni  298 

longistylis  298 
Osmunda  26 

cinnamomea  27 
var.  frondosa  27 
"      incisa  27 

Claytoniana  26 
var.  dubia  26 

regalis  26 
Osmundaceae  26,  435 
Ostrich  Fern  25 
Ostrya  146 

virginiana  146 

virginica  146 
Oswego  Tea  338 
Over-cup  Oak  150 
Oxalidaceae  260,  437,  440 
Oxalis  260 

Acetosella  260 

Brittoniae  260 

Bushii  261 

corniculata  261 

var.  stricfa  260,  261 

cymosa  26: 

filipes  260 

repens  261 


Oxalis 

rufa  261 

stricta  260,  261 

violacea  260 
Ox-eye  392 
Ox-eye  Daisy  400 
Ox-tongue  410 
Oxybaphus  172 

angustif  alius  172 

hirsutus  172 

linearis  172 

nyctagineus  172 
Oxycoccus 

macrocarpus  314 

Oxycoccus  314 
Oxygraphis 

Cynibalaria  185 
Oyster-plant  410 
Painted  Cup  356 

Scarlet  356 
Painted  Trillium  125 
Pale  Corydalis  198 

Dock  158 

Laurel  309 

Persicaria  160 

St.  John's-wort  281 

Touch-me-not  274 
Panax  296 

quinquefolium  296 

trifolium  296 
Panic  Grass  51 
Panicled  Cornel  305 
Panicularia 

acutiHora  7S 

americana  74 

borealis  75 

canadensis  74 

elongata  74 

Huitans  75 

nervata  74 

ohtusa  74 

pallida  74 
Panicum  51,  441 

Addisonii  55 

agrostoides  52 

albemarlense  54 

amaroides  51 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


531 


Panicum 

amarum 

var.  minor  51 
Ashei  55 
atlanticutn  54 
auburne  54 
autumnale  50 
barbulatum  53 
Bicknellii  52 
boreale  53 
Boscii  56 

var.  molle  56 
Bushii  52 
capillare  51 
clandestinum  55 
columbianum  55 
Commonsianum  55 
covimutatum  55 
cms  gain  56 

var.  hispidum  56 
depauperatum  52 
dichotomiflorum  51 
dichotomum  52 
Eatoni  53 
Enslini  52 
aiiculme  54 
aiiforme  49 
glabrum  49 
haemacarpon  54 
huachucae  53 

var.  silvicola  53 
implicatnm  54 
latifolium  56 

var.  molle  56 
laniiginosum  53 
Lindheimeri  53 
linearifolium  52 
longifolium  52 
macrocarpon  56 
meridionale  54 
microcarpon  53 
miliaceum  51 
minimum  51 
minus  51 
nemopanthum  52 
nitidum  53 
oricola  54 


Panicum 

ovale  54 

philadelphicum  51,  416 

Porterianum  56 

proliferum  51 

psammophilum  55 

pseudopubescens  54 

pubescens  53 

pubifolium  56 

sanguinale  50 

scoparioides  54 

scoparium  55 

Scribnerianum  55 

sphaerocarpon  55 

spretum  53 

stipitatum  52 

subvillosum  54,  417 

tennesseense  54 

tsugetorum  55 

unciphyllum  53   ' 
var.  implicatum  54 
"     meridionale  54 

verrucosum  51 

villosissimum  54,  417 

virgatum  52 

Walteri  56 

Werneri  52,  416 

xanthophysum  55 

xanthospermiim  54 
Pansy  288 

Field  288 

Wild  288 
Papaver  197 

dubium  197 

Rhoeas  197,  431 

somniferum  197 
Papaveraceae  196,  437,  440 
Paper  Birch  147,  148 

Mulberry  154 
Pappoose  Root  195 
Parietaria  156 

pennsylvanica  156 
Parilla 

Yellow  194 
Parnassia  216 

caroliniana  216 
Parsley  300 


532 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull 


Parsley 

Common  300 

Fool's  302 

Garden  300 

Hemlock  303 

Sea  301 

Spotted  298 
Parsley  Family  297 
Parsnip  302 

Cow  303 

Golden  Meadow  300 

Poison  302 

Water  300 

Wild  302 
Parsonsia 

petiolata  290 
Parthenocissus 

quinqiiefolia  276 
Partridge  Berry  364 

Pea  247  • 

Paspalum  50 

circulare  50 

laeve  425 

Muhlenbergii  50 

plenipilum  50 

prostrahim  50 

psammophilum  50 

setaceum  50 
Pastinaca  302 

sativa  302 
Pasture  Thistle  406 
Patience 

Garden  157 
Patience  Dock  157 
Paul's  Betony  354 
Pea  257 

Beach  257 

Chick  255 

Everlasting  257 

Field  258 

Garden  257 

Hoary  251 

Marsh  257 

Partridge  247 

Perennial  257 

Sensitive  247 
Peach  246 


Peach-leaved  Dock  158 
Peanut 

Hog  259 

Wild  259 
Pear  222 

Choke  222 

Indian  224 

May  224 

Prickly  289 

Sugar  224 

Wild  222 
Pearl  Grass  74 
Pearl-plant  330 
Pearlwort  174 

Annual  174 

Small-flowered  174 

Spurrey  174 
Pearly  Everlasting  389 
Pea-vine  Clover  248 
Pedicularis  357 

canadensis  357 

lanceolata  357 
Pellaea  18 

atropurpurea  18 

gracilis  19 

Stelleri  19 
Pellitory  156 
Peltandra  no 

undulata  no 

virginica  no 
Pencil  Tree  388 
Penny  Cress  200 
Pennyroyal  339 

American  339 

Bastard  332 

Mock  339 
Pennywort 

Water  297 
Penthorum  214 

sedoides  214 
Pentstemon  351 

calycosus  351 

Digitalis  351 

grandiflorus  352,  432 

hirsutus  351 

laevigatus  351 
var.  Digitalis  351 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


533 


Pentstemon 

Pentstenton  351 

pubescens  351 

tubiflorus  351 
■  Pepper  344 

Bird's  200 

Cayenne  344 

Chili  344 

Common  Water  162 

Mild  Water  162 

Poor  Man's  201 

Red  344 
Pepper  Family  137 
Pepperbush 

Sweet  306 
Peppergrass  200 

California  203 

Garden  201 

Golden  201 

Roadside  200 

Wild  200 
Pepperidge  305 
Pepperidge  Bush  195 
Peppermint  342 
Pepper-root  208 

Cut-leaved  209 

Large  209 
Pepperwort  200 
Peramium 

ophioides  134 

pubescens  135 

repens  134 

tesselatum  134 
Perennial  Pea  257 
Perfumed  Cherry  .45 
Perilla  344 

frutescens  344 

ocymoides  344 
Periploca 

graeca  428 
Periwinkle  321 

Common  321 
Persicaria 

Common  161 

Dock-leaved  160 

Pale  160 

Pink  161 


Persicaria 

Water  161 

Willow  160 
Persimmon  317 

Common  317 
Perularia 

iiava  130 
Petasites  402 

palmatus  402 

Petasites  402 

vulgaris  402,  435 
Petroselinum  300 

hortense  300 

Petroselinum  300 
Petty  Spurge  267 
Petunia  349 

axillaris  349 

violacea  349 
Petunia 

Purple  349 

White  349 
Phacelia  327 

Purshii  ^27,  434 

viscida  327,  434 
Phalaris  58 

arundinacea  59 
var.  picta  59 

canariensis  58 
Phaseolus  258 

perennis  258 

polystachyus  258 

vulgaris  258,  430 
var.  nanus  258,  430 
Pheasant's-eye  Pink  181 
Phegopteris  17 

Dryopteris  17 

hexagonoptera  17 

Phegopteris  17 

polypodioides  17 
Philadelphus  217 

coronarius  217 

inodorus  217,  433 

pubescens  217 
Philotria 

canadensis  47 
Phleum  62 

pratense  62 


534 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Bull 


Phlox  326 

acuminata  326 

amplifolia  326 

glandulosa  326 

maculata  326 
var.  Candida  326 

paniculata  326 

pilosa  326 

subulata  326 
Phlox 

Garden  326 
Phragmites  70 

communis  70 

Phragmites  70 

vulgaris  70 
Phryma  360 

Leptostachya  360 
Phrymaceae  360,  438 
Physalis  346 

Alkekengi  346 

angulata  346,  434 

heterophylla  346 
var.  ambigua  346 
"      nyctaginea  347 

lanceolata  347 

philadelphica  347 

pruinosa  346 

puhescens  428 

subglabrata  347 

virginiana  346,  347 
Physalodes 

physalodes  347 
Physocarpus  220 

opulifolius  220 
Physostegia  335 

virginiana  335 
Phytolacca  171 

decandra  171 
Phytolaccaceae  171,  437 
Picea  36 

Abies  36 

alha  36 

brevifolia  36 

canadensis  36 

excelsa  36 

mariana  36 

nigra  36 


Picea 

var.  rubra  36 

rubra  36 
Pickerel-weed  113 
Pickerel-weed  Family  113 
Pickle  Plant  168 
Picris  409 

echioides  410,  435 

hieracioides  409 
Pie  Cherry  245 
Pieris 

mariana  310 
Pigeon  Berry  171 

Grape  276 

Grass  57 
Pignut  14s 
Pignut  Hickory  145 
Pigweed  165,  166,  169 

Bushy  170 

Common  169 

Rough  169 

Slender  169 

Sweet  165 

White  170 

Winged  165 
Pilea  156 

pumila  156 
Pilewort  403 
Pimbina  368 
Pimpernel  241,  317 

Common  317 

False  352 

Water  315 

Yellow  301 
Pimpinella 

integerrima  301 
Pin  Cherry  244 

Oak  ISO 
Pinaceae  34,  436,  439 
Pine  34 

Ground  31 

Pitch  34 

Prince's  306 

Red  35 

Running  31 

Scotch  35 

White  34 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


535 


Pine 

Yellow  34 
Pine  Family  34 
Pineapple-weed  399 
Pinesap  307 
Pineweed  282 
Pink  181 

Bunch  181 

Deptford  181 

Fire  179 

French  181 

Garden  181 

Grass    133,  181 

Ground  326 

Hedge  180 

Large  Marsh  319 

Maiden  181 

Marsh  319 

Meadow  178,  181,  356 

Moss  326 

Mullein  177 

Old-maid's  180 

Pheasant's-eye  181 

Rose  177 

Scotch  181 

Sea  319 

Wild  179 
Pink  Azalea  308 

Corydalis  198 

Family  173 

Knotweed  161 

Lady's  Slipper  129 

Persicaria  161 
Pinks 

Wax  182 
Pinkweed  162 
Pinnatifid  Spleenwort  19 
Pinus  34 

inops  424 

resinosa  35 

rigida  34 

Strobus  34 

sylvestris  35,  416,  424 

virginiana  424 
Pinweed  283 

Beach  283 

Hairy  283 


Pinxter  Flower  308 
Piperaceae  137,  436 
Pipes  29 
Pipewort  112 
Pipewort  Family  112 
Pipsissewa  306 
Pisum  257 

sativum  257,  430 
var.  arvense  258,  430 
Pitch  Pine  34 
Pitcher-plant  213 
Pitcher-plant  Family  213 
Plane  Tree  220 
Plane  Tree  Family  220 
Plantaginaceae  360,  438,  440 
Plantago  360 

aristata  361 

decipiens  361 

elongata  361 

halophila  360 

lanceolata  361 

major  360 
var.  intermedia  360 

mariiinta  361 

patagonica 
var.  aristata  361 

pus  ilia  361 

Rugelii  360 

virginica  361 
Plantain  360 

Common  360 

Downy  Rattlesnake  135 

English  361 

Indian  403 

Lesser  Rattlesnake  134 

Mud  113 

Net-leaf  135 

Poor  Robin's  414 

Rattlesnake  134 

Robin's  387 

Seaside  361 

Water  47 
Plantain  Family  360 

Lily  119 
Plantain-leaved  Everlasting  389 
Platanaceae  220,  437 
Platanus  220 


536 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Platanus 

occidentalis  220 
Pleurisy-root  322 
Pluchea  388 

camphorata  388 
Plum  243 

Alleghany  244 

Beach  244,  245 

Bullace  244 

Canada  246 

Garden  246 

Horse  246 

Ivory  311 

Mountain  244 

Moxie  312 

Wild  246 

"      Goose  246 
"      Red  246 
"      Yellow  246 
Plumbaginaceae  314,  438 
Plumed  Thistle  405 
Plumeless  Thistle  405 

Poa  ^2 

alsodes  T2, 

annua  72 

auttimnalis  425 

compressa  73 

debilis  72 

Hava  yz 

Hexuosa  425 

pratensis  72> 

serotina  73 

triflora  73 

trivialis  73 
Podophyllum  194 

peltatum  194,  421 
Podostemaceae  213,  437 
Podostemum  213 

ceratophyllum  213 
Poet's  Narcissus  126 
Pogonia  132 

affinis  133,  420 

ophioglossoides  132 

pendiila  132 

trianthophora  132 

verticiilata  133 


Pogonia 

Nodding  132 

Rose  132 

Smaller  Whorled  133 

Whorled  133 
Poison  Dogwood  268 

Elder  268 

Flag  127 

Hemlock  298 

Ivy  269 

Oak  269 

Parsnip  302 

Sumach  268 

Vine  269 
Poke 

Common  171 

Indian  118 
Poke  Milkweed  z^z 

Root  171 
Pokeweed  171 

Common  171 
Pokeweed  Family  171 
Polanisia  211 

graveolens  211 

trachysperma  211 
Polemoniaceae  326,  438,  440 
Polemonium  327 

coeriileum  327 

Van-Bruntiae  327 
Polemonium  Family  z^ 
Polycodium 

stamineum  313 
Polygala  263 

ambigua  264 

cruciata  264 

Nuttallii  264 

paucifolia  263 

polygama  264 

sanguinea  264 

Senega  264 

verticiilata  264 
var.  ambigua  264 

viridescens  264 
Polygala 

Fringed  263 

Whorled  264 
Polygalaceae  263,  437 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND  FERNS. 


537 


Polygonaceae  157,  437,  439 
Polygonatum  123 
biflorum  123 
commutatum  123 
giganteum  123 
Polygonella  164 
articulata  164 
Polygonum  159,  441 
acre  162 

var.  leptostachyum  162 
amphibium  161 

var.  Hartwrightii  161 
"     terrestre  161 
arifolium  163 
aviculare  160 

var.  littorale  160 
"     vegetum  160 
Careyi  161 
cilinode  163 

var.  breve  163 
"     erectum  163 
Convolvulus  163 
crista  turn  164 
cuspidatum  164,  420 
dumetorum  163 

forma  cristatum  164 

var.  scandens  163 
emersum  161 
erectum  160 
exsertum  159 
Hartwrightii  161 
Hydropiper  162 
hydropiperoides  162 
incarnatiini  160 
lapathifoHum  160 

var.  incarnatum  160 
"     nodosum  420 
littorale  160 
maritimum  426 
Muhlenbergii  161 
orientale  162 
pennsylvanicum  161 
Persicaria  162 
prolificum  159 
punctatum  162 

var.  leptostachyum  162 
ramosissimum  160 


Polygonum 

forma  atlanticum  160 
var.  prolHicum  159 

sachalinense  164 

sagittatum  163 

scandens  163 

tenue  160 

virginianum  163 

Zuccarinii  164 
Polymnia  390 

canadensis  390 
Polypodiaceae  17,  435 
Polypodium  17 

vulgare  17 

var.  cambricum  17 
Polypody  17 
Polypogon  65 

monspeliensis  65,  431 
Polystichum  21 

acrostichoides  21 
var.  incisum  21 
"     Schweinitzii  21 

Braunii  424 
Pond  Lily  183 
Pondweed  40 

Horned  44 
Pondweed  Family  40 
Pontederia  113 

cordata  113 
var.  angustifolia  113 
Pontederiaceae  113,  436 
Poor  Annie  118 
Poor  Man's  Pepper  201 
Poor  Man's  Weather  Glass  317 
Poor  Robin  178 
Poor  Robin's  Plantain  414 
Poplar  141 

Balsam  142 

Black  143 

Downy  142 

Hickory  194 

Lombardy  143 

Necklace  142 

Silver-leaf  141 

Swamp  142 

Trembling  141 

Tulip  194 


1 


538 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT,    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Poplar 

White  141 

Yellow  194 
Popple  141 
Poppy  197 

California  196 

Common  197 

Corn  197 

Field  197 

Garden  197 

Mexican  197 

Opium  197 

Prickly  197 

Red  197 

Shirley  197 

Smooth-fruited  197 

White  Prickly  197 
Poppy  Family  ig6 
Populus  141 

alba  141 

balsamifera  142 
var.  candicans  142 

candicans  142 

deltoides  142 

dilatata  143 

grandidentata  142 

heterophylla  142 

monilifera  142 

nigra  143 
var.  italica  143 

tremuioides  141 
Porcupine  Grass  60 
Portulaca  182 

grandiflora  182,  431 

oleracea  182 
Portulaca  182 

Garden  182 

Showy  182 
Portulacaceae  182,  437,  440 
Post  Oak  150 
Pot  Marigold  403 
Potamogeton  40,  441 

alpinus  41 

americanus  41 
var.  novaeboracensis  41 

amplifolius  41 

angustifolius  42 


Potamogeton 

var.  connecticutensis  42 
bupleuroides  43,  416 
crispus  425 
dimorphus  44 
diversif alius  44 
epihydrus  41 

var.  cayugensis  41 
Auitans  41 
foliosus  44 
Friesii  43 
gemmiparus  44 
heterophyllus  42 

forma  gi-ammifolius  42 
"       longipedunculatus  42 
"       maximus  42 
"        myriophyllus  42 
"       terrestris  42 
Hillii  43 
hybridus  44 

var.  multi-denticulatus  44 
lateralis  43,  423 
lonchites  41 

var.  novaeboracensis  41 
lucens  42 

var.  connecticutensis  42 
mucronatus  43 
natans  40 
nitens  43 
Nuttallii  41 

var.  cayugensis  41 
Oakesianus  41 
obtusifolius  43 
pauciAorus  44 
pectinatus  44 
pennsylvanicus  41 
perfoliatus  43 

var.  lanceolatus  42 
"     Richardsonii  42 
pinnatum  295 
praelongus  42 
pulcher  41 
pusillus  43 

var.  Sturrockii  43 
Richardsonii  42 
Robbinsii  44 
rufescens  41 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND  FERNS. 


539 


Potamogcton 

Spirillus  44 
Vaseyi  43 
zosterifolius  43 
Potato  344 
Potato-vine 
Wild  324 
Potentilla  232,  441 
Anserina  234 
argentea  233 
arguta  232 
canadensis  234 

var.  simplex  234 
fruticosa  233 
intermedia  233 
monspeliensis  232 

var.  norvegica  232 
norvegica  232 
pacifica  234 
palustris  233 
pumila  234 
recta  233 
simplex  234 
sulphur ea  233 
tridentata  233 
Poterium 

canadense  241 
Sanguisorba  241 
Pot-herb  Mustard  203 
Poverty  Grass  283 
Powder-horn  177 
Prairie  Rose  242 

Willow  140 
Prenanthes  413 
alba  413 
altissima  413 

var.  hispidula  413 
serpentaria  4^3 
trifoliolata  4^3 
Pretty  Nancy  179 
Prickly  Ash  262 
Cleome  212 
Clotbur  391 
Gooseberry  217 
Lettuce  411 
Pear  289 
Poppy  197 


Prickly 

Saltwort  169 
Pride  of  the  Meadow  235 
Prim  319 
Primrose 
Common  Evening  292 
Evening  292 
Primrose  Family  3^5 
Primrose-leaved  Violet  287 
Primulaceae  315,  438,  440 
Prince's  Feather  162,  169,  170 

Pine  306 
Privet  319 

Proboscis  Flower  360 
Proserpinaca  295 

palustris  295 
Prostrate  Amaranth  170 
Provence  Rose  243 
Prunella  335 

vulgaris  335 
Prunus  243,  441 
alleghaniensis  244 
americana  246 
avium  245 
Cerasus  245 
cuneata  245 
domestica  246 
Gravesii  245 
instititia  244 
Mahaleb  245 
maritima  244 
nigra  246 
pennsylvanica  244 
Persica  246 
pumila  245 
serotina  243 
spinosa 

var.  instititia  244 
virginiana  244 
Psamma  65 
Psedera  276 

quinque folia  276 

var.  hirsuta  276 
vitacea  276 
Ptelea  263 
trifoliata  263 


540 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.   AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY, 


[Bull. 


Pteridium 

aquilinum  i8 
Pteris  i8 

aquilina  i8 
Ptilimnium  299 

capillaceum  299 
Puccinellia  75 

angustata  75 

Borreri  75 

distans  75 

maritima 
var.  minor  75 
Puccoon  329 

Red  196 

White  196 

Yellow  193 
Pulse  Family  246 
Pumpkin  372 

Art  371 
Purple  Amaranth  170 

Angelica  303 

Avens  235 

Azalea  308 

Bladderwort  358 

Boneset  375 

Chokeberry  223 

Cinquefoil  2Z2i 

Clematis  190 

Cone-flower  393 

Cress  210 

Eragrostis  71 

Five-finger  22,Z 

Flowering  Raspberry  237 

Gerardia  355 

Hardback  221 

Loosestrife  290 

Meadow  Rue  188 

Milkweed  322 

Milkwort  264 

Oat  72 

Petunia  349 

Rocket  208 

Stramonium  348 

Trillium  124 

Virgin's  Bower  190 

Wild  Raspberry  236 

Willow  141 


Purple-wort  233 
Purplish  Cudweed  390 
Purslane  182 

French  182 

Garden  182 

Marsh  291 

Milk  266 

Mud  282 

Sea  175 

Water  291 
Purslane  Family  182 

Speedwell  354 
Pusley  182 
Pussy  Willow  139 
Pussy's  Toes  388 
Putty-root  136 
Pycnanthemum  340 

aristatum  428 

clinopodioides  340 

flexuosum  340 

incanum  341 

lanceolatum  340 

linifolium  340 

muticum  341 
var.  pilosum  340 

pilosum  340 

verticillatum  341 

virginianum  340 
Pygmy  Weed  214 
Pyrola  306 

americana  307 

chlorantha  306 

elliptica  307 

rotundifolia  307 

secunda  306 
Pyrola 

One-flowered  306 
Pyrus  222 

americana  223 

arbutifolia  222 
var.  atropurpurea  223 
"     melanocarpa  223 

Aucuparia  223 

baccata  222 

communis  222 

Cydonia  224 

Malus  222 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


541 


Pyrus 

melanocarpa  223 

prunifolia  222 
Quack  Grass  79 
Quaking  Aspen  141 

Grass  72 
Quamociit 

coccinea  324 
Quassia  Family  263 
Queen  of  the  Meadow  221,  235,  375 
Queen  of  the  Prairie  234 
Quercitron  Oak  152 
Quercus  149,  441 

acuminata  150 

alba  149 

bicolor  150 

coccinea  151 
var.  tinctoria  152 

ilicifolia  152 

macrocarpa  150 

minor  150 

Muhlenbergii  150 

nana  152 

palustris  151 

platanoides  150 

prinoides  151 

Prinus  151 

rubra  151 

stellata  150 

velutina  151,  152 
Quicksilver  Weed  188 
Quillwort  32 
Quillwort  Family  32 
Quince  224 

Common  224 

Japan  224 
Quinsy-berry  218 
Quitch  Grass  79 
Quiver-leaf  141 
Rabbit- foot  Clover  248 
Raccoon-berry  194 
Radicula  206 

Armoracia  207 

Nasturtium-aquaticum  206 

palustris  207 
var.  hispida  207 

sylvestris  207 


Radish  202 
Garden  202 

Wild  202 
Ragged  Jack  178 

Lychnis  178 

Orchis  132 

Robin  178 

Sailor  162 
Ragweed  391 

Golden  404 

Great  391 
Ragwort  403,  404 

Golden  404 
Raisin 

Wild  369 
Ramsted  350 

Ranunculaceae  184,  437,  440 
Ranunculus  184,  441 

abortivus  186 
var.  eucyclus  186 
"     micranthus  186 

acris  187 
var.  Steveni  187 

allegheniensis  186,  421 

ambigens  185 

aquatilis 
var.  capillaceus  184 
"      triclwphyllus  184 

bulbosus  187 

circinatus  184 

Cymbalaria  185 

delphinifolius  185 
var.  terrestris  185 

divaricatus  184 

fascicularis  187 

Flammula  426 
var.  reptans  185 

hispidus  187 

laxicaulis  185 

micranthus  186 

multi£dtis  185 

obtusiusculus  185 

pennsylvanicus  187 

recurvatus  186 

repens  187 

reptans  185 


542 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Ranunculus 

sceleratus  i86,  421 

septentrionalis  187 
Rape  204 
Raphanus  202 

Raphanistrum  202 

sativus  202,  431 
Raspberry 

Black  237 

Dwarf  237 

European  Red  236 

Purple  Flowering  237 
"       Wild  236 

Red  236 

Running  237 

Wild  Red  236 
Ratibida 

pinnata  393 
Rattle  357 

Yellow  357 
Rattle  Bags  180 

Cohosh  192 

Snakeroot  192 
Rattle-box  248,  357 
Rattlesnake  Fern  28 

Grass  74 

Master  297 

Plantain  134 
Rattlesnake-root  413 
Rattlesnake-weed  414 
Rattle-top  192 
Rasoumofskya 

pusilla  156 
Red  Ash  318 

Baneberry  193 

Benjamin  124 

Blite  166 

Campion  178 

Cedar  38 

Cherry  245 

Chokeberry  223 

Clover  248 

Cohosh  193 

Columbine  192 

Currant  219 

Elm  152 

Goosefoot  166 


Red 

Gum  220 

Haw  225 

Indian  Paint  196 

Ink  Plant  171 

Lily  120 

Lychnis  178 

Maple  273 

Mulberry  154 

Oak  151 

Pepper  344 

Pine  35 

Poppy  197 

Puccoon  196 

Raspberry  236 

Robin  178,  261 

Rose  243 

Snakeroot  193 

Sorrel  159 

Spruce  2,^ 

Top  64 

Trillium  124 
Red-beads  193 
Red-berried  Elder  369 
Redbud  247 
Red-osier  Cornel  305 

Dogwood  305 
Red-root  126,  196,  275 
Red-seeded  Dandelion  410 
Red-shank  162 
Red-stalked  Aster  386 
Reed  70 

Sea  Sand  65 
kein  Orchis  130 
Reseda  212 

alba  212,  431 

lutea  212 

Luteola  212,  433 

odorata  212,  433 
Resedaceae  212,  437,  440 
Rhamnaceae  275,  438,  440 
Rhamnus  275 

alnifolia  275 

cathartica  275 
Rheumatism-root  126 
Rhexia  290 

virginica  290 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND  FERNS. 


543 


Rhinanthus  357 

Crista-galli  357 

minor  357 
Rhode  Island  Bent  64 
Rhododendron  307 

arborescens  427 

canadense  308 

canescens  308 

maximum  308 

nudiflorum  308 

Rhodora  308 

viscosum  307 
var.  glaucum  308 
"     nitidum  308 
Rhodora 

canadensis  308 
Rhus  268 

aromatica  269 

canadensis  269 

copallina  268 

glabra  268 

hirta  268 

radicans  269 

Toxicodendron  269 
var.  radicans  269 

typhina  268 

venenata  268 

Vernix  268 
Rib  Grass  361 
Ribbon  Grass  59 
Ribes  217,  441 

americanum  218 

aureum  219 

Cynosbati  217 

Horidum  218 

gracile  217 

Grossularia  218 

lacustre  218 

missouriense  2iy 

nigruin  218,  434 

odoratum  219 

oxyacanthoides  218 

prostratum  219 
rotundifolium  218 
rubrum  219 
Uva-crispa  218 
vulgare  219 


Ribwort  360 
Rice 

False  58 
Indian  58 
Mountain  59 
Tuscarora  74 
Water  58 
Wild  58 
Richweed  156,  344 
Ricinus  265 

communis  265,  430 
Ring  Willow  139 
Ripple  Grass  361 
River  Ash  318 
Bulrush  86 
Weed  213 

"      Family  213 
River-bank  Grape  277 

Willow  139 
Roadside  Peppergrass  200 
Robin  Runaway  334 
Robinia  251 
hispida  251 
Pseudo- Acacia  251 
viscosa  251 
Robin's  Plantain  387 
Rock  Brake  19 
Cress  210 
Crowfoot  186 
Elm  152 
Lily  192 
Maple  272 
Sandwort  175 
Woodsia  24 
Rockrose  282 
Rockrose  Family  282 
Rocket  206 

American  Sea  202 
Crambling  212 
Dame's  206 
Dyer's  212 
Purple  208 
Sand  204 
Sea  202 
Sweet  206 
Wall  204 
Yellow  207 


544 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY, 


[Bull. 


Rocket  Cress  207 

Larkspur  192 
Roman  Wormwood  391,  402 
Roripa 

Armoracia  207 

his  pi  da  207 

Nasturtium  206 

palustris  207 

sylvestris  207 
Rosa  242,  441 

blanda  242 

canina  242 

Carolina  243 

cinnamomea  242 

gallica  243 

humilis  243 

lucida  243 

nitida  243 

rubiginosa  242 
var.  micrantha  243 

rugosa  242 

setigera  242,  422 

spinosissima  242,  422 

virginiana  243 
Rosaceae  220,  437,  440 
Rose  242 

African  197 

Brier  242 

Burnet  242 

California  324 

Canker  197,  242 

Cinnamon  242 

Qimbing  242 

Corn  197 

Dog  242 

Dwarf  Wild  243 

Early  Wild  242 

French  243 

Hip  242 

Japanese  236,  242 

Kitchen  242 

Large  Wild  243 

Low  Wild  243 

Marsh  Holy  310 

Meadow  242 

Musk  279 

Northeastern  243 


Rose 

Pasture  Wild  243 

Prairie  242 

Provence  243 

Red  243 

Scotch  242 

Shining  243 

Swamp  Wild  243 

Thornless  242 

Wild  243 
Rose  Acacia  251 

Bay  308 

Campion  177 

Family  220 

Mallow  279 

Moss  182 

Pink  177 

Pogonia  132 

Willow  141 
Rose  of  Sharon  279 
Rosemary 

Bog  310 

Marsh  310,  314 
Rosin-weed  390 
Rotala  289 

ramosior  289 
Rough  Avens  235 

Bedstraw  362 

Bent  64 

Boneset  376 

Cinquefoil  232 

Comfrey  329 

Crowfoot  186 

Pigweed  169 
Round-headed  Anemone  190 
Round-leaved  Anemone  190 

Cornel  304 

Dogwood  304 

Shin  Leaf  307 

Sundew  213 

Violet  287 
Rowan  Tree  22^ 
Royal  Fern  26 
Rubiaceae  361,  438,  441 
Rubus  236,  441 

allegheniensis  237 
var.  Gravesii  238 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


545 


Rubus 
aniericanus  237 
amnicolus  238 
Andrewsianus  239 
argutus 

var.  Randii  238 
arundelanus  238 
Baileyanus  240 
canadensis  239 
cuneifolius  238 
Enslenii  240 
floricomus  239 
frondosus  238 
hispidus  239 

var.  suberectus  239 
idaeus  236 

var.  aculeatissimiis  236 
"     sfrigosus  236 
invisus  426 
laciniatus  238 
neglectus  236 
nigricans  239 
nigrobaccus  237 
occidentalis  237 

forma  pallidus  237 
odoratus  237 
orarius  238 
pergratus  238 
philadelphicus  238 
phoenicolasius  237 
procumbens  239 
Randii  238 
recurvans  238 
recurvicaulis  238 
semisetosus  239 
setosus  239 
strigosus  236 
subuniHorus  240 
triflorus  237 
vermontanus  239 
villosus  237,  239,  426 

var.  frondosus  238 
"     humifusus  240 
Rudbeckia  392 
hirta  393 
laciniata  393 
speciosa  393 
35 


Rudbeckia 

subtomentosa  393 

triloba  392 
Rue 

Common  Meadow  188 

Early  Meadow  188 

Goat's  251 

Meadow  188 

Purple  Meadow  188 

Tall  Meadow  188 

Wax-leaved  Meadow  188 
Rue  Anemone  189 

Family  262 

Spleenwort  20 
Rum  Cherry  243 
Rumex  157,  441 

Acetosa  159 

Acetosella  159 

altissimus  158 

Britannica  158 

crispus  158 

elongatus  158,  420 

maritimus  426 

mexicanus  158 

obtusifolius  159 

Patientia  157 

persicarioides  426 

salicifolius  158 

sanguineus  426 

verticillatus  158 
Runaway  Robin  343 
Running  Blackberry  239 

Brier  239 

Buttercup  234 

Pine  31 

Raspberry  237 

Swamp  Blackberry  239 
Ruppia  44 

maritima  44 
Rush  114 

Beak  90 

Bog  114,  115 

Candle  115 

Chair-maker's  86 

Club  85 

Common  115 

Hairy  Wood  117 


54-6 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Rush 

Horned  90 

Knotted  116 

Nut  91 

Scouring  29 

Slender  114 

Soft  IIS 

Spike  83 

Three-square  86 

Toad  114 

Twig  91 

Wood  117 

Yard  114 
Rush  Family  114 

Grass  63 
Russian  Clover  252 

Thistle  169 
Rusty  Woodsia  24 
Rutabaga  203 
Rutaceae  262,  437,  440 
Rye  79 

Nodding  Wild  80 

Slender  Wild  81 

Wild  80 
Rynchospora  90 

alba  90 

var.  macra  418 

cap  iliac e a  425 

corniculata 
var.  macrostachya  90 

fusca  90 

glomerata  91 

macrostachya  90 
Sabatia  319 

campestris  319,  434 

chloroides  319 

dodecandra  319 

stellaris  319 
Sacaline  164 
Sacred  Bean  184 
Saddle  Tree  194 
Sage  337 

Garden  337 

Lyre-leaved  ^27 

Meadow  337 

Scarlet  338 

Wild  376 


Sage 

Wood  332 
Sage  Willow  140 
Sagina  174 
apetala  174 
decumbens  174 
procumbens  174 
Sagittaria  45 
arifolia  46 
calycina  47 

var.  spongiosa  47 
cristata  46 
cuneata  46 
Eatoni  46 
Engelmanniana  46 
gracilis  46 
graminea  46 
hastata  46 
heterophylla  46 
var.  elliptica  46 
"      rigida  46 
latifolia  46 

forma  diversifolia  46 
"        gracilis  46 
"       hastata  46 
"       obtusa  46 
longirostra  45 
natans 
var.  gracillinia  47 
"     lorata  46 
obtusa  46 
pusilla  46 
rigida  46 
subulata  46 

var.  gracillima  47 
variabilis  46 

var.  diversifolia  46 
"     gracilis  46 
Sailor's  Tobacco  401 
St.  John's-wort  280 
Common  280 
Dwarf  281 
Great  280 
Marsh  282 
Pale  281 
Shrubby  281 
St.  John's-wort  Family  280 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


547 


St.  Lucie  Cherry  245 
Salad  Burnet  241 
Salicaceae  137,  436,  439 
Salicornia  168 

ambigua  168 

Bigelovii  168 

europaea  168 

herbacea  168 

mucronata  168 
Salix  137,  441 

acutidens  139 

alba 
var.  vitellina  138 

babylonica  139 

Bebbiana  140 

Candida  140 
var.  denudata  141 

cordata  139 
var.  angustata  139 
"     myricoides  139 

discolor  139 
var.  eriocephala  140,  420 
"     prinoides  140,  420 

eriocephala  140 

Huviatilis  139 

fragilis  138 

humilis  140 

incana  141,  433 

longifolia  139 

lucida  138 

myrtilloides  139 

nigra  137 
var.  falcata  137 

pedicellaris  139 

pentandra  138 

petiolaris  426 

prinoides  140 

purpurea  141 

rostrata  140 

sericea  140 

serissima  138 

subsericea  420 

tristis  140 
Salomonia 

biAora  123 

commufata  123 
Salsify  410 


Salsola  169 

Kali  169 
var.  caroliniana  421 
"     tenuifolia  169 

salsa 
var.  americana  169 

Tragus  169 
Salt  Marsh  Grass  68 

Meadow  Grass  68 

Reed  Grass  68 
Saltwort  169 

Common  169 

Prickly  169 
Salvia  337 

lyrata  2>2>7 

officinalis  2>2i7 

pratensis  22,7,  432 

splendens  338,  432 
Sambucus  369 

canadensis  369 

pubens  369 

racemosa  369 
Samolus  315 

floribundus  315,  427 

Valerandi  427 
var.  americaiiits  315 
Samphire  168 

Woody  168 
Sand  Bar  Willow  139 

Blackberry  238 

Brier  345 

Bur  346 

Cherry  245 

Grass  70 

Jointweed  164 

Mustard  204 

Rocket  204 

Spurrey  173 
Sandalwood  Family  156 
Sandbur  58 
Sand-weed  173 
Sandwort  173,  174 

Blunt-leaved  174 

Common  175 

Large-leaved  174 

Mountain  175 

Rock  175 


548 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Sandwort  ■ 

Sea  Beach  175 

Seaside  173 

Showy  174 

Thyme-leaved  175 
Sanguinaria  196 

canadensis  196 
Sanguisorba  241 

canadensis  241 

minor  241,  434 

Sanguisorba  241 
Sanicle  297 

American  215 
Sanicle-leaved  Crowfoot  li 
Sanicula  297 

canadensis  297 

gregaria  297 

marilandica  297 
var.  canadensis  297 

trifoliata  297 
Santalaceae  156,  436 
Sapindaceae  274,  438,  440 
Saponaria  180 

inUata  430 

officinalis  180 

Vaccaria  180 
Sarothra 

gentianoides  282 
Sarracenia  213 

purpurea  213 
Sarraceniaceae  213,  437 
Sarsaparilla 

American  296 

Bristly  296 

False  296 

Wild  296 

Yellow  194 
Sassafras  195 

officinale  195 

Sassafras  195 

variifolium  195 
Satin-flower  208 
Satureja  339 

hortensis  428 

vulgaris  339 
Saururus  137 

cernuus  137 


Savastana 

Nashii  59 

odorala  59 
Savin  38 
Savory  339 
Saw  Brier  125 
Saxifraga  215 

pennsylvanica  215 

virginiensis  215 
Saxifragaceae  215,  437.  440 
Saxifrage  215 

Early  215 

Golden  216 

Spring  215 

Swamp  215 
Saxifrage  Family  215 
Saxifrax  195 
Scahiosa 

arvensis  371 
Scabious 

Field  371 

Sweet  387 
Scallop  Squash  372 
Scarlet  Oak  151 

Painted  Cup  356 

Sage  338 
Scheuchzeria  45 

palustris  45 
Schizaeaceae  26,  435 
Schwalbea  357 

americana  357 
Scirpus  85,  441 

alpinus  86 

americanus  86 

atrocinctus  89 
var.  brachypodus  89 

atrovirens  87,  88,  418 

campestris  87 
var.  novae-angliae  87 
"     paludosus  87 

cyperinus  88 
var.  Andrewsii  88 
"     condensatus  88 
"     Eriophorum  88 
"     pelius  88,  418 

debilis  86 

Eriophorum  88 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


549 


Scirpus 
fluviatilis  87 
georgianus  88 
Hallii  425 
hudsonianus  86 
lacustris  86 
lineatus  88 
maritimns  87 
nanus  85 
novae-angliae  87 
Olneyi  86 

van  contortus  86 
paludosus  87 
pedicellatus  88 

var.  pullus  89 
planifolius  85 
polyphyllus  88 

var.  macrostachys  88 
pungens  86 
robustus  87 
rubrotinctus  87.  418 
Smithii  86 
subterminalis  86 
supinus 

var.  Hallii  425 
sylvaticus  87 
var.  Bissellii  87 
"     digynus  87 
Torreyi  86 
validus  86 
Scleranthus  172 

annuus  172 
Scleria  91 
pauciflora  91 

var.  caroliniana  91 
reticularis 

var.  pubescens  430 
triglomerata  91 
verticillata  91 
Scoke 

Common  171 
Scorpion  Grass  329 
Scotch  Broom  248 
Fir  35 
Lovage  301 
Pine  35 
Pink  181 
Rose  242 


Scotch 

Thistle  407 
Scott's  Spleenwort  19 
Scouring  Rush  29 
Scratch  Grass  58,  163 
Scrofula  Plant  351 
Scrophularia  351 
leporella  351 
marilandica  351 
nodosa 
var.  marilandica  351 
Scrophulariaceae  349,  438,  440 
Scurvy  Grass  208 
Scutch  Grass  69,  79 
Scutellaria  333 
galericulata  333 
integrifolia  22,2, 
lateriflora  2>2>2 
parvula  2,2,2 

var.  ambigua  222 
saxatilis  428 
Sea  Beach  Sandwort  175 
Elite  168 
Chickweed  175 
Cole  202 
Lavender  314 
Parsley  301 
Pink  319 
Purslane  175 
Rocket  202 
Seaside  Crowfoot  185 
Gerardia  356 
Goosefoot  169 
Jointweed  164 
Plantain  361 
Sandwort  173 
Spurge  265 
Spurrey  173 
Secale  79 

cereale  79,  431 
Sedge  91 
Sedge  Family  81 
Sedum  214 
acre  214 
purpureum  214 
Telephium  214 
ternatum  214 


550 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Sedum 

triphyllum  214 
Seedbox  291 
Selaginella  32 
apus  32 
rupestris  32 
Selaginellaceae  32,  436 
Self-heal  335 

Common  335 
Sempervivum  215 

tectorum  215 
Seneca  Grass  59 
Snakeroot  264 
Senecio  403 
aureus  404 
var.  Balsamitae  404 
"     obovatus  404 
Balsamitae 

var.  praelongus  404 
obovatus  404 
viscosus  404 
vulgaris  403 
Senega  Snakeroot  264 
Senna  247 
American  247 
Wild  247 
Sensitive  Fern  25 
Pea  247 
Plant 
Wild  247 
Sericocarpus  388 
asteroides  388 
conyzoides  388 
linifolius  388 
solidagineus  388 
Service  Berry  224 

Tree  223 
Sesame  Grass  48 
Setaria  57 
glauca  57 
imberbis  430 

var.  perennis  57 
italica  57 

var.  germanica  57 
verticillata  57 
viridis  57 
Shad  Bush  224 


Shad-flower  199 
Shade  Elm  152 
Shag-bark  Hickory  145 
Shamrock 

Water  320 
Shave  Grass  30 
Shear  Grass  79 
Sheep  Laurel  309 

Sorrel  159 
Sheepberry  369 
Sheep's  Fescue  76 
Sheep's-bit  Z7i 
Shell-bark  Hickory  145 
Shepherd's  Purse  201 

Sprouts  201 
Shield  Fern  22 
Shin  Leaf  306,  307 

Round-leaved  307 
Shining  Rose  243 

Sumach  268 

Willow  138 
Shirley  Poppy  197 
Shore  Knotweed  160 
Showy  Lady's  Slipper  129 

Orchis  130 

Portulaca  182 

Sandwort  174 
Shrubby  Althaea  279 

Bitter-sweet  271 

Cinquefoil  233 

St.  John's-wort  281 

Trefoil  263 
Sibbaldiopsis 

tridentata  233 
Siberian  Aster  386 

Crab  222 
Sickle  Grass  163 
Sickle-pod  211 
Sicyos  372 

artgulatus  372 
Sida  278 

spinosa  278,  434 
Side-saddle  Flower  213 
Sideritis  334 

montana  334,  434 
Sieglingia 

purpurea  70 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


551 


Sieglingia 

seslerioides  70 
Sileue  179 

antirrhina  179 
var.  divaricata  179 

Armeria  179 

caroliniana  179 

Cucubalus  180 

dichotoma  179 

inflata  430 

latifolia  180 

nivea  426 

noctiflora  179,  421 

pennsylvanica  179 

stellata  180 

vulgaris  180 
Silk  Grass  64 
Silkweed  322 

Common  322 
Silkworm  Mulberry  154 
Silky  Cornel  305 

Willow  140 
Silphium  390 

perfoliatum  390 
Silver  Maple  273 

Weed  234,  274 
Silver-leaf  Poplar  141 
Silvery  Cinquefoil  233 

Spleenwort  21 
Simarubaceae  263,  437,  440 
Si  nap  is 

alba  202 
Sisymbrium  205 

Alliaria  205 

altissimum  205 

canescens  205,  433 

Loeselii  205 

officinale  205 
var.  leiocarpum  205 

Sophia  20S,  433 

Thalianum  206 
Sisyrinchium  128 

albidum  128,  431 

anceps  128 

angustifolium  128 

atlanticum  129 

gramineum  128 


Sisyrinchium 

graminoides  128 

intermedium  128 

mucronatum  128 
Sium  300 

Carsonii  300 

cicutaefolium  300 

line  are  300 
Skevish  387 
Skullcap  333 

Mad-dog  2Z2> 

Marsh  333 
Skunk  Cabbage  no 

Currant  219 

Grape  276 

Spruce  36 
Sleepy  Catchfly  179 
Slender  Fescue  76 

Knotweed  160 

Nettle  155 

Pigweed  169 

Rush  114 

Vetch  256 
Slippery  Elm  152 
Sloe  244,  369 
Slough  Grass  68 
Small  Agrimony  241 

Alyssum  200 

Cranberry  314 

Green  Wood  Orchis  131 

Nettle  iss 

Pale  Green  Orchis  130 

Red  Morning  Glory  324 

Snapdragon  351 

Solomon's  Seal  123 
Smaller  Bladderwort  358 
Small-flowered  Cranesbill  262 

Crowfoot  186 

Geranium  262 

Pearlwort  174 

Sweetbrier  243 
Small-fruited  Hickory  145 
Smartweed  162 

Common  162 

Water  162 
Smilacina  122 

racemosa  122 


552 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Smilacina 

stellata  122 

trifolia  123,  419 
Smilax  125 

glauca  125 

herbacea  125 

hispida  125 

rotundifolia  125 
Smooth  Alder  148 

Crowfoot  186 

Gooseberry  218 

Solomon's  Seal  123 

Sumach  268 

Winterberry  270 

Yellow  Violet  288 
Smooth-fruited  Poppy  197 
Snake  Grass  71 

Mouth  132 
Snake-berry  193 
Snakehead  352 
Snake-leaf  121 
Snakeroot  157 

Black  192,  297 

Button  297,  2)11 

Fine  157 

Heart  157 

Rattle  192 

Red  193 

Seneca  264 

Senega  264 

Virginia  157 

White  193,  376,  2,71 
Snapdragon  351 

Small  351 
Snapdragon  Catchfly  179 
Snapping  Alder  219 
Snap-weed  274 
Snap-wood  196 
Sneezeweed  398 
Snowball  367.  368 
Snowberry  366,  z^y 

Creeping  312 
Snowdrift  199 
Snowdrop  190 
Snow-on-the-Mountain  266 
Soapberry  Family  274 
Soapwort  180 


Soapwort 

Field  180 
Soft  Agrimony  241 
Chess  ^y 
Maple  273 
Rush  115 
Solanaceae  344,  438,  440 
Solanum  344 
carolinense  345 
Dulcamara  345 
nigrum  345 
rostratum  346 
tuberosum  344,  432 
Soldier's  Cap  198 
Soldiers  on  the  Green  356 
Solidago  378,  441 
altissima  380 
arguta  379 
aspera  380 
asperula  380 
bicolor  378 

var.  concolor  378 
caesia  378 

var.  axillaris  378 
"     paniculata  378 
canadensis  380 
var.  glabrata  380 
"     scahra  380 
"     scabriuscula  380 
Elliottii  380 
Aexicatdis  378 
graminifolia 

var.  Nuttallii  381 
hispida  378 
juncea  379 

var.  ramosa  379 
lanceolata  381 
latifolia  378 
neglecta  379 

var.  linoides  379 
nemoralis  380 
odora  379 
patula  379 
puberula  378 
rigida  381 
rugosa  380 
var.  sphagnophila  380 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


553 


Solidago 

sempervirens  379 

serotina  381 
var.  gigantea  381 

speciosa  379 

squarrosa  378 

strict  a  429 

tenuifolia  381 

uliginosa  379 

ulmifolia  380 

uniligulata  379 
Solomon's  Seal  123 

False  122 

Giant  123 

Great  123 

Hairy  123 

Small  123 

Smooth  123 

Star-flowered  122 

Three-leaved  122 

Two-leaved  123 
Sonchus  411    ^ 

arvensis  411 

asper  411 

oleraceus  411 
Sophia 

pinnata  205 

Sophia  205 
Sorbaria  221 

sorbifolia  221 
Sorbus 

americana  223 

Aucuparia  223 
Sorghastrum  49 

avenaceum  49 

nutans  49 
Sorghum  49 

halepense  49,  416,  433 
Sorrel  157 

Cock  159 

Common  159 

"         Wood  260 

Cow  159 

Field  159 

Garden  159 

House  159 

Lady's  261 


Sorrel 

Meadow  159 

Red  159 

Sheep  159 

Slender  Yellow  Wood  260 

Tall  Yellow  Wood  261 

Violet  Wood  260 

White  Wood  260 

Wood  260 

Yellow  Wood  260 
Sorrel  Dock  159 
Sour  Cherry  245 

Grass  159 

Gum  305 
Sour-top  Blueberry  313 
Southernwood  401 
Sow  Bindweed  163 

Thistle  411 
Sowbane  166,  167 
Sowna  Millet  56 
Spanish  Bayonet  121 

Buttons  407 

Needles  397 
Sparganiaceae  39,  436 
Sparganium  39 

americanum  39 
var.  androcladum  40 

androcladum  40 
var.  Huctuans  40 

angustifolium  40,  422 

diversifolium  40 
var.  acaule  40 

eurycarpum  39,  416 

fluctuans  40,  423 

lucidum  40 

minimum  40 

simplex  40 
var.  androcladum  40 
"     angustifolium  40 
"     fluitans  40 
"     Nuttallii  39 
Spartina  68 

cynosuroides  68 

glabra  68 
var.  alterniflora  68 
"     pilosa  68 

juncea  68 


554 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Spartina 

Michauxiana  68 

patens 
var.  caespitosa  69,  417 
var.  juncea  68 

polystachya  68 

strict  a 
var.  alterniHora  68 
"     glabra  68 
Spathyema 

foetida  no 
Spatter-dock  183 
Spear  Grass  72,  7^ 
Spearmint  342 
Spearwort  185 

Crawling  185 

Creeping  185 

Water  Plantain  185 
Speckled  Alder  148 
Specularia  372 

perfoliata  372 
Speedwell  353,  354 

Common  354 

Corn  354 

Creeping  354 

Ivy-leaved  355 

Marsh  354 

Purslane  354 

Swamp  354 

Thyme-leaved  354 
Spergula  173 

arvensis  173 

sativa  174 
Spergularia  173 

canadensis  421 

marina  173 

rubra  173 
Sphenopholis  (£ 

nitida  66 

obtusata  66 
var.  pubescens  66 

pallens  (^ 
var.  major  66 

palustris  66 
Spice  Bush  196 
Spice-wood  196 
Spider  Lily  113 


% 


Spider-flower  212 
Spiderwort  113 
Spiderwort  Family  113 
Spignet  296 
Spike  Grass  72 

Rush  83 
Spiked  Loosestrife  290 
Spikenard  296 

American  296 

False  122 

Wild  122 
Spinach 

New  Zealand  173 

Strawberry  166 

Wild  166 
Spindle  Tree  271 

European  271 
Spiny  Amaranth  170 

Clotbur  391 
Spiraea  221 

chamaedrifolia  221 
var.  ulmifolia 

Filipendula  235 

japonica  221 

latifolia  221 

lobata  234 

prunifolia  221 

salicifolia  22 1 

sorbifolia  221 

tomentosa  221 

Ulmaria  235 
Spiraea 

Ash-leaved  221 
Spiranthes  133 

Beckii  133 

cernua  134 
var.  ochroleuca  134,  420 

gracilis  133 

latifolia  134 

lucida  134 

praecox  133 

Romanzoffiana  134 

simplex  133 

vernalis  133 
Spires  Grass  59 
Spirodela  in 

polyrhiza  iii 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS    AND   FERNS. 


555 


Spleenwort  19 
Ebony  20 
Maidenhair  20 
Mountain  20 
Narrow-leaved  20 
Pinnatifid  19 
Rue  20 
Scott's  19 
Silvery  21 
Spoon-wood  309 
Sporobolus  63 
asper  63 
clandestinus  63 
cryptandrus  63 
heterolepis  63 
longifolius  63 
neglectus  63 
serotinus  63 
uniflorus  63 
vaginiflorus  63 
Spotted  Alder  219 
Cowbane  299 
Loosestrife  315 
Medick  250 
Mint  343 
Parsley  298 
Touch-me-not  274 
Wintergreen  306 
Spotted-leaf  Buttercup  187 

Crowfoot  187 
Spreading  Dogbane  321 
Globeflower  191 
Orach  167 
Spring  Anemone  190 
Beauty  182 
Cress  209,  210 
Dock  157 
Mouse-ear  177 
Saxifrage  215 
Vetch  255 
Spruce  36 
Black  36 
Bog  36 
Cat  36 
Norway  36 
Red  36 


Spruce 
Skunk  36 
White  36 
Spurge  26s,  267 
Caper  267 
Cypress  267 
Flowering  266 
Ipecac  266 
Leafy  266 
Myrtle  267 
Petty  267 
Seaside  265 
Spurge  Family  265 
Spurrey  173 
Common  173 
Corn  173 
Field  174 

Salt  Marsh  Sand  173 
Sand  173 
Seaside  173 
Spurrey  Pearlwort  174 
Squash  372 
Canada  372 
China  372 
Hubbard  372 
Marrow  372 
Scallop  372 

Summer  Crookneck  372 
Winter  Crookneck  372 
Squaw  Huckleberry  313 

Vine  364 
Squaw-root  192,  195,  359 
Squaw-weed  403,  404 

Swamp  404 
Squirrel  Brier  125 

Corn  198 
Squirrel-ear  134 
Squirrel-tail  Grass  80 
Stachys  337 
asp  era  337 
cordata  428 
hyssopifolia  337 
palustris  337 
var.  cordata  42S 
var.  homotricha  337 
tenui  folia 
var.  aspera  337,  428 


556 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Staff  Tree  271 
Staff  Tree  Family  271 
Stag-bush  369 
Stagger-bush  310 
Staggerwort  398 
Staghorn  Sumach  268 
Staphylea  272 

trifolia  272 
Staphyleaceae  272,  437 
Star  Cucumber  372 

Flower  316 

Grass  125,  127 

Thistle  407 
Star  of  Bethlehem  121 
Star-flowered  Solomon's  Seal  122 
Star-leaved  Gum  220 
Starry  Campion  180 
Starwort  175,  382 

Greater  176 

Lesser  176 

Long-leaved  175 

Mountain  175 

Northern  175 

Water  267 
Stat  ice 

Limonium 

var.  caroliniana  314 
Steeple  Bush  221 
Steironema  316 

ciliatum  316 

lanceolatum  316 
Stellaria  175 

borealis  175 

graminea  176 
var.  lanceolata  176 

Holostea  176 

longifolia  175 

media  176 

puhera  426 
Stemless  Lady's  Slipper  129 
Stenophragma 

Thaliana  206 
Stenophyllus  85 

capillaris  85 
Stickseed  240,  328 
Stick-tight  396 
Stiff  Water  Crowfoot  184 


Stinging  Nettle  155 
Stingless  Nettle  156 
Stink  Grass  yi 
Stipa  60 

avenacea  60 
Stitchwort 

Greater  176 

Lesser  176 

Long-leaved  175 

Northern  175 
Stone  Clover  248 
Stonecrop  214 

Biting  214 

Ditch  214 

Mossy  214 

Virginia  214 

Wild  214 
Stone-root  344 
Stone-seed  329 
Storksbill  262 

Musk  262 
Stramonium  347 

Purple  348 
Strawberry  231 

American  Wood  232 

Barren  232 

Bog  233 

Dry  232 

European  Wood  231 

Field  231 

Indian  232 

Mock  232 

Wild  231,  232 

Yellow  232,  234 

Yellow-flowered  232 
Strawberry  BHte  166 

Spinach  166 

Tomato  346 
Streptopus  123 

amplexifolius  123 

roseus  123 
Striped  Maple  272 
Strophostyles  258 

angulosa  258 

helvola  258 
Stubbleberry  345 
Suaeda  168 


No.  14. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


557 


Suaeda 

linearis  169 

maritima  168 
Succory  408 
Sugar  Maple  272 

Pear  224 
Sugarberry  153 
Sumach  268 

Black  268 

Dwarf  268 

Mountain  223 

Poison  268 

Shining  268 

Smooth  268 

Staghorn  268 

Sweet-scented  269 
Summer  Anemone  190 

Grape  276,  277 

Lilac  206 

Snowflake  126 
Sundew  213 

Long-leaved  213 

Round-leaved  213 
Sundew  Family  213 
Sundial  248 
Sunflower  394 

Common  394 

Tickseed  397 

Wild  395 
Sun-plant  182 
Swallow-wort  196 

Black  222 
Swamp  Ash  318 

Beggar-ticks  396 

Bilberry  313 

Birch  148 

Blueberry  313 

Buttercup  187 

Crowfoot  187 

Dock  158 

Dogwood  305 

Elm  152 

Globeflower  191 

Gooseberry  218 

Hickory  145 

Laurel  309 

Loosestrife  289 


Swamp 

Lousewort  357 

Maple  272 

Milkweed  322 

Poplar  142 

Saxifrage  215 

Spanish  Oak  151 

Speedwell  354 

Squaw-weed  404 

Thistle  406 

White  Oak  150 
Sweatweed  278 
Swedish  Clover  249 
Sweet  Allison  199 

Alyssum  199 

Birch  147 

Cherry  245 

Chervil  298 

Cicely  298 

Clover  249 

Coltsfoot  157,  402 

Currant  219 

Elm  152 

Everlasting  390 

Fern  144 

Flag  III 

Gale  143 

"     Family  143 

Golden-rod  379 

Gum  220 
"      Tree  220 

Pepperbush  306 

Pigweed  165 

Rocket  206 

Scabious  387 

Susan  179 

Vernal  Grass  59 

Viburnum  369 

Violet  287 

White  Violet  287 

William  181,  326 
Sweetbrier  242 

Small-flowered  243 
Sweet-scented  Bedstraw  2^3 

Sumach  269 
Switch  Grass  52 
Sword  Grass  59,  98 


558 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Sycamore  220 

American  220 

False  220 
Sycamore  Maple  272 
Symphoricarpos  366 

orbiculatus  366 

racemosus  367 
var.  laevigatus  367 

Symphoricarpos  366 

vulgaris  366 
Symphytum  328 

asperrimum  329 

officinale  328 

tuberosum  328 
Symplocarpus  no 

foetidus  no 
Syndesmon 

thalictroides  189 
Synosma 

suaveolens  403 
Syntherisma 

■Rliformis  49 

Umbriata  50 

linearis  49 

sanguinalis  50 
Syringa  318 

vulgaris  318 
Syringa  217 

Large-flowered  217 
Tacamahac  142 
Taenidia  301 

integerrima  301 
Tag  Alder  148 
Talinum 

teretifolinm  426 
Tall  Anemone  190 

Blueberry  313 

Buttercup  188 

Cinquefoil  232 

Cone-flower  393 

Crowfoot  188 

Dock  158 

Leafy  Green  Orchis  130 

Meadow  Rue  188 

Red  Top  70 

Thistle  406 

White  Bog  Orchis  130 


Tall 

Wild  Nettle  155 
Taller  Fescue  76 
Tamarack  35 
Tanacetum  400 

vulgare  400 
var.  crispum  400 
Tansy  400 

Common  400 

Wild  234 
Tansy  Mustard  205 
Tape  Grass  47 
Taraxacum  410 

erythrospermum  410 

officinale  410 
var.  palustre  410 

Taraxacum  410 
Tare  255 

Common  255 

Hairy  256 
Tares  173 
Tarragon  401 

Tartarian  Honeysuckle  365 
Tar-weed  377 
Tassel  Tree  278 
Tawny  Elm  152 
Taxaceae  34,  436 
Taxus  34 

canadensis  34 

minor  34 
Tea 

Labrador  307 

Mexican  165 

New  Jersey  275 

Oswego  338 
Teaherry  218,  311 

White  312 
Tear-thumb 

Arrow-leaved  163 

Halberd-leaved  163 
Teasel  370 

Wild  370 
Teasel  Family  370 
Tecoma  359 

radicans  359 
Tephrosia  251 

virginiana  251 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


559 


Terrell  Grass  80 
Tetragonia  173 

expansa  173,  433 
Tetter-wort  196 
Teucrium  332 

canadense  332 
var.  littorale  332 

littorale  332 
Thale  Cress  206 
Thalesia 

uniAora  359 
Thalictrum  188 

clavatum  426 

dioicum  188 

polygamum  188 

purpurascens  188 

revolutum  188 
Thaspium 

aureum  427 

barbinode  427 

trifoliatum  427 
Thatch  Grass  68 
Thelypodium 

pinnatifidum  208 
Thicket  Bindweed  163 

Buckwheat  163 
Thimbleberry  237 
Thimbleweed  190,  393 
Thin  Grass  64 
Thistle 

Bull  405,  406 

Canada  406 

Common  405 

"  Sow  4T1 

Cotton  407 

Curled  405 

Field  405 
"      Sow  411 

Flowering  197 

Pasture  406 

Plumed  405 

Plumeless  405 

Russian  169 

Scotch  407 

Sow  411 

Spiny-leaved  Sow  411 

Star  407 


Thistle 

Swamp  406 

Tall  406 

Yellow  197,  405 
Thlaspi  200 

arvense  200 
Thorn 

Cockspur  225 

Hedge  225 

Newcastle  225 

White  225 
Thorn  Apple  347 
Thornless  Rose  242 
Thorny  Amaranth  170 
Thoroughwort  375,  376 
Thread-and-Needle  121 
Thread-foot  213 

Three-leaved  Solomon's  Seal  123 
Three-seeded  Mercury  265 
Three-square  Rush  86 
Three-toothed  Cinquefoil  232 

Five-finger  233 
Throw-wort  336 
Thuja  37 

occidentalis  37 
Thyme  341 

Creeping  341 

Wild  341 
Thymelaeaceae  289,  438 
Thyme-leaved  Sandwort  175 

Speedwell  354 
Thymus  341 

Serpyllum  341 
Tiarella  215 

cordifolia  215 
Tick  Trefoil  252 
Tickle  Grass  51 
Tickseed  395 
Tickseed  Sunflower  397 
Tiger  Lily  120 
Tilia  277 

americana  277 

Michauxii  277 

pubescens  277 

vulgaris  277 
Tiliaceae  277,  438,  440 
Tillaea  214 


56o 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Tillaea 

aquatica  214 

simplex  214 
Timothy  62 
Tinker's  Weed  367 
Tissa 

canadensis  173 

marina  173 

rubra  173 
Toad  Grass  114 

Rush  114 
Toad-flax  350 

Bastard  156 

Blue  350 
Tobacco  348 

Indian  374,  389 

Ladies'  388 

Sailor's  401 

Wild  348 
Tomato  344 

Strawberry  346 
Tongue  Grass  176,  200 
Toothache  Tree  262 
Toothed  Medick  250 
Tooth-root  208 
Toothwort  208 

Cut-leaved  209 

Large  209 
Toper's-plant  241 
Touch-me-not 

Pale  274 

Spotted  274 
Touch-me-not  Family  274 
Tower  Cress  210 

Mustard  210 
Toxylon 

pomiferum  154 
Trachynotia 

juncea  68 
Tradescantia  113 

virginiana  113 
Tragopogon  410 

porrifolius  410 

pratensis  410 
Trailing  Arbutus  311 
Traveler's  Joy  igo 
Treacle  Mustard  200,  206 


Tree  of  Heaven  263 
Trefoil  189,  248 

Bird's-foot  250 

Marsh  320 

Showy  Tick  253 

Shrubby  263 

Tick  252 
Trembling  Poplar  141 
Triadentim 

virginicum  282 
Trichostema  332 

dichotomum  332 

lineare  332,  423 
Tricuspis 

seslerioides  70 
Tridens  70 

fiavus  70 
Trientalis  316 

americana  316 
Trifolium  248 

agrarium  249 

arvense  248 

aureum  249 

hybridum  249 

incarnatum  248,  431 

medium  426 

pratense  248 

procumbens  249 

repens  249 
Triglochin  45 

maritima  45 

palustris  425 
Trillium  124 

cernuum  124 

erectum  124 

erythrocarpum  125 

grandiflorum  124 

undulatum  125 
Trillium 

Large-flowered  White  124 

Nodding  124 

Painted  125 

Purple  124 

Red  124 

White  124 
Trinity  113 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


561 


Triodia 

cuprea  70 

purpurea  70 
Triosteum  367 

angusti folium  367 

aurantiacum  367 

perfoliatum  367 
Triphora 

trianthophora  132 
Triplasis  70 

purpurea  70 
Triple-awned  Grass  60 
Tripsacum  48 

dactyloides  48 
Trisetum  66 

palustre  66 

pennsyhanicum  66 

spicatum  66,  417 

suhspicatum  66 
var.  niolle  66 
Triticum  79 

sativum  79,  431 

vulgare  79 
Trollius  191 

laxus  191 
Trout  Lily  121 
Trumpet  Creeper  359 

Honeysuckle  2>66 

Weed  375 
Trumpet-flower  359 
Tsuga  37 

canadensis  2>7 
Tufted  Buttercup  187 

Crowfoot  187 

Loosestrife  316 

Vetch  256 
Tulip  Poplar  194 

Tree  194 
Tumble  Mustard  205 

Weed  51,  170 
Tupelo  305 
Turkey  Corn  198 
Turkey-foot  48 
Turkey-pod  211 
Turk's-cap  Lily  120 
Turmeric 

Indian  193 
36 


Turmeric-root  193 
Turnip  202,  204 

Indian  109 

Wild  109 
Turtlehead  352 
Tuscarora  Rice  74 
Tussilago  402 

Farfara  402 
Twayblade  136 

Large  136 
Twig  Rush  91 
Twin-flower  367 
Twisted-stalk  123 
Twitch  Grass  57 
Two-leaved  Solomon's  Seal  123 
Typha  39 

angustifolia  39 

latifolia  39 
Typhaceae  39,  436 
Ulmaria 

palustris  234 

rubra  234 

Ulmaria  235 
Ulmus  152 

alata  153 

americana  152 

campestris  152 

fulva  152 
Umbelliferae  297,  438,  440 
Umbrellawort  172 
Unicorn-plant  360 
Unicorn-root  118 

False  125 

True  118 
Unifolium 

canadense  123 
Upland  Boneset  376 
Upright  Goosefoot  167 

Mignonette  212 
Urtica  155 

dioica  155 

gracilis  155 

Lyallii  ISS 

urens  155 
Urticaceae  152,  436,  439 
Urticastrnm 

divaricatum  155 


562 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Utricularia  357 

biflora  358 

clandestina  357 

cornuta  358 

Hbrosa  429 

gibba  358 

inflata  357 

intermedia  358 

minor  358 

purpurea  358 

resupinata  358 

striata  429 

vulgaris  358 
var.  americana  358 
Uva-ursi  311 
Uvularia  118 

perfoliata  118 

sessiii folia  119 
Vaccaria 

Vaccaria  180 
Vaccinium  313 

arboreuin  427 

atrococcum  314 

canadense  313 

corymbosum  313 
var.  amoenum  313 
"     atrococcum  314 
"     pallidum  427 

macrocarpon  314 

nigrum  313 

Oxycoccos  314 
var.  intermedium  314 

pennsylvanicum  313 
var.  angustifolium  313 
"     nigrum  313 

stamineum  313 

vacillans  313 
Vagnera 

racemosa  122 

stellata  122 

trifolia  123 
Valerian  370 

American  129 

Garden  370 

Greek  327 

Wild  129 
Valerian  Family  370 


Valeriana  370 

edulis  429 

officinalis  370 
Valerianaceae  370,  438,  441 
Valerianella  370 

Locusta  370,  435 

olitoria  370 

radiata  370 
Vallisneria  47 

spiralis  47 
Vanilla  Grass  59 
Vegetable  Mercury  127 
Velvet  Dock  349 

Grass  66 

Leaf  278 
Velvet-leaf  Blueberry  313 
Venus'  Looking-glass  372,  373 
Veratrum  118 

viride  118 
Verbascum  349 

Blattaria  349 
var.  albiflorum  349 

phlomoides  349,  434 

Pseudo-Lychnitis  350,  434 

Thapsus  349 
Verbena  330,  331 

angustifolia  331 

Aubletia  331 

hracteosa  331 

canadensis  331,  434 

Dtummondi  331 

hastata  331 

var.  pinnatiMa  331 

officinalis  330,  432 

stricta  331 

urticaefolia  331 
Verbenaceae  330,  438,  440 
Vernonia  375 

noveboracensis  375 
Veronica  353,  441 

agrestis  429 

americana  353,  429 

AnagalUs  429 

arvensis  354 

Beccabunga  429 

Buxbaumii  355 

bysantina  355 


No.  14,] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


563 


Veronica 

Chamaedrys  354 

hederaefolia  355.  434 

longifolia  353 

officinalis  354 

peregrina  354 

scutellata  354 

serpyllifolia  354 

Teucrium  354 

Tournefortii  355 

virginica  353 
Vervain  330 

Blue  331 

European  330 

Hoary  331 

White  331 
Vervain  Family  330 
Vetch  255 

Blue  256 

Common  255 

Cow  256 

Crown  252 

Hairy  256 

Slender  256 

Spring  255 

Tufted  256 

Winter  256 
Vetchling  257 

Yellow  257 
Viburnum  368 

acerifolium  368 

alnifolium  368 

americanum  368 

cassinoides  369 

dentatum  368 

lantanoides  368 

Lentago  369 
var.  sphaerocarpum  369 

nudum  369 

Opulus  368 
var.  americanum  368 

prunifolium  369 
var.  globosum  369 

pubescens  368 
Viburnum 

Maple-leaved  368 

Sweet  369 


Vicia  255 

angustifolia  255 
var.  segetalis  255 

Cracca  256 

Faba  256,  430 

hirsuta  256,  434 

sativa  255 

tetrasperma  256 

villosa  256 
Vinca  321 

minor  321 
Vincetoxicum 

nigrum  2i^2> 
Vine  Family  276 
Viola  284,  441 

affinis  285 

amoena  287 

arvensis  288 

atlantica  286 

blanda  287 
var.  palustriformis  287 

Brittoniana  286 

canadensis  288 

canina  427 
var.  Mulilcnhergii  288 
"     sylvestris  427 

conspersa  288.  427 

cucullata  284 

fimbriatula  286 

incognita  287 

labradorica  288 

lanceolata  287 

latiuscula  285 

Muhlenhergii  288 

nephrophylla  285 

ohliqua  285 

odorata  287 

ovata  286 

p aliens  287 

palmata  285 
var.  cucullata  284,  285 
"     dilatafa  285 
"     sororia  286 

papilionacea  285 

pectinata  286 

pedata  284 
var.  bicolor  284 


564 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Viola 

var.    lineariloba  284 

primulifolia  287 

pubescens  288 

var.  scahriuscula  28S 

rostrata  288 

rotundifolia  287 

sagittata  286 

scahriuscula  288 

septemloba  286 

septentrionalis  286 

sororia  286 

striata  427 

subsagittata  286 

tricolor  288 

triloba  285 

vagula  285 

venustula  285 
Violaceae  284,  438,  440 
Violet  284 

Bird-foot  284 

Canada  288 

Damask  206 

Dame's  206 

Dog  288 

Dog's-tooth  121 

Downy  Yellow  288 

Early  Yellow  287 

English  287 

Lance-leaved  287 

Long-spurred  288 

Marsh  Blue  284 

Primrose-leaved  287 

Round-leaved  287 

Smooth  Yellow  288 

Sweet  287 

White  287 

Water  315 

Woolly  Blue  286 
Violet  Bloom  345 
Violet  Family  284 
Viper's  Bugloss  330 
Virginia  Creeper  276 

Snakeroot  157 

Stonecrop  214 

Virgin's  Bower  190 

Mountain  190 


Virgin's  Bower 

Purple  190 
Vitaceae  276,  438 
Vitis  276 
aestivalis  276 
bicolor  277 
hipinnata  427 
cordifolia  427 
indivisa  427 
labrusca  276 
rip  aria  277 
vulpina  277,  427 
Waahoo  271 
Wahoo  Elm  153 
Wake  Robin  124 
Waldsteinia  232 

fragarioides  232 
Walking  Fern  21 

Leaf  21 
Wall  Cress  206,  210,  211 
Mustard  204 
Rocket  204 
Wallweed  380 
Walnut  144,  145 
Black  144 
White  144 
Walnut  Family  144 
Washingtonia 
Claytoni  298 
longistylis  298 
Water  Arum  no 
Avens  235 
Beech  146 
Carpet  216 
Celery  186 
Chinquapin  184 
Cress  206 
Crowfoot  184,  185 
Cup  213 
Elm  152 
Foxtail  62 
Hemlock  299 
Hemp  171 
Horehound  341 
Hyacinth  114 
Lily  183 
"     Family  183 


No.  14.] 


FLOWERING    PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 


565 


Water 

Lobelia  374 

Marigold  397 

Milfoil  185,  294 
"        Family  294 

Mint  342 

Nymph  183 

Oats  58 

Parsnip  300 

Pennywort  297 

Persicaria  161 

Pimpernel  315 

Plantain  47 

Family  45 

Purslane  291 

Rice  58 

Shamrock  320 

Shield  184 

Smartweed  162 

Star  Grass  114 

Starwort  267 

"         Family  267 

Target  184 

Violet  315 

Willow  289 
Water-blobs  191 
Waterleaf  184,  327 
Waterleaf  Family  327 
Watermelon  371 
Water-weed  47 
Waterwort  282 
Waterwort  Family  282 
Wax  Myrtle  143 

Pinks  182 
Waxberry  143 

Wax-leaved  Meadow  Rue  i" 
Waxwork  271 
Way  Grass  160 
Weeping  Elm  152 

Willow  139 
Weld 

Dyer's  212 
Wheat  79 

Cow  356 
Whip-cord  Willow  141 
Whip-poor-will's  Shoe  129 
Whiskey  Cherry  243 


White  Adder's  Mouth  136 

Alder  306 

Amaranth  170 

Ash  317 

Avens  235 

Baneberry  193 

Birch  147,  148 

Bird's-eye  176 

Campion  178 

Cedar  37 

Chadlock  202 

Charlock  202 

Clover  249 

Cohosh  193 

Daisy  400 

Ear-drops  198 

Elm  152 

Golden-rod  378 

Goosefoot  166 

Grass  58 

Hearts  198 

Hellebore  118 

Lettuce  413 

Maple  273 

Melilot  249 

Mignonette  212 

Mulberry  154 

Mustard  202 

Oak  149 

Petunia  349 

Pigweed  170  « 

Pine  34 

Poplar  141 

Puccoon  196 

Robin  178 

Snakeroot  193,  zi^,  2,77 

Spruce  36 

Swamp  Honeysuckle  307 

Teaberry  312 

Thorn  225 

Trillium  124 

Vervain  331 

Walnut  144 

Water  Crowfoot  184 

Willow  138 
White-bark  141 
White-beads  193 


566 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


White-heart  Hickory  145 
White-topped  Aster  38S 
White-weed  400 
Whitewood  194,  2'/'/ 
Whitlow  Grass  199 
Whorled  Milkweed  Z22, 

Mint  343 

Pogonia  132 

Poly  gal  a  264 
Wicky  309 
Wicopy  289 
Wild  Allspice  196 

Apple  222 

Asparagus  125 

Azalea  308 

Balsam-apple  372 

Bean  258 

Bergamot  338 

Black  Currant  218 

Blue  Lettuce  412 

Broom  Corn  70 

Buckwheat  163 

Burnet  241 

Calla  no 

Carrot  303 

Celery  47 

Chamomile  399 

Cherry  243 

Chess  78 

Clematis  190 

Coffee  367 

Columbine  192 

Comfrey  328 

Cranesbill  261 

Cucumber  372 

Elder  296 

Forget-me-not  329 

Garlic  119 

Ginger  157 

Ginger-root  157 

Globeflower  191 

Goose  Plum  246 

Gooseberry  218 

Hazelnut  146 

Honeysuckle  30S,  366 

Indigo  247 

Ipecac  266 


Wild 

Isaac  j40 
Job's  Tears  330 
Lady's  Slipper  129 
Leek  119 
Lemon  194 
Lettuce  411 
Lily  of  the  Valley  123 
Liquorice  252,  362 
Lupine  248 
Madder  362 
Marjoram  340 
Mint  344 

Morning  Glory  325 
Mustard  203 
Onion  119 

Orange-red  Lily  120 
Pansy  288 
Parsnip  302 
Peanut  259 
Pear  222 
Peppergrass  200 
Pink  179 
Plum  246 
Potato-vine  324 
Radish  202 
Raisin  369 
Rice  58 
Rose  243 
Rye  80 
Sage  376 
Sarsaparilla  296 
Senna  247 
Sensitive  Plant  247 
Spikenard  122 
Spinach  166 
Stonecrop  214 
Strawberry  231,  232 
Sunflower  395 
Sweet  William  326 
Tansy  234 
Teasel  370 
Thyme  341 
Tobacco  348 
Turnip  109 
Valerian  129 
Yam  126 


N( 


14.J 


Wild 
Yam-root  126 
Yellow  Flax  260 
Lily  120 
Willoughbya 

scandens  2,77 
Willow  137 
Autumn  138 
Bay-leaved  138 
Beaked  140 
Bitter  141 
Black  137 
Bog  139 
Brittle  138 
Crack  138 
Dwarf  Gray  140 
Glaucous  139 
Glossy  138 
Gray  141 
Heart-leaved  139 
Hoary  140 
Laurel-leaved  138 
Lavender  141 
Prairie  140 
Purple  141 
Pussy  139 
Ring  139 
River  Bank  139 
Rose  141 
Sage  140 
Sand  Bar  139 
Shining  138 
Silky  140 
Water  289 
Weeping  139 
Whip-cord  141 
White  138 
Willow  Family  137 

Persicaria  160 
Willow-herb  291 

Great  291 
Wind-flower  189,  190 
Wine  Currant  219 
Wineberry  ^yj 
Winged  Elm  153 

Pigweed  165 
Winter  Cherry  ^^,6 


FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS. 

Winter 
Chickweed  176 
Cress  207,  208 
Crookneck  Squash  7,^2 
Vetch  256 
W'interberry  270 

Smooth  270 
Wintergreen  306,  311 
Aromatic  311 
Chickweed  316 
Flowering  263 
One-flowered  306 
Spotted  306 
Wire  Grass  48,  69,  7Z,  160 
Witch  Alder  219 
Elm  153 
Hobble  ^t'^ 
Witches'  Money-bags  214 
Witches'  Pouches  201 
Witch-hazel  219 
Witch-hazel  Family  219 
Withe-rod  369 
Wolf  Grape  345 
Wolffia  112 

Columbiana  112,  419 
Wood  Anemone  190 
Betony  357 
Buttercup  187 
Chess  77 
Crowfoot  187 
Fern  22 
Fringe  197 
Grass  49 
Lily  120     . 
Mint  338.  339 
Nettle  155 
Reed  Grass  65 
Rush  117 
Sage  Z2,2 
Sorrel  260 

Family  260 
Woodbine  276 
Woodland  Agrimony  241 
Woodruff  361 
Woodsia  24 
ilvensis  24 
obtusa  24 


567 


568 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


Woodsia 

Blunt  24 

Rock  24 

Rusty  24 
Woodwardia  19 

angustifolia  19 

areolata  19 

virginica  19,  416 
Woody  Glasswort  168 

Nightshade  345 

Samphire  168 
Wool  Grass  88 
Woolly  Blue  Violet  286 
Wormseed  165 
Wormseed  Mustard  206 
Wormwood  400,  402 

Beach  401 

Roman  391,  402 
Woundwort  337 
Xanthium  391 

canadense  392 
var.  echinatum  392 

commune  392 

echinatum  392 

glabratiim  392 

piingens  392 

spinosum  391 

strumarhim  392 
Xolisma 

foliosiflora  310 

ligiistrina  310 
Xyridaceae  112,  436 
Xyris  112 

caroliniana  112 

Congdoni  113 

flexuosa  112 

montana  419 

Smalliana  113 
Yam  126 

Wild  126 
Yam  Family  126 
Yam-root 

Wild  126 
Yard  Grass  69 

Rush  114 
Yarrow  398 

Common  398 


Yellow  Adder's  Tongue  121 

Avens  235 

Bedstraw  362 

Birch  147 

Chamomile  399 

Clintonia  122 

Clover  249 

Cress  207 

Daisy  393 

Dock  158 

Dog's  Tooth  Lily  121 

Iris  127 

Lotus  184 

Melilot  249 

Moccasin  Flower  129 

Monkey  Flower  352 

Myrtle  316 

Nelumbo  184 

Oak  150 

Parilla  194 

Pimpernel  301 

Pine  34 

Poplar  194 

Puccoon  193 

Rattle  357 

Rocket  207 

Sarsaparilla  194 

Strawberry  232,  234 

Thistle  197,  405 

Vetchling  257 

Water  Crowfoot  185 
Yellow-barked  Oak  152 
Yellow-eyed  Grass  113,  127 
Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family  113 
Yellow-flowered  Strawberry  232 
Yellow-root  191,  193 
Yellow-weed  212 
Yew  34 

American  34 
Yew  Family  34 
Yucca  121 

filamentosa  121 
Zannichellia  44 

palustris  44 
Zanthoxylum  262 

americanum  262 
Zea  48 


No.    14.]  FLOWERING   PLANTS   AND   FERNS.  569 

Zea  Zizia 

Mays  48,  430  aurea  300,  427 

Zizania  58  var.  obtusifolia  300 

aquatica  58  cordata  301 

palustris  58  Zostera  45 

Zizia  300  marina  45 


ft.  C.  State  Cotkfe 


N.  MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA  46962 


North  Carolina  State  University  Libraries 

?AmOGuI  OF  THE  FLOWERING  PLANTS_AND_FERNS  0 


S02777154   I 


